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Vulnerability and young women entrepreneurs: a case study of the Ethiopian informal economy Hopolang Phororo and Sher Verick ILO “Regulating for Decent Work” Geneva, July 810, 2009

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Page 1: Vulnerability and young women entrepreneurs: a case study of … · Vulnerability and young women entrepreneurs: a case study of the Ethiopian informal economy Hopolang Phororo and

Vulnerability and young women  entrepreneurs: a case study of the  Ethiopian informal economy

Hopolang

Phororo

and Sher

VerickILO

“Regulating for Decent Work”Geneva, July 8‐10, 2009

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Motivation

• Youth in developing countries face many  barriers to finding decent jobs

• One response has been to promote  entrepreneurship to create sustainable 

livelihoods– Youth lack the skills and access to finance to 

become an entrepreneur

• Interventions have focused on these elements  and are typically gender blind

– We argue you need to go beyond these issues

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Motivation

• Young women face greater constraints– Cultural/societal attitudes about women in business

• At the same time, they are also – Vulnerable to harassment, violence, HIV/AIDS

– Balancing family and work responsibilities

– Mostly operating in the informal economy and hence  lack social protection

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Aim of this paper

• Provide insights into the challenges facing  young women to become entrepreneurs in a 

broader context

• Draw on the findings from a small survey done  of young women entrepreneurs in the 

Ethiopian informal economy

• What is novel about this paper?

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Outline

1.

Background on youth  entrepreneurship

2.

A survey of young women  entrepreneurs in Ethiopia

3.

Main messages and policy  implications

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A definition of entrepreneurship

• A broader behavioural concept that includes  the process of creating value, innovating, and  taking risk that has both economic and 

potentially social benefit, which goes beyond  just self‐employment

• Context is important –

informal economy

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Constraints to youth entrepreneurship

• Youth entrepreneurship constrained by:1.

Lack of access to finance

2.

Poor access to entrepreneurship education and  training (TVET)

3.

Burdensome administrative and regulatory  frameworks

4.

Barriers to access markets and technology5.

Inadequate business assistance and support

6.

Other social and cultural factors• Gender intersects with age resulting in greater 

impediments to entrepreneurship

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Constraints to youth entrepreneurship:  a gender perspective

1.

Lack of access to finance– Lack collateral and are discriminated against by lenders

2.

Poor access to entrepreneurship education– Lower access to education & training and are 

discouraged from studying technical, business‐oriented  subjects

3.

Burdensome administrative & regulatory  frameworks

– Lack property rights and access to information on  administrative and regulatory issues

– Vulnerable to harassment & sexual exploitation 

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Constraints to youth entrepreneurship:  a gender perspective

4.

Barriers to access markets and technology– Saturated markets– Inadequate marketing skills– Family constraints on travelling

5.

Inadequate business assistance and support services– Services are often gender blind– Lack role models

6.

Other social and cultural factors– Business career path is not seen as an appropriate option– Family duties– Low self‐esteem and risk aversion

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A survey of young women  entrepreneurs in Ethiopia

• Addis Ababa, Ethiopia• Sample consisted of 40 young women and 10 

young men (aged 15‐29)

• A structured interview was based on a  questionnaire

• Not statistically representative!

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General characteristics

• Most YW are street traders (60%) and small  shop owners (40%) selling food, textiles and  handicrafts, telephone and secretarial services

– 3/4 are unlicensed and nearly all had no  employees

• Low levels of education– The majority were forced to drop out of school to 

search for a job to support their family, get  married or for cultural reasons

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Establishing the business

• Most had started in the last 3 years,  motivated by necessity (lack of other  employment opportunities), though some 

YW mentioned profit/income opportunities

• Key constraints to setting up– Lack of credit, scarcity of property, poor 

infrastructure (water, sanitation, transport)

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Establishing the business

• 2/3 of respondents got start‐up capital from  families/friends in a form of a gift or loan

• Men could rely more on personal savings but less on  microfinance

• Even those who tried accessing microfinance had  difficulties because of lack of guarantor and high 

interest rates• The vast majority had no awareness of training and 

other support services when starting their  businesses

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Constraints to running the business

• Respondents cited both business and non‐ business constraints that hampered their 

activities

• Business constraints: Lack of access to sufficient  premises (including sanitation facilities), poor 

infrastructure, lack of access to markets

“…the place is so small, and if I go beyond the  container, the Kebele authorities will charge me.”

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Constraints to running the business

• Non‐business constraints– Juggling work and family responsibilities

– Discrimination• Difficulties identifying discrimination

• After probing –

gender is stronger than age

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Constraints to running the business

“People sometimes don’t take my work  seriously because I am a young women. 

Sometimes I quarrel with customers because  they don’t want to pay me or mistreat me.”

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Vulnerabilities

• Harassment– 2/3 of respondents reported being subjected to 

some form of physical and verbal assault from the  police, Kebele authorities, other business people, 

and customers

• Very few had training on HIV/AIDS• All lack social protection and would mostly 

rely on family/friends in a time of crisis

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Perceived impact of self‐employment

• Young women feel that they contribute more  to the family, while young men focus more on  the impact on their own welfare

• Majority receive support from family/friends

• More than ¾ are the main source of income  for the family

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How do they differ to the young men?

• Many similarities• Young women are less likely to

– Be educated– Have savings to set up a business– Be registered– Save and maintain a bank account– Be taken seriously in business

• They are more likely to– Be harassed by police, govt authorities and others

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Main findings and implications

• Young women need to be addressed in an  holistic way, using a comprehensive strategy 

that does not only address their needs in  terms of entrepreneurship but also relating to 

life‐cycle, work‐family balance, vulnerability  issues

• This not being done in normal interventions

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Main findings and implications

• This will involve– Improving access to training, credit –

look at non‐

traditional areas– Creating safe places and considering life‐cycle 

issues such as access to childcare facilities– Organizing young women entrepreneurs – Reducing regulatory barriers and costs– Raising awareness on harassment, discrimination 

and HIV/AIDS issues– Promoting formalization…

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THANK YOU!