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Nuremberg “Nürnberg” redirects here. It is not to be confused with Nürburg. Nuremberg (/ˈnjʊərəmbɜrɡ/; German: Nürnberg German pronunciation: [ˈnʏrnbɛrk] [3] ) is a city on the Pegnitz river and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in the German state of Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Fran- conia, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Munich. It is the second-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich), and the largest in Franconia (Franken). The population as of February 2015, is 517,498, which makes it Germany’s fourteenth-largest city. The “European Metropolitan Area Nuremberg” has 3.5 million inhabitants. [2] 1 History See also: Timeline of Nuremberg 1.1 Middle Ages See also: Burgraviate of Nuremberg and Imperial City of Nuremberg Nuremberg was, according to the first documentary men- Old fortifications of Nuremberg tion of the city in 1050, the location of an Imperial cas- tle between the East Franks and the Bavarian March of the Nordgau. [4] From 1050 to 1571, the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its loca- tion on key trade routes. King Conrad III established a burgraviate, with the first burgraves coming from the Austrian House of Raab but, with the extinction of their male line around 1190, the burgraviate was inherited by the last count’s son-in-law, of the House of Hohenzollern. From the late 12th century to the Interregnum (1254– 73), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as the Hohenstaufen emperors transferred most non- military powers to a castellan, with the city administra- tion and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German: Reichsschultheiß) from 1173/74. [4][5] The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellan, with gradual transferral of powers to the latter in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, finally broke out into open enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city. [5] The Imperial Castle Nuremberg is often referred to as having been the 'un- official capital' of the Holy Roman Empire, particu- larly because Imperial Diet (Reichstag) and courts met at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. The increasing demand of the royal court and the increasing importance of the city attracted increased trade and commerce to Nuremberg. In 1219, Frederick II granted the Großen Freiheitsbrief (Great Letter of Free- dom), including town rights, Imperial immediacy (Re- ichsfreiheit ), the privilege to mint coins, and an inde- pendent customs policy, almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves. [4][5] Nuremberg soon became, with Augsburg, one of the two great trade cen- ters on the route from Italy to Northern Europe. In 1298, the Jews of the town were accused of having desecrated the host, and 698 of them were killed in one of the many Rintfleisch Massacres. Behind the mas- sacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the north- ern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the Pegnitz river. The Jews of the German lands suf- fered many massacres during the plague years. In 1349, Nuremberg’s Jews were subjected to a pogrom. [6] They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter. [7] 1

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  • Nuremberg

    Nrnberg redirects here. It is not to be confused withNrburg.

    Nuremberg (/njrmbr/; German: NrnbergGermanpronunciation: [nrnbrk][3]) is a city on the Pegnitz riverand the RhineMainDanube Canal in the German stateof Bavaria, in the administrative region of Middle Fran-conia, about 170 kilometres (110 mi) north of Munich. Itis the second-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich), andthe largest in Franconia (Franken). The population as ofFebruary 2015, is 517,498, which makes it Germanysfourteenth-largest city. The European MetropolitanArea Nuremberg has 3.5 million inhabitants.[2]

    1 History

    See also: Timeline of Nuremberg

    1.1 Middle Ages

    See also: Burgraviate of Nuremberg and Imperial City ofNurembergNuremberg was, according to the first documentary men-

    Old fortifications of Nuremberg

    tion of the city in 1050, the location of an Imperial cas-tle between the East Franks and the Bavarian March ofthe Nordgau.[4] From 1050 to 1571, the city expandedand rose dramatically in importance due to its loca-tion on key trade routes. King Conrad III establisheda burgraviate, with the first burgraves coming from theAustrian House of Raab but, with the extinction of their

    male line around 1190, the burgraviate was inherited bythe last counts son-in-law, of the House of Hohenzollern.From the late 12th century to the Interregnum (125473), however, the power of the burgraves diminishedas the Hohenstaufen emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administra-tion and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperialmayor (German: Reichsschulthei) from 1173/74.[4][5]The strained relations between the burgraves and thecastellan, with gradual transferral of powers to the latterin the late 14th and early 15th centuries, finally broke outinto open enmity, which greatly influenced the history ofthe city.[5]

    The Imperial Castle

    Nuremberg is often referred to as having been the 'un-official capital' of the Holy Roman Empire, particu-larly because Imperial Diet (Reichstag) and courts metat Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg werean important part of the administrative structure of theempire. The increasing demand of the royal court andthe increasing importance of the city attracted increasedtrade and commerce to Nuremberg. In 1219, FrederickII granted theGroen Freiheitsbrief (Great Letter of Free-dom), including town rights, Imperial immediacy (Re-ichsfreiheit), the privilege to mint coins, and an inde-pendent customs policy, almost wholly removing the cityfrom the purview of the burgraves.[4][5] Nuremberg soonbecame, with Augsburg, one of the two great trade cen-ters on the route from Italy to Northern Europe.In 1298, the Jews of the town were accused of havingdesecrated the host, and 698 of them were killed in oneof the many Rintfleisch Massacres. Behind the mas-sacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the north-ern and southern parts of the city, which were dividedby the Pegnitz river. The Jews of the German lands suf-fered many massacres during the plague years. In 1349,Nurembergs Jews were subjected to a pogrom.[6] Theywere burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplacewas built over the former Jewish quarter.[7]

    1

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  • 2 1 HISTORY

    The plague returned to the city in 1405, 1435, 1437,1482, 1494, 1520 and 1534.[8]

    Nuremberg in 1493(from the Nuremberg Chronicle).

    The largest gains for Nuremberg were in the 14th cen-tury; including Charles IV's Golden Bull of 1356, nam-ing Nuremberg as the city where newly elected kingsof Germany must hold their first Imperial Diet, makingNuremberg one of the three most important cities of theEmpire.[4] Charles was the patron of the Frauenkirche,built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likelyPeter Parler), where the Imperial court worshipped dur-ing its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial con-nection was strengthened when Sigismund of Luxem-bourg granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanentlyin Nuremberg in 1423, where they remained until 1796,when the advancing French troops required their removalto Regensburg and thence to Vienna.[4]

    In 1349 the members of the guilds unsuccessfully re-belled against the patricians in the Handwerkeraufstand(Craftsmens Uprising), supported by merchants and somecouncillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation ofthe artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that werecustomary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were thendissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power whileNuremberg was a free city.[4][5] Charles IV conferredupon the city the right to conclude alliances indepen-dently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal foot-ing with the princes of the empire.[5] Frequent fights tookplace with the burgraves without, however, inflicting last-ing damage upon the city. After the castle had been de-stroyed by fire in 1420 during a feud between FrederickIV (since 1417 margrave of Brandenburg) and the dukeof Bavaria-Ingolstadt, the ruins and the forest belongingto the castle were purchased by the city (1427), resultingin the citys total sovereignty within its borders. Throughthese and other acquisitions the city accumulated consid-erable territory.[5] The Hussite Wars, recurrence of theBlack Death in 1437, and the First Margrave War led toa severe fall in population in the mid-15th century.[5] Atthe beginning of the 16th century, siding with Albert IV,Duke of Bavaria-Munich, in the Landshut War of Suc-cession led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting

    in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km2), becoming one of thelargest Imperial cities.[5]

    1.2 Early modern age

    Map of Nuremberg, 1648

    The cultural flowering of Nuremberg, in the 15th and16th centuries, made it the centre of the German Renais-sance. In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the Protestant Ref-ormation, and in 1532, the religious Peace of Nuremberg,by which the Lutherans gained important concessions,was signed there.[5] During the 1552 revolution againstCharles V, Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, butthe city was attacked without a declaration of war andwas forced into a disadvantageous peace.[5] At the Peaceof Augsburg, the possessions of the Protestants were con-firmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extendedand their independence from the Bishop of Bamberg af-firmed, while the 1520s secularisation of the monasterieswas also approved.[5]

    The state of affairs in the early 16th century, increasedtrade routes elsewhere and the ossification of the socialhierarchy and legal structures contributed to the declinein trade.[5] Frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish andLeague soldiers, the financial costs of the war and the ces-sation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city anda near-halving of the population.[5] In 1632, the city, oc-cupied by the forces of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden,was besieged by the army of Imperial general Albrechtvon Wallenstein. The city declined after the war and re-covered its importance only in the 19th century, when itgrew as an industrial centre. Even after the Thirty YearsWar, however, there was a late flowering of architectureand culture secular Baroque architecture is exempli-fied in the layout of the civic gardens built outside thecity walls, and in the Protestant citys rebuilding of theEgidienkirche, destroyed by fire at the beginning of the18th century, considered a significant contribution to thebaroque church architecture of Middle Franconia.[4]

    After the Thirty Years War, Nuremberg attempted toremain detached from external affairs, but contributions

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Chroniclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Parlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Brandenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave_of_Brandenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria-Ingolstadthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussite_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death#Recurrencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death#Recurrencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Margrave_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Bavariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria-Munichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshut_War_of_Successionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshut_War_of_Successionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Bamberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallensteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Egidien,_Nuremberg
  • 1.3 After the Great French War 3

    Wolffscher Bau of the old city hall

    were demanded for the War of the Austrian Successionand the Seven Years War and restrictions of importsand exports deprived the city of many markets for itsmanufactures.[5] The Bavarian elector, Charles Theodore,appropriated part of the land obtained by the city duringthe Landshut War of Succession, to which Bavaria hadmaintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the ter-ritory. Realising its weakness, the city asked to be in-corporated into Prussia but Frederick William II refused,fearing to offend Austria, Russia and France.[5] At theImperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nurembergwas affirmed, but on the signing of the Confederation ofthe Rhine on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the cityover to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaran-teeing the amortisation of the citys 12.5 million guilderpublic debt.[5]

    1.3 After the Great French War

    See also: Kingdom of BavariaAfter the fall of Napoleon, the citys trade and com-merce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with itsfavourable situation soon made the city prosperous, par-ticularly after its public debt had been acknowledged asa part of the Bavarian national debt. Having been incor-porated into a Catholic country, the city was compelledto refrain from further discrimination against Catholics,

    Old town of Nuremberg in the 19th century

    The British-built Adler was the locomotive of the first GermanRailway between Nuremberg and Frth.

    who had been excluded from the rights of citizenship.Catholic services had been celebrated in the city by thepriests of the Teutonic Order, often under great diffi-culties. After their possessions had been confiscated bythe Bavarian government in 1806, they were given theFrauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the firstCatholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered1,010 souls.[5]

    In 1817, the city was incorporated into the districtof Rezatkreis (named for the Franconian Rezat river),which was renamed to Middle Franconia (German:Mittelfranken) on 1 January 1838.[5] The first Germanrailway, the Bavarian Ludwigsbahn, from Nuremberg tonearby Frth, was opened in 1835. The establishment ofrailways and the incorporation of Bavaria into Zollverein(the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerceand industry opened the way to greater prosperity.[5] In1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestantsand 6,616 Catholics. It subsequently grew to becomethe most important industrial city of Bavaria and one ofthe most prosperous towns of southern Germany.[5] In1905, its population, including several incorporated sub-urbs, was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913 Protes-tants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other creeds.[5]

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Successionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%2527_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Theodore,_Elector_of_Bavariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshut_War_of_Successionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amortisationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler_(locomotive)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Orderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezatkreishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4nkische_Rezathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Franconiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelfrankenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Ludwigsbahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollverein
  • 4 1 HISTORY

    1.4 Nazi era

    Nuremberg rally, 1935

    Nuremberg held great significance during the Nazi Ger-many era. Because of the citys relevance to the Holy Ro-man Empire and its position in the centre of Germany, theNazi Party chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Partyconventions the Nuremberg rallies. The rallies wereheld 1927, 1929 and annually 1933-1938 in Nuremberg.After Adolf Hitlers rise to power in 1933 the Nurem-berg rallies became huge Nazi propaganda events, a cen-tre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by LeniRiefenstahl, and made into a propaganda film called Tri-umph des Willens (Triumph of the Will). At the 1935rally, Hitler specifically ordered the Reichstag to conveneat Nuremberg to pass the anti-Semitic Nuremberg Lawswhich revoked German citizenship for all Jews and othernon-Aryans. A number of premises were constructedsolely for these assemblies, some of which were not fin-ished. Today many examples of Nazi architecture canstill be seen in the city. The city was also the home of theNazi propagandist Julius Streicher, the publisher of DerStrmer.

    Map of city centre with air raid destruction

    The bombed-out city of Nuremberg, 1945

    During the SecondWorldWar, Nuremberg was the head-quarters ofWehrkreis (military district) XIII, and an im-portant site for military production, including aircraft,submarines and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbrgconcentration camp was located here. Extensive use wasmade of slave labour.[9] The city was severely damaged inAllied strategic bombing from 194345. On 29 March1944, RAF endured its heaviest losses in the bombingcampaign of Germany. Out of more than 700 planes par-ticipating, 106 were shot down or crash landed on the wayhome to their base, and more than 700 men were miss-ing, as many as 545 of them dead. More than 160 becameprisoners of war.[10] On 2 January 1945, themedieval citycentre was systematically bombed by the Royal Air Forceand the U.S. Army Air Forces and about ninety percentof it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residentskilled and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945,additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nurem-berg residents are estimated to have been killed in airraids.Nuremberg was a heavily fortified city that was capturedin a fierce battle lasting from 17 to 21 April 1945 bythe US 3rd Infantry Division, 42nd Infantry Division and45th Infantry Division, which fought house-to-house andstreet-by-street against determined German resistance,causing further urban devastation to the already bombedand shelled buildings.[11] Despite this intense degree ofdestruction, the city was rebuilt after the war and was tosome extent, restored to its pre-war appearance includingthe reconstruction of some of its medieval buildings.[12]However, the biggest part of the historic structural con-dition of the old Imperial Free City was lost forever.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_rallyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Partyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Rallyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machtergreifunghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propagandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Willhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Lawshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagandahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Streicherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrkreishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)
  • 5

    1.5 Nuremberg trials

    Main article: Nuremberg trialsBetween 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in

    Defendants in the dock at the Nuremberg trials

    war crimes and crimes against humanity were broughtbefore an international tribunal in the Nuremberg trials.The Soviet Union had wanted these trials to take place inBerlin. However, Nuremberg was chosen as the site forthe trials for specific reasons:

    The city had been the location of the Nazi PartysNuremberg rallies and the laws stripping Jews oftheir citizenship were passed there. There was sym-bolic value in making it the place of Nazi demise.

    The Palace of Justice was spacious and largely un-damaged (one of the few that had remained largelyintact despite extensive Allied bombing of Ger-many). The already large courtroom was reasonablyeasily expanded by the removal of the wall at theend opposite the bench, thereby incorporating theadjoining room. A large prison was also part of thecomplex.

    As a compromise, it was agreed that Berlin wouldbecome the permanent seat of the International Mil-itary Tribunal and that the first trial (several wereplanned) would take place in Nuremberg. Due tothe Cold War, subsequent trials never took place.

    The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of theNuremberg Military Tribunals, organised by the UnitedStates as occupying power in the area.

    2 Geography and climate

    Several old villages now belong to the city, for exampleGrossgrndlach, Kraftshof, Thon, and Neunhof in thenorth-west; Ziegelstein in the north-east, Altenfurt and

    Map of Nuremberg

    Fischbach in the south-east; and Katzwang, Kornburg inthe south. Langwasser is a modern suburb.Nuremberg has an oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb), influ-enced by its inland position and higher altitude causingseasonal differences reminiscent of continental climates,although its winters are somewhat milder. Winters are di-verse, with either mild or cold weather: the average tem-perature is around 3 C (27 F) to 4 C (39 F), whilesummers are generally warm, mostly around 13 C (55F) at night to 25 C (77 F) in the afternoon. Precipita-tion is evenly spread throughout the year, although Febru-ary and April tend to be a bit drier whereas July tends tohave more rainfall.

    3 Demographics

    Nuremberg has been a popular destination for im-migrants. 37% of the residents have an immigrantbackground.[14]

    4 Economy

    Nuremberg for many people is still associated with itstraditional gingerbread (Lebkuchen) products, sausages,and handmade toys. Pocket watches Nuremberg eggs were made here in the 16th century by Peter Hen-lein. In the 19th century Nuremberg became the indus-trial heart of Bavaria with companies such as Siemensand MAN establishing a strong base in the city. Nurem-berg is still an important industrial centre with a strongstanding in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe.Items manufactured in the area include electrical equip-ment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles,writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products,

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trialshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(Nuremberg)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_Trialshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossgr%C3%BCndlachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftshofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thon_(Nuremberg)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neunhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegelsteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenfurthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischbach_bei_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katzwanghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langwasserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebkuchenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_watchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_eggshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Henleinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Henleinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_SE
  • 6 5 CULTURE

    and printed materials. The city is also strong in the fieldsof automation, energy, and medical technology. Siemensis still the largest industrial employer in the Nurembergregion but a good third of German market research agen-cies are also located in the city. The Nuremberg Interna-tional Toy Fair is the largest of its kind in the world. Thecity also hosts several specialist hi-tech fairs every year,attracting experts from every corner of the globe.

    5 Culture

    Albrecht Drers House

    Nuremberg was an early centre of humanism, science,printing, and mechanical invention. The city con-tributed much to the science of astronomy. In 1471Johannes Mueller of Knigsberg (Bavaria), later calledRegiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory inNuremberg and published many important astronomicalcharts. In 1515, Albrecht Drer, a native of Nuremberg,created woodcuts of the first maps of the stars of thenorthern and southern hemispheres, producing the firstprinted star charts, which had been ordered by JohannesStabius. Around 1515Drer also published the Stabiuss-che Weltkarte, the first perspective drawing of the ter-restrial globe. Perhaps most famously, the main part ofNicolaus Copernicus's work was published in Nurembergin 1543.Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg.Many of these publishers worked with well-known artistsof the day to produce books that could also be considered

    Christkindlesmarkt with Schner Brunnen

    works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europesfirst print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published theNuremberg Chronicles, also known as the World Chron-icles (Schedelsche Weltchronik), an illustrated history ofthe world from the creation to the present day. It was writ-ten in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedeland had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, WilhelmPleydenwurff, and Albrecht Drer. Others furthered ge-ographical knowledge and travel by map making. No-table among these was navigator and geographer MartinBehaim, who made the first world globe.Sculptors such as Veit Stoss, Adam Kraft and Peter Vis-cher are also associated with Nuremberg.Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of theMeistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner madetheir most famous member, Hans Sachs, the hero of hisopera Die Meistersinger von Nrnberg. Baroque com-poser Johann Pachelbel was born here and was organistof St. Sebaldus Church.The academy of fine arts situated in Nuremberg is theoldest art academy in central Europe and looks back to atradition of 350 years of artistic education.Nuremberg is also famous for its Christkindlesmarkt(Christmas market), which draws well over a millionshoppers each year. The market is famous for its hand-made ornaments and delicacies.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_International_Toy_Fairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_International_Toy_Fairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2527s_Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg,_Bavariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiomontanushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Stabiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Stabiushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Kobergerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann_Schedelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wolgemuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Pleydenwurffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Pleydenwurffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Behaimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Behaimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Stosshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Krafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vischer_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vischer_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meistersingerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagnerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sachshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Pachelbelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sebaldus_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkindlesmarkt,_Nuremberg
  • 5.2 Performing arts 7

    5.1 Museums

    Documentation centre at the former Nazi party rallygrounds

    Documentation Centre

    Neues Museum, museum of modern art and design

    Neues Museum Nrnberg

    Germanisches Nationalmuseum

    Renaissance art gallery of the Germanisches National-museum

    Germanisches Nationalmuseum

    House of Albrecht Drer

    Kunsthalle Nrnberg

    Kunstverein Nrnberg

    Neues Museum Nrnberg (Modern Art Museum)

    Nuremberg Toy Museum

    Nuremberg Transport Museum

    5.2 Performing arts

    The Nuremberg State Theatre

    Bardentreffen 2013

    The Nuremberg State Theatre, founded in 1906, is ded-icated to all types of opera, ballet and stage theatre.During the season 2009/2010, the theatre presented 651performances for an audience of 240,000 persons.[15]

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party_rally_groundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party_rally_groundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Museum_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Museum_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2527s_Househttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsthalle_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstverein_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Museum_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Toy_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Transport_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatstheater_N%C3%BCrnberg
  • 8 6 MAIN SIGHTS

    The State Philharmonic Nuremberg (StaatsphilharmonieNrnberg) is the orchestra of the State Theatre. Itsname was changed in 2011 from its previous name: TheNuremberg Philharmonic (Nrnberger Philharmoniker).It is the second-largest opera orchestra in Bavaria.[16] Be-sides opera performances, it also presents its own sub-scription concert series in theMeistersingerhalle. ChristofPerick was the principal conductor of the orchestra be-tween 20062011. Marcus Bosch heads the orchestrasince September 2011 .The Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra (Nrnberger Sym-phoniker) performs around 100 concerts a year to a com-bined annual audience of more than 180,000.[17] The reg-ular subscription concert series are mostly performed inthe Meistersingerhalle but other venues are used as well,including the new concert hall of the Kongresshalle andthe Serenadenhof. Alexander Shelley has been the prin-cipal conductor of the orchestra since 2009.The Nuremberg International Chamber Music Festival(Internationales Kammermusikfestival Nrnberg) takesplace in early September each year, and in 2011 cele-brated its tenth anniversary. Concerts take place aroundthe city; opening and closing events are held in the me-dieval Burg. The Bardentreffen, an annual folk festivalin Nuremberg, has been deemed the largest world musicfestival in Germany and takes place since 1976. 2014 theBardentreffen starred 368 artists from 31 nations.[18]

    5.3 Cuisine

    Nrnberger Bratwurst

    Nuremberg is known for Nrnberger Bratwurst (grilledsausage), which is shorter and thinner than otherbratwurst sausages.Another Nuremberg speciality is Nrnberger Lebkuchen,a kind of ginger bread eaten mainly around Christmastime.

    6 Main sights

    Nuremberg, seen from the castle

    Nuremberg Castle: the three castles that tower overthe city including central burgraves castle, with FreeReichs buildings to the east, the Imperial castle tothe west.

    Heilig-Geist-Spital. In the centre of the city, on thebank of the river Pegnitz, stands the Hospital of theHoly Spirit. Founded in 1332, this is one of thelargest hospitals of the Middle Ages. Lepers werekept here at some distance from the other patients.It now houses elderly persons and a restaurant.

    Hauptmarkt, which provides a picturesque settingand famous market for gingerbread. Nurembergsstar attraction is the Gothic Schner Brunnen (Beau-tiful Fountain) which was erected around 1385but subsequently replaced with a replica (the orig-inal fountain is kept in the Germanisches Na-tionalmuseum). The unchanged Renaissance bridgeFleischbrcke crosses the Pegnitz nearby.

    The following churches are located inside the citywalls: St Sebalds, St. Laurences, Frauenkirche(Our Ladys Church), Saint Clares, Saint Marthas,Saint James the Greaters, Saint Giless, and SaintElisabeths.

    Gothic St Lorenz-Kirche (St. Lorenz church, St.Laurence), one of the most important buildings inNuremberg. The main body was built around 12701350.

    The church of the former Katharinenkloster is pre-served as a ruin, the charterhouse (Kartause) is

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsphilharmonie_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Perickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Perickhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Symphony_Orchestrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shelleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardentreffenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_musichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwursthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwursthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebkuchenhttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilig-Geist-Spital%2520(N%C3%BCrnberg)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleischbr%C3%BCckehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Sebaldus_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lorenz_(N%C3%BCrnberg)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Frauenkirchehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Clare_of_Assisihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martha,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jakob,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Egidien,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elizabeth,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Gothichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lorenz,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lorenz,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinenkirche,_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Charterhouse
  • 7.2 City and regional transport 9

    integrated into the building of the GermanischesNationalmuseum and the choir of the formerFranziskanerkirche is part of a modern building.

    The Germanisches Nationalmuseum is Germanyslargest museum of cultural history, among its ex-hibits are works of famous painters such as AlbrechtDrer, Rembrandt, and Ernst Ludwig Kirchner.

    TheNeuesMuseumNrnberg is amuseum formod-ern and contemporary art.

    The Walburga Chapel and the Romanesque Dop-pelkapelle (Chapel with two floors) are part ofNuremberg Castle.

    The Johannisfriedhof is a medieval cemetery, con-taining many old graves (Albrecht Drer, WillibaldPirckheimer, and others). The Rochusfriedhof orthe Whrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town.

    The Tiergarten Nrnberg is a zoo stretching overmore than 60 hectares (148 acres) in the NrnbergerReichswald forest.

    There is also a medieval market just inside the citywalls, selling handcrafted goods.

    The German National Railways Museum (German)(an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route ofIndustrial Heritage) is located in Nuremberg.

    The Nuremberg Ring (now welded within an ironfence of Schner Brunnen) is said to bring good luckto those that spin it.

    The Nazi party rally grounds with thedocumentation-center.

    7 Transport

    The citys location next to numerous highways, railways,and a waterway has contributed to its rising importancefor trade with Eastern Europe.

    7.1 Railways

    Nrnberg Hauptbahnhof is a stop for IC and ICE trainson the German long-distance railway network. TheNurembergIngolstadtMunich high-speed line with 300km/h (186 mph) operation opened 28 May 2006, andwas fully integrated into the rail schedule on 10 Decem-ber 2006. Travel times to Munich have been reduced toas little as one hour. The NurembergErfurt high-speedrailway is scheduled to open in December 2017.

    The main railway station

    An automatic U-Bahn train on the line U3

    7.2 City and regional transport

    The Nuremberg tramway network was opened in 1881.As of 2008, it extended a total length of 36 km (22mi), had six lines, and carried 39.152 million passen-gers annually. The first segment of the NurembergU-Bahn metro system was opened in 1972. Nurem-bergs trams, buses and metro system are operated bythe VAG Nrnberg (Verkehrsaktiengesellschaft Nrnbergor Nuremberg Transport Corporation), itself a memberof the VGN (Verkehrsverbund Grossraum Nrnberg orGreater Nuremberg Transport Network).There is also a Nuremberg S-Bahn suburban metrorailway and a regional train network, both centred onNrnberg Hauptbahnhof. Since 2008, Nuremberg hashad the first U-Bahn in Germany (U2/U21 and U3) thatworks without a driver. It also was the first subway sys-tem worldwide in which both driver-operated trains andcomputer-controlled trains shared tracks.

    7.3 Motorways

    Nuremberg is conveniently located at the junction of sev-eral important Autobahn routes. The A3 (NetherlandsFrankfurtWrzburgVienna) passes in a south-easterlydirection along the north-east of the city. The A9(BerlinMunich) passes in a northsouth direction on theeast of the city. The A6 (FranceSaarbrckenPrague)passes in an eastwest direction to the south of the city.Finally, the A73 begins in the south-east of Nuremberg

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchnerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibald_Pirckheimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibald_Pirckheimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiergarten_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Reichswaldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Reichswaldhttp://www.dbmuseum.de/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Route_of_Industrial_Heritagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Ring.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party_rally_groundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentation_Center_Nazi_Party_Rally_Groundshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Hauptbahnhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity-Expresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Munich_high-speed_railwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U3_(Nuremberg_U-Bahn)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_U-Bahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushttp://en.vag.de/http://www.vgn.de/?language=enhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_S-Bahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Hauptbahnhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Mainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCckenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praguehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_73
  • 10 10 FAMOUS RESIDENTS

    and travels north-west through the city before continuingtowards Frth and Bamberg.

    7.4 Airport

    NurembergAirport has flights tomajor German cities andmany European destinations, and is a focus city for AirBerlin, Germanys second largest airline. A significantamount of the airports traffic flies in and out during thepeak winter season. The airport (Flughafen) is connectedwith the subway system by U-Bahn Line 2.

    7.5 Canals

    Nuremberg is an important port on the RhineMainDanube Canal.

    8 Sport

    Grundig-Stadion is the football stadium of Bundesliga club 1. FCNuremberg

    8.1 Football

    1. FC Nrnberg, known locally as Der Club (English:The Club), was founded in 1900 and plays in theBundesliga. The official colours of the association are redand white, but the traditional colours are red and black.The current chairmen are Martin Bader and Ralf Woy.They play in the Grundig-Stadion which was refurbishedfor the 2006 FIFAWorld Cup and accommodates 50,000spectators.

    German Champion: 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925,1927, 1936, 1948, 1961, 1968

    German Cup: 1935, 1939, 1962, 2007

    9 International relations

    See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

    9.1 Twin towns Sister cities

    Nuremberg is twinned with:

    9.2 Associated cities

    Apart from the official twin towns (sister cities), thereare a number with which Nuremberg maintains cordialrelations":[27]

    10 Famous residents

    Albrecht Drer is the best-known son of the city

    Peter Angermann[28]

    Chaya Arbel (Israeli composer)[29]

    Heinz Bernard (British Israeli actor-director)[30]

    Ernst von Bibra (German Naturalist and author)

    Peter Bucher

    Albrecht Drer (painter and engraver)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Main%E2%80%93Danube_Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Main%E2%80%93Danube_Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundig-Stadionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesligahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_N%C3%BCrnberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fball-Bundesligahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cuphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_citieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Angermannhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaya_Arbelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Bernardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Bibrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bucherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer
  • 11

    Heinrich Egersdrfer (artist)

    Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach

    Hans Folz (poet)

    Kaspar Hauser

    Johann Kaspar Hechtel (board game designer)

    Peter Henlein

    Augustin Hirschvogel

    Siegfried Jerusalem (operatic tenor)

    Hermann Kesten (writer)

    Anton Koberger

    Eliyahu Koren (graphic designer)

    Adam Kraft (sculptor and architect)

    Robert Kurz (author and social critic)

    Katerina Lemmel (businesswoman, patron of thearts, Birgittine nun)

    Kunz Lochner

    Maria Sybilla Merian (naturalist and scientific illus-trator)

    Max Morlock

    Johann Pachelbel (Baroque composer)

    Caritas Pirckheimer (abbess) [31]

    Willibald Pirckheimer (humanist)

    Conrad Paumann

    Lorenz Ritter (painter and etcher)

    Hans Sachs (poet)

    Hartmann Schedel

    Alexander Schreiner (organist, Mormon Taberna-cle)

    Veit Stoss (Renaissance sculptor)

    Peter Vischer the Elder

    Johann Christoph Volckamer who authored here hisHesperides.

    Arnold Hans Weiss (US Army investigator whohelped find Hitlers will)

    Michael Wolgemut

    Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer

    Hans M. Nunemaker

    11 See also List of mayors of Nuremberg

    Norisring Racetrack, where Pedro Rodriguez diedin 1971

    Tinsel (invented in Nuremberg)

    12 References[1] Fortschreibung des Bevlkerungsstandes. Bayerisches

    Landesamt fr Statistik und Datenverarbeitung (in Ger-man). 31 December 2013.

    [2] Key Data for Investors City of Nuremberg, Nuern-berg.de, 2011, Nde-keydata.

    [3] Mangold, Max, ed. (1995). Duden, Aussprachewrter-buch (in German) (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. pp. 590, 54.ISBN 978-3-411-20916-3.

    [4] (German) Nrnberg, Reichsstadt: Politische und sozialeEntwicklung (Political and Social Development of the Im-perial City of Nuremberg), Historisches Lexikon Bayerns

    [5] Nuremberg. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: RobertAppleton Company. 1913.

    [6] "Black Death". JewishEncyclopedia.com

    [7] Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History,Mark Girouard, Yale University Press, 1985, p.69

    [8] Jerry Stannard, Katherine E. Stannard, Richard Kay(1999). Herbs and herbalism in the Middle Ages and Re-naissance. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-86078-774-5

    [9] Christine O Keeffe. Concentration Camps List. Tar-tanplace.com. Retrieved 12 January 2015.

    [10] Robert Hardman. Still we insult their sacrifice:Exactly70 years ago, the RAF suffered its worst night ever, losing106 bombers and 545 men in a raid on Nuremberg. Sowhy is it going unmarked?". dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved24 May 2015.

    [11] Stanton, Shelby, World War II Order of Battle: An En-cyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces fromBattalion through Division, 19391946, Stackpole Books(Revised Edition 2006), p. 90, 129, 135

    [12] Neil Gregor, Haunted City. Nuremberg and the Nazi Past(New Haven, 2008

    [13] Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte. Dwd.de. Re-trieved 12 January 2015.

    [14] Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland Neue Daten zurMigration in Deutschland verfgbar. Destatis.de. 20 Oc-tober 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2011.

    [15] Audience of the Staatstheater (Mehr Besucher im Staat-stheater Nrnberg)" (in German). Mittelbayerische.de.2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Egersd%C3%B6rferhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Andreas_Feuerbachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Folzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspar_Hauserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Hechtelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Henleinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Hirschvogelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Jerusalemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Kesten_Medalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Kobergerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliyahu_Korenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Krafthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kurz_(philosopher)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Lemmelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunz_Lochnerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sybilla_Merianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Morlockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Pachelbelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caritas_Pirckheimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibald_Pirckheimerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Paumannhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Ritterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sachshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann_Schedelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Schreinerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Stosshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vischer_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Volkamerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Hans_Weisshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wolgemuthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_von_Wurzelbauerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_M._Nunemakerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Nuremberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norisringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(racing_driver)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinselhttps://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?sequenz=tabelleErgebnis&selectionname=12411-001https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerisches_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_und_Datenverarbeitunghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerisches_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_und_Datenverarbeitunghttp://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/wirtschaft/dokumente/englische_versionen/key_data_for_investors_nuremberg.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-20916-3http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_45427http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_45427https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historisches%2520Lexikon%2520Bayernshttp://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11168a.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopediahttp://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1114&letter=Bhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860787745https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0860787745http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.htmlhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2592084/Still-insult-sacrifice-Exactly-70-years-ago-RAF-suffered-worst-night-losing-106-bombers-545-men-raid-Nuremberg-So-going-unmarked.htmlhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2592084/Still-insult-sacrifice-Exactly-70-years-ago-RAF-suffered-worst-night-losing-106-bombers-545-men-raid-Nuremberg-So-going-unmarked.htmlhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2592084/Still-insult-sacrifice-Exactly-70-years-ago-RAF-suffered-worst-night-losing-106-bombers-545-men-raid-Nuremberg-So-going-unmarked.htmlhttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2592084/Still-insult-sacrifice-Exactly-70-years-ago-RAF-suffered-worst-night-losing-106-bombers-545-men-raid-Nuremberg-So-going-unmarked.htmlhttp://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtruehttp://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2007/05/PD07__183__12521,templateId=renderPrint.psmlhttp://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2007/05/PD07__183__12521,templateId=renderPrint.psmlhttp://www.mittelbayerische.de/nachrichten/oberpfalz-bayern/artikel/mehr_besucher_im_staatstheater/596528/mehr_besucher_im_staatstheater.htmlhttp://www.mittelbayerische.de/nachrichten/oberpfalz-bayern/artikel/mehr_besucher_im_staatstheater/596528/mehr_besucher_im_staatstheater.html
  • 12 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

    [16] Die Staatsphilharmonie Nrnberg (in German).Staatstheater-nuernberg.de. 2012. Retrieved 11 February2012.

    [17] Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra, audience and concertsstats. (in German). 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.

    [18] ""Krieg und Frieden Pippo Pollina erffnet Bardentre-ffen. Frankenfernsehen.tv. Retrieved 12 January 2015.

    [19] Villes jumeles avec la Ville de Nice (in French). Villede Nice. Retrieved 2013-06-24.

    [20] Krakw - Miasta Bliniacze [Krakw - Twin Cities].Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Krakw (in Pol-ish). Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Re-trieved 2013-08-10.

    [21] Skopje - Twin towns & Sister cities. Official portalof City of Skopje. Grad Skopje - 2006 - 2013, www.skopje.gov.mk. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24. Retrieved 2013-11-04.

    [22] Skopje Die Partnerschaft (in German). Town ofNrnberg. Retrieved 10 June 2012.

    [23] Partnersk msta HMP [Prague - Twin Cities HMP].Portl Zahranin vztahy [Portal Foreign Affairs"] (inCzech). 2013-07-18. Archived from the original on2013-06-25. Retrieved 2013-08-05.

    [24]

    [25]

    [26]

    [27] Befreundete Kommunen. Official Web site of the city ofNuremberg (in German). Nuremberg Office for Interna-tional Relations. Retrieved 18 April 2009.

    [28] Biography of Peter Angermann. Biographies.net. Re-trieved 12 January 2015.

    [29] Chaya Arbel. Jwa.org. Retrieved 12 January 2015.

    [30] OBITUARIES: Heinz Bernard. The Independent. Re-trieved 12 January 2015.

    [31] Caritas Pirckheimer. Home.infionline.net. Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 12 January2015.

    13 External links English website of the city

    Nuremberg travel guide from Wikivoyage

    49 digitised objects on Nuremberg in The EuropeanLibrary

    http://www.staatstheater-nuernberg.de/inhalte/index.php?menu=401http://www.kulturfreunde-bayreuth.de/info_konzert_10.htmhttp://www.kulturfreunde-bayreuth.de/info_konzert_10.htmhttp://www.frankenfernsehen.tv/krieg-und-frieden-liedermacher-pippo-pollina-eroeffnet-bardentreffen-56711/http://www.frankenfernsehen.tv/krieg-und-frieden-liedermacher-pippo-pollina-eroeffnet-bardentreffen-56711/http://www.nice.fr/Collectivites/La-municipalite/Villes-jumelees-avec-la-Ville-de-Nicehttp://web.archive.org/web/20130702022307/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,6,miasta_partnerskie.htmlhttp://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,6,miasta_partnerskie.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20131024131101/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69http://www.nuernberg.de/internet/international/skopje_partnerschaft.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.htmlhttp://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.htmlhttp://www.nuernberg.de/internet/international/befreundete_kommunen.htmlhttp://www.biographies.net/bio/m/0g9zxn3http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/arbel-chayahttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaries-heinz-bernard-1568974.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20130403181123/http://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/pirckhei.htmlhttp://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/pirckhei.htmlhttp://www.nuernberg.de/english/index.htmlhttps://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nuremberghttp://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/?lang=en&coll=collections:a0000&q=%2528%2522nuremberg%2522%2529https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Libraryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Library
  • 13

    14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

    14.1 Text Nuremberg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg?oldid=671709256 Contributors: MichaelTinkler, H.J., Bryan Derksen,

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Stemonitis, Angr,EnSamulili, Kelisi, LIU, Isnow, Doco, Doric Loon, Prashanthns, Palica, Island, Rjwilmsi, Ichabod, Enzedbrit, Jivecat, JHMM13, XLerate,Oxydo~enwiki, Ligulem, Olessi, Redwolf24, BjKa, AndriuZ, CStyle, Chobot, Jared Preston, DVdm, Gwernol, YurikBot, Wavelength,TexasAndroid, RussBot, Fabartus, Lofty, Yllosubmarine, CambridgeBayWeather, ThePro, Marcus Cyron, NawlinWiki, EWS23, Tfine80,Kingjeff, Mynetwork~enwiki, Raven4x4x, Kanaye, Lockesdonkey, Creando, FF2010, Nebuchadnezzar o'neill, Sotakeit, BorgQueen, Joan-neB, Barbatus, Red Jay, VodkaJazz, JLaTondre, Mais oui!, Curpsbot-unicodify, Appleseed, Jonathan.s.kt, DVD R W, robot,Sardanaphalus, Attilios, Veinor, True Pagan Warrior, SmackBot, KnowledgeOfSelf, CTC, Kimon, C.Fred, Rbreen, Bomac, Markus.t-nbg~enwiki, Delldot, Eskimbot, Kintetsubuffalo, HeartofaDog, Athinaios, Primaryspace, Gilliam, Dark jedi requiem, Jekki, Jeysaba,MalafayaBot, SchfiftyThree, Hibernian, Teodorico, Breadandcheese, FordPrefect42, ERobson, Ikiroid, DHN-bot~enwiki, KudukGirl, Zs-inj, Deltongo, Writtenright, Decademus, Yankie~enwiki, Xerophyllum tenax, Rrburke, DR04, Krich, Valenciano, Derek R Bullamore,Jan.Kamenicek, Edd17, Ceoil, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Andrewrabbott, John, Breno, Green Giant, HADRIANVS, Wheeltapper, Ckatz,Itzse, Agathoclea, Neddyseagoon, Skinsmoke, Hu12, Gilabrand, Axt, LessHeard vanU, Munte, Will Pittenger, JForget, CmdrObot, Leoest,R9tgokunks, Evilhairyhamster, Red Rooster 69, Karenjc, Ubiq, Grahamec, Bornsommer, Deliogul, Altaileopard, Thijs!bot, Wikid77,CSvBibra, Marek69, Saulopro, Malarious, Nahkampfsckchen, Dezidor, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Bcnviajero, Dr. Blofeld,Smith2006, SmokeyTheCat, Gazza69, Mack2, Danny lost, MER-C, McDange, VoABot II, Michael Goodyear, Kevinmon, Animum,Schaddm, Fastestdogever, Viyu5, Gun Powder Ma, Bissinger, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklambert, Tulkolahten, Creol, Slash,Don Cuan, Marcsin, 1000Faces, Toblock, Lemsus, 83d40m, BostonRed, Tascha96, 2812, Nitroblu, Idioma-bot, Hugo999, VolkovBot,Kvasi, Ipso2, TXiKiBoT, RRKennison, BuzzWoof, Abtinb, Samira1, JhsBot, Broadbot, Rklenner, LeaveSleaves, Costela, Skookumuk,Kabir007, Greswik, Billinghurst, Hughstew, Burntsauce, Truthanado, Mai-Sachme, NurembergWS, AlleborgoBot, Maralex334, SieBot,ToePeu.bot, Barliner, Happysailor, Toddst1, Flyer22, Steve9483, Carnun, Robster1983, Aspects, Lightmouse, Crath, AMackenzie, Cyfal,Zbisasimone, Quest4history, Telaviv1, Amazonien, ImageRemovalBot, Martarius, ClueBot, Traveler100, PipepBot, Sodala, Wutsje, Frana-max, Rossmwilson, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc, Kayothic, DragonBot, NuclearWarfare, Cenarium, MacGyver de, Central Data Bank,SchreiberBike, Anywikiuser, Thingg, Hbar.cc, Dana boomer, Berean Hunter, Qwfp, Julian1117, Shoteh, Yoelrey1, AgnosticPreacher-sKid, Pichpich, BodhisattvaBot, TFOWR, Dneale52, Addbot, Betterusername, Jncraton, Download, FerrousTigrus, Daicaregos, Bassbone-rocks, 75andproudofit, Ppole, Numbo3-bot, Sseedaf, YorkUCBoy, Filip MKD, Lightbot, Ruebezahl, Wweert, Bbisdo, Mmuusda, Legobot,Luckas-bot, MileyDavidA, Yobot, Julia W, Zuffi, Reenem, Goodmorningworld, MacTire02, Starbois, AnomieBOT, Ichwan Palongengi,1exec1, Rjanag, Tucoxn, Tdls, Vitold Muratov, Collonada-X, 45Factoid44, Shogartu, Bludyta, ArthurBot, Loodotuyfa, Xqbot, Civjaty,Historicist, Cyrusmilleyhannana, Almabot, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), GrouchoBot, Atler5264, Omnipaedista, Norouz, Jsmithcloser,Sophus Bie, Esteban Cuya, Hornymanatee, Littlelordfauntleroy, Vlastimil Svoboda, L.Kenzel, DerBunte, FrescoBot, Paine Ellsworth,Broadcaster101, Tobby72, Footyfanatic3000, Summerleas, M2545, RaveDog, Pinethicket, GWST11, Moonraker, Gerda Arendt, TobeBot,HelenOnline, 3 in Weckla, Georgesalpha, Gabibarbie, MI6, Bahnfrend, TjBot, Gabimuster, Alph Bot, Alfons2, Dustin 3choes, EmausBot,John of Reading, Chrisloader, WikitanvirBot, Djembayz, Pirkheimer, ZroBot, GuzonjinSin, Bongoramsey, Ryan.germany, Smoothsilver,Nmk829, Brandmeister, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, Volkerschier, Haddockdonicely, ClueBot NG, LeastCommonAncestor, Skjorup,Reg porter, Frietjes, Corusant, Alphasinus, Franconia Sun, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, LPfanGermany, BG19bot, CityOfSilver, PhnomPen-cil, Wiki13, Militaryartist, OPolkruikenz, Lommaren, Andrewjrwest, Dexbot, Agn106, Old TimeMusic Fan, Burzuchius, R1410, ZH8000,Texas10, Epicgenius, Serten, Leoesb1032, DonChelladurai, HerrMay, JaconaFrere, Windows66, Prof John Cooper, Monkbot, Stribog1,Johnsoniensis, Karlavomdach, To2xqj, Beforyouwere, Solarpark, KasparBot, Sweepy and Anonymous: 414

    14.2 Images File:1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerstrungen_Nrnbergs.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/1945.02.

    12._Plan_der_Zerst%C3%B6rungen_N%C3%BCrnbergs.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Stadt Nrnberg Original artist: StadtNrnberg

    File:Adler_Originalfoto.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Adler_Originalfoto.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Fotographie, Salzabzug; http://web.archive.org/web/20101207002930/http://nuernberg.de/internet/bahnjahr2010/geschichte_bildergalerie.html Original artist: Unknown

    File:Bardentreffen_2013_3668.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Bardentreffen_2013_3668.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rs-foto

    File:Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Roland Berger

    File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

    File:Compass_rose_pale.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: svg version of Image:Compass-rose-pale.png, made to look similar to Image:Reinel compass rose.svg. Original artist:Fibonacci

    File:DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tobias Br

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg?oldid=671709256https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%25C3%25B6rungen_N%25C3%25BCrnbergs.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/1945.02.12._Plan_der_Zerst%25C3%25B6rungen_N%25C3%25BCrnbergs.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Adler_Originalfoto.jpghttp://web.archive.org/web/20101207002930/http://nuernberg.de/internet/bahnjahr2010/geschichte_bildergalerie.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20101207002930/http://nuernberg.de/internet/bahnjahr2010/geschichte_bildergalerie.htmlhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Bardentreffen_2013_3668.jpg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Rs-fotohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Christkindlesmarkt_nuernberg.jpg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Roland_Bergerhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Compass-rose-pale.png&action=edit&redlink=1//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reinel_compass_rose.svg//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Fibonaccihttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/DT3_Hauptbahnhof_TB.JPG//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tobi_B.&action=edit&redlink=1
  • 14 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

    File:De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/De_Merian_Frankoniae_090.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Scan eines Orginal Buchs durch http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/digitaletexte.html Originalartist: Martin Zeiller

    File:Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Defendants_in_the_dock_at_nuremberg_trials.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/impu/tpi/ictbook/estat11.html Original artist: Raymond DAddario

    File:Dokumentationszentrum.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Dokumentationszentrum.JPG Li-cense: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Chris Baier (chrisglub), http://www.chrisbaier.com Original artist: Chris Baier (chrisglub), http://www.chrisbaier.com

    File:Durer_selfporitrait.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Durer_selfporitrait.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Image Info about artwork Original artist: Albrecht Drer

    File:Durerhaus-nbg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Durerhaus-nbg.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors: Transferred from de.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Ger1axg

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    Bundeszentrale fr politische Bildung: Wappen und Flaggen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und ihrer Lnder 3. Auflage. MagdeburgerDruckerei GmbH, Bonn 1994, ISBN 3-89331-206-4. Original artist: diese Datei: Jwnabd

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    File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-inal artist: ?

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  • 14.2 Images 15

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    File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domainContributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of theTurkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)

    File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domainContributors: 4512:2006 - .

    SVG: 2010

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    svg License: Public domain Contributors:

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  • 16 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

    File:Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Nuremberg_View_Old_Town.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:

    Castle_Old_Town_Nuremberg_Germany.jpgOriginal artist: Castle_Old_Town_Nuremberg_Germany.jpg: JohannesKerstiens (unland) File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Nuremberg_

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    File:Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Nuremberg_defensive_wall_north_f_burggarten_bastion_f_w.jpg License: CC BY 1.0 Contributors: picture taken by Keichwa Origi-nal artist: Keichwa

    File:Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d5/Nuremberg_from_Burg_17.04.2010.jpg License: GFDL Contributors:AuthorOriginal artist:Vitold Muratov

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    File:Nrnberger_Bratwrste.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/N%C3%BCrnberger_Bratw%C3%BCrste.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: 6 Nrnberger Original artist: Alexander Kaiser from Germany

    File:Old_town_hall.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Old_town_hall.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Old town hall Original artist: Henning Leweke

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    File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

    File:Reichsparteitag_1935.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Reichsparteitag_1935.jpg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: ARC Identifier: 558778 (http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/basic_search.jsp) Original artist: Charles Russell

    File:S-Bahn_Nrnberg_Linienband.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/S-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: HerrMay

    File:Schnellbahnnetz_Nrnberg_S_U_Tram.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Schnellbahnnetz_N%C3%BCrnberg_S_U_Tram.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: R1410

    File:Schnellbahnnetz_nrnberg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Schnellbahnnetz_n%C3%BCrnberg.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: R1410

    File:South.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/South.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil.Original artist: DarkEvil

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    File:U-Bahn_Nrnberg_Linienband.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/U-Bahn_N%C3%BCrnberg_Linienband.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: own work Original artist: HerrMay (talk)

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    14.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

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