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Free Powerpoint Templates Page 1 Free Powerpoint Templates Prewriting Activity Bertha Maya Sopha, S.T., M. Sc., Ph. D.

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    Free Powerpoint Templates

    Prewriting Activity Bertha Maya Sopha, S.T., M. Sc., Ph. D.

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    What is Scientific Writing?

    State your facts as simply as possible, even boldly. No one wants flowers of eloquence of

    literary ornaments in a research article

    - R. B. McKerrow

    - Key characteristics of scientific writing is

    CLARITY

    - The transmission of a clear signal to recipient

    as clear and simple as possible

    - The best English is that which gives the sense

    in the fewest short words

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    Prewriting Activity

    Thinking for a theme

    Asking questions or acquiring information from literatures

    Taking notes

    Evaluating texts

    Understanding

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    Theme

    Consider the title

    Most writers begins with a theme

    You must be clear about what areas you want to cover

    Find keywords

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    Asking Questions

    Sample Questions Sample notes

    What is your first

    name?

    Bertha

    Where are you from? Malang

    How long have you

    lived in this country?

    26 years

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    Taking notes

    Whenever you write, you need ideas to write about

    Taking notes is one way to get ideas

    when you take note, you do not have to write complete sentence, just write down

    the important information

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    When writing academic work, it is important NOT to use phrases met in non-

    academic texts, e.g. newspapers or

    magazines.

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    Effective note-making employs

    Headings, sub-headings, underlining and listing to organise the data clearly

    Simplified grammar (few articles, pronouns or prepositions)

    Symbols (such as = or +) and abbreviations ( Do not abbreviate too

    much)

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    Evaluating Texts

    Is the text fact or opinion??

    Is the text true or false?

    Can the text be trusted?

    Is the text useful?

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    FactFact or

    opinion?Opinion

    Agree or

    disagree?Disagree?False

    True or

    false

    TrueTrustworthy

    and usefulagree

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    Examples

    It can be seen that even short sentences, such as (2f) above, can contain a mixture of fact and opinion. Most longer texts, of course, consist of both.

    Read the following text about crime in Britain and underline facts (_______) and opinions (............).

    a)Britain has one of the highest crime rates in the world.

    b)A robbery takes place every five seconds. Clearly, criminals are not afraid of the police.

    c)Even if they are caught, few criminals ever appear in court.

    d)Most of those who are found guilty are let off with a small fine.

    e)To reduce crime, we need more police and tougher punishments

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    Text Evaluations The text can be evaluated as follows:

    a)Fact, but only partly true. Britain does not have one of the highest overall crime rates in the world. For some crimes, e.g. car crime, the rate is high, but other countries, e.g. South Africa, have much higher rates of violent crime.

    b)This may or may not be true, but it does not follow that criminals are unafraid of the police.

    c)Fact, but not true. A significant number of those arrested are charged and later prosecuted.

    d)This fact is distorted. A fine is not letting off . What is meant by small? e)This is opinion. More police would probably help reduce crime, but it is not clear if more severe punishments would have that result

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    From this it can be seen that, even if

    the facts are correct, the opinions that are

    expressed may not be reliable. The

    evaluation above would suggest that the

    writer of the original text could not be

    trusted, and it would be better to look for

    another source.

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    Understanding

    Purpose inform

    amuse

    Persuade

    Entertain

    Style

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    Example

    Compare the two extracts below:

    a) Rebus College is seeking candidates for the position of Treasurer. As the Chief Financial Officer of the College, the Treasurer is responsible for working with the senior administration and Trustees to develop and implement a financial strategic vision for the College.

    a) Are you wondering what to do with that jumper you were given for Christmas thats two sizes too small or, worse, the personal stereo that simply doesnt work? Well, dont worry. Chances are, youll be able to get your dud gifts swapped, fixed or get a refund. And, armed with our guide to your rights, youll be able to get any defective products sorted

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    The first extract is written to inform the

    reader about a job vacancy and to give

    information about the work. The second aims to

    persuade the reader to buy the guide described.

    The language style, or register, of the extracts is

    also very different. The first uses very formal

    vocabulary such as seeking, position and

    implement. The second uses an informal tone,

    the pronoun you, the question form and informal

    vocabulary such as dud and swapped

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    Exercise 1 - Keywords

    Underline the key words in the following titles and consider what they are asking you to do. a) Define information technology (IT) and outline its main applications in medicine. b) Compare and contrast the appeal process in the legal systems of Britain and the USA. c) Evaluate the effect of mergers in the motor industry in the last ten years. d) Trace the development of primary education in one country. Illustrate some of the issues currently facing this sector.

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    Teachers often complain that students write essays which do not answer the question set

    Consider the following titles and decide which sections should be included in each essay!!

    Exercise 2 Relevant Information

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    a)Describe the growth of the European Union since 1975 and suggest its likely form by 2020

    1. A short account of European history 19002000 2. An analysis of candidates for membership before 2020

    3. A discussion of the current economic situation in Europe

    4. A summary of the enlargement of the EU from 1975 to now

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    b) Summarize the arguments in favour of privatisation

    and evaluate its record in Britain.

    1. A case study of electricity privatisation

    2. An analysis of the international trends in

    privatization

    3. A study of major privatisations in the UK

    4. A discussion of the benefits achieved by

    privatisation

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    c) To what extent is tuberculosis (TB) a disease of poverty?

    1.A definition of TB

    2.A report on the spread of TB worldwide

    3.A case study showing how TB relates to social class

    4.A discussion of new methods of treating the disease

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    d) Nursery education is better for children than staying at home with mother discuss.

    1.A study of the growth of nurseries in the UK since 1995

    2.A report on the development of children who remain at home until age 5

    3.A discussion comparing speaking ability in both groups of children

    4.An analysis of the increase of women in the labour market since 1960

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    e) Compare studying in a library with using

    the internet. Will the former become

    redundant?

    1.The benefits of using books

    2.The drawbacks of internet sources

    3.Predicted IT developments in the next

    15 years

    4.The developments in library services

    since 1970

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    Exercise 3 - Understanding

    The following terms are also commonly used in essay titles.

    Match the terms to the definitions on the right.

    Analyse Give a clear and simple account

    Describe Make a proposal and support it

    Examine Deal with a complex subject by giving the main points

    State Divide into sections and discuss each critically

    Suggest Give a detailed account

    Summarise Look at the various parts and their relationships

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    Exercise 4 - Understanding Underline the key terms in the following titles, and decide what you are being asked to do.

    Example:

    Relate the development of railways to the rise of nineteenth - century European nationalism

    Relate means to link one thing to another. The title is asking for links to be made between the growth of railways in Europe in the nineteenth century and the political philosophy of nationalism. The writer must decide if there was a connection or not.

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    Exercise 4 - Understanding

    Underline the key terms in the following titles, and decide what you are being asked to do.

    a) Identify the main causes of rural poverty in China.

    b) Calculate the likely change in coffee consumption that would result from a 10% fall in the price of coffee beans.

    c) Classify the desert regions of Asia and suggest possible approaches to halting their spread.