Wake Vortex X-band radar monitoring :Paris-CDG airport 2008 CampaignResults & PerspectivesThales Air systems, Strategy Technology & Innovation Dept.F. Barbaresco
Short Summary of Wake Vortex Radar Campaigns
Thales Air Systems Division3
USA :During 90s different Radar trials have been made in US for wake vortex monitoring in clear Air with positive results for different bands.
EUROPE :UK, GEC-MARCONI (1992) : detection at Range R = 2.8 Km with an S-band Radar (3 GHz) (DX 04 Radar Campaign)France, CNRS/CRPE (1992): detection at Range R = 0.5 Km with an UHF-band Radar (961 MHz) (PROUST Radar campaign)
WAKE VORTEX RADAR CAMPAIGNS
DX04 S-band radarAN/MPS-39
C-band radar
Proust UHF Band Radar
Wake Vortex Reflectivity was flat as a function of frequency
Thales Air Systems Division4
CLEAR AIR RADAR REFLECTIVITY OF WAKE VORTEXTests have revealed radar echoes in clear air.
Two mechanisms causing refractive index gradients are :Radial Pressure (and therefore density) gradient in a columnar vortex arisingfrom the rotational flow :
Adiabatic transport of atmospheric fluid within a descending oval surrounding a vortex pair :
Particulates were not involved (not f4 Rayleigh scattering) .The frequency dependence was not the Kolmogorov f1/3
The role of Engine Exhaust :RCS doesnt change when the engine run at idle or full powerExhaust diameter yields a partial pressure of vapour and a contribution which is much smaller than that due to temperature.
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Operational Needs for Wake Vortex Monitoring
Thales Air Systems Division6
WAKE VORTEX MONITORING IN CRITICAL AREASWake Vortex should be monitored In critical Areas (where
% of occurences is high) :Very Close to the Ground (0 to 400 ft)Glide Path Intercept (3000 to 4000 ft)
These Critical Areas should be monitored in All Weather conditions (Wet & Dry conditions, Fog, Rain,)
FiguresFromNATS
VoluntaryReporting
Critical Area 1 :Very close to the Ground
Critical Area 2 :Glide Path Intercept
Thales Air Systems Division7
Wake Vortex behaviours very close to the ground have very complex causes that could change abrutly (e.g. Wind Squall or Fall,) : Need for Real Time Monitoring
Ground Effect :
Wind Shear :
Transport :
vortices
Secondary vortices
Wake Vortex Monitoring very close to the Ground
THALES X-BAND RADAR TRIALS
Thales Air Systems Division9
CHARACTERISTICS OF THALES X-BAND BOR-A550 RADAR
Main FiguresFrequency : X Band (9.6 GHz for ORLY Campaign)Minimal Range : 400 mMaximal Range : 40 Km (limited to 2 km for WV)Range Resolution : 40 mMechanical Tilt : +/- 24Beam Width (elevation/azimut): 4/2.7Radial Velocity Range : +/- 26 m/sDoppler Resolution (& High Resolution) : 0.2 m/s
(0.04m/s)Mechanical Scan Rate : 8/s (sur 45 pour ORLY)Peak transmit power: ClassifiedData Link : RS232 (x2), RS432 (x2), EthernetRecording System : All range cellsexternal link Ethernet 20 Gb/s
PRF = 3348 HzF=9.6 GHz
Vamb = .PRF/2Vamb = 52.31 m/s
(+/-26 m/s)
=c/F=3.125 cm
Thales Air Systems Division10
Radar Sensor Campaigns funded by THALES2006 : Paris Orly Airport (Runway Monitoring)
From Mode S site (500 m from runway)Wake Vortex Monitoring during departuresWeather conditions : Winter (clear air, rain)
2007 : Paris Orly Airport (Glide Path Monitoring)From Thales Limours Testbed TowerWake Vortex Monitoring during arrivals (Glide PathIntercept)Weather Conditions : Autumn (highly turbulent atmosphere)
2008 : Paris CDG Airport (CSPR Monitoring)From Kbis Tower co-localized with Eurocontrol Lidar (2 m Windtracer)Wake Vortex Monitoring during arrivals/departures on Closely Spaced Parallel runwaysWeather Conditions : Summer (very hot, rain)
Orly 2006
Orly 2007
CDG 2008
Thales Air Systems Division11
X-band Radar Sensor for Safety Case & Operational UseWake Vortex Monitoring in All Weather Conditions (light
to heavy rain, fog, turbulent atmosphere,)Operational Use to track Wake Vortex (transport, decay, rebound) in extreme weather conditions :
Wind burst (wind under Cb, turbulent atmosphere, wind shear)No Wind (foggy weather,)
Use for Safety Case by Data Collection :Risks Assessment according to extreme wind conditions and no longer on mean wind conditionsNeed for Wake Vortex Data in exhaustive cases of airport climatology (good/bad weather)
Fast Monitoring of very large volume (radar scanning) with high update rate (e.g. : 8/s with mechanical scanning of BOR-A radar)Highly sensitivity of Radar : monitoring of Wake Vortex for medium (high % of A320) aircrafts and not only heavy / super heavy (requested for traffic mix of very light jets )
Thales Air Systems Division12
LIDAR & RADAR WAKE VORTEX DOPPLER SIGNATURE
AngularRadar resolution
Doppler radarsignature
Doppler Lidarsignature
LIDAR WAKE VORTEX DETECTION
Post-processingNeeded for Wind
Inversion detection
ORLY Airport Radar Campaign 2006
Thales Air Systems Division14
Radar (& Lidar Wind Profiler) Site at Paris Orly Airport
WLS7 LidarWind Profiler
THALESBORA-550
Radar
Thales Air Systems Division15
Wake Vortex Detection in All weather Conditions
No Rain
Minimum Temperature 8
Maximum Temperature 14 Rain Rate 0 mmWind Speed 22 km/hWind Direction : South
Rain
Minimum Temperature 9
Maximum Temperature 12
Rain Rate 1.19 mmWind Speed 20 km/h
Wind Direction South-East
RCS of Medium Aircraft Wake Vortex : 0.01 m2 S/N 15 dB (Range = 600 m)
NO RAIN RAIN
Thales Air Systems Division16
WAKE VORTEX PROFILING : RADAR DOPPLER ANALYSIS
Speed Variance of Rain can measure
EDR & TKE(air turbulence)
Time (s)
0 m/s
+/-26 m/s
0 m/s
Tangential SpeedVersus Radius
SpiralGeometry
Cross-Wind Speed
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Thales Air Systems Division17
WAKE VORTEX PROFILING : WAKE VORTEX AGEPositive
Time/Dopplerslopes
ZeroTime/Doppler
slopes
NegativeTime/Doppler
slopesLow speedNegative
Time/Dopplerslopes
Thales Air Systems Division18
Wake Vortex Detection in Clear Air at 7 Km
Recording conditions29th November '06
scanning modescan angle 45scan rate 8/slong transmit pulsedistance up to 7 kmwithout rain
Win
d
7000 m
45
Line of sight
Thales Air Systems Division19
Wake Vortex Circulation Computation
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Wake Vortex Doppler Frequencies Extraction(Pre-Processing : CFAR on Doppler axis)
Thales Air Systems Division20
Advanced Processing Chain: 3 PatentsDoppler & Image Processing
For Wake VortexMonitoring & Profiling
(Thales Patent 3)Regularized Autoregressive
Burg Algorithm(Thales Patent 1)
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(Thales Patent 2)
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Wake Vortex Geometry
HR Autoregressive Doppler & EntropyImplemented in C language :
3 times faster than real time byuse of 4 Threads with Quadri-Core PC
CFAROn
frequency
ORLY Airport / Limours Radar Campaign 2007
Thales Air Systems Division22
Limours (site Thales) : September 2007
Thales Air Systems Division23
Wake Vortex Monitoring In Glide Path Intercept
Vertical ScanningFrom Limours Tesbed
Tower (Orly Glide Path Intercept : Altitude 1500 m)
In Highly Turbulent Atmosphere !!
Wake VortexRollups Wake Vortex
Rollups
CDG Airport Radar Campaign 2008
Thales Air Systems Division25
Radar Sensor Deployment at CDG Airport
08L
08R
26L
26R
27L
27R
Horizontal Scanning
VerticalScanning
