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Wake Vortex X-band radar monitoring :Paris-CDG airport 2008 CampaignResults & PerspectivesThales Air systems, Strategy Technology & Innovation Dept.F. Barbaresco
Short Summary of Wake Vortex Radar Campaigns
Thales Air Systems Division3
USA :During 90’s different Radar trials have been made in US for wake vortex monitoring in clear Air with positive results for different bands.
EUROPE :UK, GEC-MARCONI (1992) : detection at Range R = 2.8 Km with an S-band Radar (3 GHz) (DX 04 Radar Campaign)France, CNRS/CRPE (1992): detection at Range R = 0.5 Km with an UHF-band Radar (961 MHz) (PROUST Radar campaign)
WAKE VORTEX RADAR CAMPAIGNS
DX04 S-band radarAN/MPS-39
C-band radar
Proust UHF Band Radar
Wake Vortex Reflectivity was flat as a function of frequency
Thales Air Systems Division4
CLEAR AIR RADAR REFLECTIVITY OF WAKE VORTEXTests have revealed radar echoes in clear air.
Two mechanisms causing refractive index gradients are :Radial Pressure (and therefore density) gradient in a columnar vortex arisingfrom the rotational flow :
Adiabatic transport of atmospheric fluid within a descending oval surrounding a vortex pair :
Particulates were not involved (not f4 Rayleigh scattering) .The frequency dependence was not the Kolmogorov f1/3
The role of Engine Exhaust :RCS doesn’t change when the engine run at idle or full powerExhaust diameter yields a partial pressure of vapour and a contribution which is much smaller than that due to temperature.
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Operational Needs for Wake Vortex Monitoring
Thales Air Systems Division6
WAKE VORTEX MONITORING IN CRITICAL AREASWake Vortex should be monitored In critical Areas (where
% of occurences is high) :Very Close to the Ground (0 to 400 ft)Glide Path Intercept (3000 to 4000 ft)
These Critical Areas should be monitored in All Weather conditions (Wet & Dry conditions, Fog, Rain,…)
FiguresFromNATS
VoluntaryReporting
Critical Area 1 :Very close to the Ground
Critical Area 2 :Glide Path Intercept
Thales Air Systems Division7
Wake Vortex behaviours very close to the ground have very complex causes that could change abrutly (e.g. Wind Squall or Fall,…) : Need for Real Time Monitoring
Ground Effect :
Wind Shear :
Transport :
vortices
Secondary vortices
Wake Vortex Monitoring very close to the Ground
THALES X-BAND RADAR TRIALS
Thales Air Systems Division9
CHARACTERISTICS OF THALES X-BAND BOR-A550 RADAR
Main FiguresFrequency : X Band (9.6 GHz for ORLY Campaign)Minimal Range : 400 mMaximal Range : 40 Km (limited to 2 km for WV)Range Resolution : 40 mMechanical Tilt : +/- 24°Beam Width (elevation/azimut): 4°/2.7°Radial Velocity Range : +/- 26 m/sDoppler Resolution (& High Resolution) : 0.2 m/s
(0.04m/s)Mechanical Scan Rate : 8°/s (sur 45° pour ORLY)Peak transmit power: ClassifiedData Link : RS232 (x2), RS432 (x2), EthernetRecording System : All range cellsexternal link Ethernet 20 Gb/s
PRF = 3348 HzF=9.6 GHz
Vamb = λ.PRF/2Vamb = 52.31 m/s
(+/-26 m/s)
λ=c/F=3.125 cm
Thales Air Systems Division10
Radar Sensor Campaigns funded by THALES2006 : Paris Orly Airport (Runway Monitoring)
From Mode S site (500 m from runway)Wake Vortex Monitoring during departuresWeather conditions : Winter (clear air, rain)
2007 : Paris Orly Airport (Glide Path Monitoring)From Thales Limours Testbed TowerWake Vortex Monitoring during arrivals (Glide PathIntercept)Weather Conditions : Autumn (highly turbulent atmosphere)
2008 : Paris CDG Airport (CSPR Monitoring)From Kbis Tower co-localized with Eurocontrol Lidar (2 μm Windtracer)Wake Vortex Monitoring during arrivals/departures on Closely Spaced Parallel runwaysWeather Conditions : Summer (very hot, rain)
Orly 2006
Orly 2007
CDG 2008
Thales Air Systems Division11
X-band Radar Sensor for Safety Case & Operational UseWake Vortex Monitoring in All Weather Conditions (light
to heavy rain, fog, turbulent atmosphere,…)Operational Use to track Wake Vortex (transport, decay, rebound) in extreme weather conditions :
Wind burst (wind under Cb, turbulent atmosphere, wind shear…)No Wind (foggy weather,…)
Use for « Safety Case » by Data Collection :Risks Assessment according to extreme wind conditions and no longer on mean wind conditionsNeed for Wake Vortex Data in exhaustive cases of airport climatology (good/bad weather)
Fast Monitoring of very large volume (radar scanning) with high update rate (e.g. : 8°/s with mechanical scanning of BOR-A radar)Highly sensitivity of Radar : monitoring of Wake Vortex for « medium » (high % of A320) aircrafts and not only « heavy / super heavy » (requested for traffic mix of « very light jets »)
Thales Air Systems Division12
LIDAR & RADAR WAKE VORTEX DOPPLER SIGNATURE
AngularRadar resolution
Doppler radarsignature
Doppler Lidarsignature
LIDAR WAKE VORTEX DETECTION
Post-processingNeeded for Wind
Inversion detection
ORLY Airport Radar Campaign 2006
Thales Air Systems Division14
Radar (& Lidar Wind Profiler) Site at Paris Orly Airport
WLS7 LidarWind Profiler
THALESBORA-550
Radar
Thales Air Systems Division15
Wake Vortex Detection in All weather Conditions
No Rain
Minimum Temperature 8 °
Maximum Temperature 14 °
Rain Rate 0 mmWind Speed 22 km/hWind Direction : South
Rain
Minimum Temperature 9 °
Maximum Temperature 12 °
Rain Rate 1.19 mmWind Speed 20 km/h
Wind Direction South-East
RCS of Medium Aircraft Wake Vortex : 0.01 m2 S/N ≈ 15 dB (Range = 600 m)
NO RAIN RAIN
Thales Air Systems Division16
WAKE VORTEX PROFILING : RADAR DOPPLER ANALYSIS
Speed Variance of Rain can measure
EDR & TKE(air turbulence)
Time (s)
0 m/s
+/-26 m/s
0 m/s
Tangential SpeedVersus Radius
SpiralGeometry
Cross-Wind Speed
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ddraer rb δ
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21
Thales Air Systems Division17
WAKE VORTEX PROFILING : WAKE VORTEX AGEPositive
Time/Dopplerslopes
ZeroTime/Doppler
slopes
NegativeTime/Doppler
slopesLow speedNegative
Time/Dopplerslopes
Thales Air Systems Division18
Wake Vortex Detection in Clear Air at 7 Km
Recording conditions29th November '06
scanning modescan angle 45°scan rate 8°/slong transmit pulsedistance up to 7 kmwithout rain
Win
d
7000 m
45°
Line of sight
Thales Air Systems Division19
Wake Vortex Circulation Computation
[ ] 323 2. /
i )S(Vmomentndk=Γ
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max
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max
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V
Vii
V
Viii
dVVS
dVVSV
Wake Vortex Doppler Frequencies Extraction(Pre-Processing : CFAR on Doppler axis)
Thales Air Systems Division20
Advanced Processing Chain: 3 PatentsDoppler & Image Processing
For Wake VortexMonitoring & Profiling
(Thales Patent 3)Regularized Autoregressive
Burg Algorithm(Thales Patent 1)
..2)1()(1
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Doppler Entropy Based onInformation Geometry
(Thales Patent 2)
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Wake Vortex Circulation
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Wake Vortex Geometry
HR Autoregressive Doppler & EntropyImplemented in C language :
3 times faster than real time byuse of 4 Threads with Quadri-Core PC
CFAROn
frequency
ORLY Airport / Limours Radar Campaign 2007
Thales Air Systems Division22
Limours (site Thales) : September 2007
Thales Air Systems Division23
Wake Vortex Monitoring In Glide Path Intercept
Vertical ScanningFrom Limours Tesbed
Tower (Orly Glide Path Intercept : Altitude 1500 m)
In Highly Turbulent Atmosphere !!
Wake VortexRollups Wake Vortex
Rollups
CDG Airport Radar Campaign 2008
Thales Air Systems Division25
Radar Sensor Deployment at CDG Airport
08L
08R
26L
26R
27L
27R
Horizontal Scanning
VerticalScanning
Thales Air Systems Division26
Wake Vortex Detection based on Doppler Entropy Time
Range
26R Departure
West Configuration Procedure
Runway WV Detection : West Configuration Procedure
STARINGANTENNA
MODE
26L Arrival
Thales Air Systems Division27
Wake Vortex transport by High cross-Wind
RangeCell n
RangeCell n-1
RangeCell n-2
RangeCell n-3
time
Range
Time
timeRC m
RC m-1
RC m-2
RC m-3
RC m-4
RC mRC m
RC m-5
RC m-6
STARINGANTENNA
MODE
Thales Air Systems Division28
Wake Vortex transport by Cross-Wind
Thales Air Systems Division29
Vortex Transport : Doppler AnalysisRNG 1 to 6 (6 x 40 m = 200 m)
rebound
Time
Range
Thales Air Systems Division30
Vortex Transport : Doppler AnalysisRNG 3 and 4
Mature Vortex
Time
Range
Thales Air Systems Division31
Vertical Scanning : East Configuration Procedure
Wake Vortex Roll-up(Arrival)
Image of High ResolutionDoppler Entropy
Thales Air Systems Division32
Vertical Scanning : East Configuration Procedure
Image of High ResolutionDoppler Entropy
Thales Air Systems Division33
Vertical Scanning : West configuration
Wake Vortex Roll-up(Departure)
Image of High ResolutionDoppler Entropy
Thales Air Systems Division34
West Config. Procedure
WV Roll-ups Evolution : West Config. Procedure
Image of High ResolutionDoppler Entropy
Thales Air Systems Division35
Wake Vortex Roll up
1rst Runway (Departure) 2nd Runway (Arrival)
Image of High ResolutionDoppler Entropy
CDG Radar Campaign Data Exploitation
Thales Air Systems Division37
Wake Vortex Position & Circulation (strength in m2/s) along runway
Position des vortex au cours du temps
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Numéro de balayage
Cas
e di
stan
ce
vortex 1 position
vortex 2 position
Circulation des vortex au cours du temps en m²/s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
N uméro d e b a lay ag e
vo rtex1 circulatio nvo rtex2 circulatio n
5 s per scan (35 s)Position around 1500 m
Position des vortex au cours du temps
600
700800
9001000
11001200
1300
1 2 3 4 5 6
Numéro de balayage
Cas
e di
stan
ce
vortex 1 position
vortex 2 position
Circulation des vortex au cours du temps en m²/s
0
50
10 0
150
20 0
2 50
30 0
3 50
1 2 3 4 5 6
N uméro d e b a la ya g e
vo rtex1 circulat ionvo rtex2 circulat ion
5 s per scan (30 s)Position around 1000 m
With Cross-Wind Without Cross-Wind
WV roll-upsposition
WV roll-upsCirculation
WV roll-upsposition
WV roll-upsCirculation
Thales Air Systems Division38
Occurrences of Wake Vortex Position versus Wind conditions
Thales Air Systems Division39
Coordination with Eurocontrol & ADP
Debriefing meeting has been organized, 18th of July in Eurocontrol Bretigny, with persons in charge of Lidar exploitation to :
Present first exploitations of radar data recordsDefine File template (date, WV position, WV Circulation) to concatenate all results for benchmarking with Lidar
Debriefing meeting has been organized with ADP & DSNA , 25th of September, with G. Batistella, Guillaume Auquier & Jean Jezequel to:
Present first resultsThank ADP for their logistic support
First Excel File has been transmitted to Eurocontrol, the 7th of November & new results in DecemberExhaustive CDG Trials Exploitation is in progress :
Vertical Staring antenna & Vertical Scanning modeHorizontal Scanning
CONCLUSION
Thales Air Systems Division41
Thales Radar Trials SynthesisParis ORLY AIRPORT Campaign has proved that X-band ThalesBOR-A550 Radar can :
Detect Wake Vortex (RCS of 0.01 m2 on medium aircraft) :In all weather conditions (wet & dry at short range < 2 Km)In Staring & Scanning ModeIn real Time / Update Rate of 11 s on 90° scan sector
Localize Wake Vortexin range/azimuthWith resolution : 40 m x 1°
Characterize Wake Vortex by :Geometry (Spiral)Age (Young, mature, old, decaying)Strength : Circulation (m2/s)
Characterize ambient air (in Rain Conditions)Wind (based on Doppler & post-processing)Ambient Air Turbulence (EDR & TKE)
X-BAND BOR-A550 RADAR IS AVAILABLE & CAN BE DEPLOYED, AS SOON AS 2009, ON LARGE EUROPEAN AIRPORTS
(Paris CDG, London Heathrow, Francfort, …) for SESAR studies
Medium AircraftWake Vortex RCS
0.01 m2
(e.g. : Airbus A320)
Thales Air Systems Division42
WV Predictor
Main Objective : Ground wake detection, tracking & alert
WIMS(in TMA)
Data Broadcast
Data Broadcast
Pilot
WV Alarm
Approach & TowerController
WV controller HMI
Ground RadarHorizontal/Vertical scanning
of Runways
Ground RadarVertical scanning
of Glide Path Intercept
Data-Link(WV Alerts)
Limours trials 2007
Orly trials 2006 & CDG 2008
crosswind
crosswind
Thales Air Systems Division43
Complementarities of Radar/Lidar Sensors
Radar & Lidar are complementary sensors in all weather operationsTHALES has proved by derisking campaign (Paris Orly/CDG) that X-band Radar & Lidar are complementary for Wake Vortex Monitoring :
US Campaign has proved (Westheimer Aiport Campaign) that X-band & Lidar are compementary for Wind Monitoring
Presented at Wakenet USA 2008
Thales Air Systems Division44
Acknowledgements
ADP (Paris Airport) Radar Team (Orly)Jean-Paul LecorreJean-Marc ReceveauDaniel DuongGilbert Herbulot
DSNAAndré SimonettiAlfred HarterJean Jezequel
Direction des Aires Aéronautiques (ADP CDG) : Gérard BatistellaGuillaume Auquier
Eurocontrol « Wake Vortex » Team :Andrew HarveyAntoine Vidal (visit during Orly 2006 Radar Trials)Vincent Treve (visit during Orly 2007 & CDG 2008 Radar Trials)Jean-Pierre Nicolaon (visit during Orly 2007 Radar Trials)
Thank you for your attention
Leonardo Da Vinci