Warm-Up: 1. Convert 14 km to meters2. Convert 455 ml to liters

Practice:1. 1285 ml to L2. 19.78 km to m3. 89234 m to km4. .00564 km to m5. 190 cm to m6. 2423.232 mm to m7. 1800 g to kg8. 5343 hg to g9. 4.545 L to ml10. 2 days to seconds

Notes:Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

An atom is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substance.

If you lined up 70 million atoms, they would stretch across your pencil eraser.

A piece of paper is 1 million atoms thick.

An atom’s nucleus is its center.

The nucleus contains protons and neutrons

The atom is mostly empty space. Think of a baseball inside of Turner Field.

The number of protons determines the element’s identity

Warm-Up: 1. What is the “building block of matter?”

2. The number of ______ in the ______gives each element its identity.

Number of protons

= Atomic Number

Electrons are negatively charged particles in the electron cloud

Electrons “orbit” in electron shells

Energy Level # of electrons1 22 83 184 32

The number of the period (row) an element is in, is the same as the number of shells it has

The first shell needs to be full before the second shell gets any electrons.

The last, or outer, shell is called the VALENCE SHELL.The electrons in the valence shell are called valence electrons

The number of valence electrons determines reactivity

Warm-Up:1. How many valence electrons does carbon have?2. How many valence electrons does sodium have?3. How many valence electrons does chlorine have?

Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus

Atomic Mass: Average Mass of all isotopes in nature of that element

Mass Number: Number of protons and neutrons in the atom

A covalent bond happens when atoms share electrons

Warm-Up:1. How many electrons can fill the first shell of an atom? How many can fill shells 2 & 3?2. What is the valence shell?3. Draw a oxygen atom

Molecules are made of multiple atoms chemically joined together.

Covalent bonds occur when atoms SHARE electrons

Covalent bonds usually happen between nonmetals

An ionic bond is between a metal and nonmetal

An ionic bond happens when electrons are transferred between atoms. This results in a positive ion and a negative ion.

When atoms join to form molecules, they create a new substance with unique properties

The new substance is a compound

Sugar: C12H22O11

Warm-Up:1. Which subatomic particles move around the nucleus?

2. What makes atoms of elements different from one another?

3. How many atoms of each element does this formula have? 2H2O2

Identifying Compounds

• Each new element is identified by a capital Each new element is identified by a capital letterletter

• Example: HH22SOSO44

– The elements in Sulfuric Acid • HydrogenHydrogen• SulfurSulfur• OxygenOxygen

Subscripts

• C12H22O11

– There are 12 atoms of Carbon– There are 22 atoms of Hydrogen– There are 11 atoms of Oxygen

• If there is not a subscript listed, it is If there is not a subscript listed, it is understood to be 1.understood to be 1.

• Example: NaClNaCl– There is one atom of Sodium– There is one atom of Chlorine

NaHCONaHCO33 HClHCl

There are times you will see a compound with parenthesis.

Pb(NOPb(NO33))22

So, in counting the atoms, you would have the following:

Lead – Oxygen - Nitrogen -

(NH(NH44))33POPO44 Mg(OH)Mg(OH)22

Coefficient2H2H22SOSO44

This means there are 2 compounds of Sulfuric This means there are 2 compounds of Sulfuric Acid. Think:Acid. Think:

HH22SOSO44 HH22SOSO44

Counting the atoms:Hydrogen – Sulfur – Oxygen -

3H3H33POPO44 2H2H22OO

On the Periodic Table,Rows are called periods

On the Periodic Table,Columns are called groups

Groups often have similar properties

Tell which element goes with each symbol:1. Au2. C3. Cu4. O5. H6. Na7. Cl8. Al9. Fe10. Pb

Warm-Up:1. Do all elements occur naturally on earth? 2. Do all elements exist in equal quantities? 3. What element is in group 8, period 4?4. What is krypton’s group and period?

Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

Warm-Up:1. Which is NOT an element:-salt -gold -oxygen –iron

2. Which group of elements do not react to form compounds?

3. What kind of bond forms between sodium and chlorine?

4. What kind of bond forms between hydrogen and carbon?

HgO + Cl2 → HgCl + O2

Warm-Up: (#9)1. Where are the nonmetals located on the PTOE?2. Are there more metals, metalloids, or nonmetals on the PTOE?

Warm-Up: (#12)1. Give an example of a chemical property.2. Why does a candle float in water?3. Where are the metals in the periodic table?

1. If I have an atom with 25 protons, what element do I have?

2. Is air a mixture, compound, or pure substance?

1. If I have an atom with 25 protons, what element do I have?

2. Can a compound be separated into simpler parts by a physical process or a chemical process?

1. In a reaction that starts with 20 hydrogen atoms and 10 oxygen atoms, how many atoms would be present at the end of the reaction?

1. As temperature increases, what happens to molecular movement?

2. What do elements in the same group have in common?

1. What are some indicators that a chemical reaction has taken place?

2. The melting and boiling points of a substance are chemical or physical properties?

Warm-Up: (#11)1. What units are subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, & electrons) measured in?2. What elements does the compound Na2C2 contain?

1. What is wrong with the Acme salt ad?2. Would buying sulfur electrical wire be a wise choice? Explain.3. Do you think that using electricity to combine oxygen and hydrogen in your home could cause a problem? Explain.4. Would the Acme “Everlast Light Bulb” last longer than an ordinary bulb? Explain.5. Acme claims to have discovered a new element. How canyou determine if this claim is true?6. How would you go about classifying this new element?

Target: (#36)If you need help answering these questions, use Chapter 12, Sec. 1

1. The elements are organized in a table called the ______________.

2. Elements joined at the molecular level are called _______________.

3. What element has the fewest number of protons in its nucleus?

Ammonia: NH4

Warm-Up: 1. When atoms chemically bond together, they create a ______.

2. Draw a nitrogen atom (with shells)

Warm-Up: 1. __________ is made of particles that have volume and mass.

2. Draw an oxygen atom.

3. How many valence electrons does oxygen have?

Warm-Up: 1. What is an ion?2. In bonding, would sodium become a positive ion or a negative ion? Why?

Warm-Up: 1. What is the most common oxidation number for K?2. What is the most common oxidation number for Cl?

A Lewis dot diagram shows the element symbol surrounded by one to eight dots representing the valence electrons.

An oxidation number indicates the charge on the remaining atom (ion) when electrons are lost, gained, or shared in chemical bonds.

A sodium atom always ionizes to become Na+ (a charge of +1) when it combines with other atoms to make a compound. Therefore, we say that sodium has an oxidation number of 1+.

Predicting a chemical formula:When elements combine in molecules and ionic compounds, the total electric charge is always zero.

-On the periodic table, strong electron donors are the left side (alkali metals). -Strong electron acceptors are on the right side (halogens). The further apart two elements are on the periodic table, the more likely they are to form an ionic compound.