Warm Up: Monday, September

•Happy Monday!▫ (only one more till break)

•Warm Up:▫What did you like about the Caesar

activity? ▫Dislike?▫What would you do to make it better or

change it for next time?

The Second Triumvirate

Post- Caesar•The death of Julius

Caesar plunged Rome into a new round of civil wars.

• Mark Antony, Caesar’s chief general, and Octavian, Caesar’s grandnephew, joined forces to hunt down the murderers.

The Second Triumvirate43 B.C.1.1. Octavian (Caesar’s Heir and grandnephew)Octavian (Caesar’s Heir and grandnephew)2.2. Marc Antony (Caesar’s Lieutenant and ally)Marc Antony (Caesar’s Lieutenant and ally)3.3. Lepidus (powerful politician)Lepidus (powerful politician)• killed assassins and enemies of Caesarkilled assassins and enemies of Caesar• Ends after Ten years in Jealousy and Power Ends after Ten years in Jealousy and Power

strugglestruggle▫ Octavian forces Lepidus to retireOctavian forces Lepidus to retire▫ Octavian got the Octavian got the WestWest, Antony the , Antony the EastEast

Antony v. Octavian

•Antony allied himself with Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt▫Fell in love with her

Antony & Cleopatra

•Battle of Actium (31 B.C.) in Greece▫Octavian smashes into Anthony/Cleopatra’s

army and navy▫Defeats them

•Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt- commit suicide a year later

Octavian WINS!!!!

Florus, “Epitome of Roman History” “Antonius was the first to seize the sword of a suicide; the

queen, casting herself at Caesar's feet, tried to attract his glances, but in vain, for her beauty was unable to prevail over his self-control. 10 Her efforts were aimed not at saving her life, which was freely offered to her, but at obtaining a portion of his kingdom. Despairing of winning this from Caesar and perceiving that she was being reserved to figure in his triumph, profiting by the carelessness of her guard, she betook herself to the Mausoleum, as the royal sepulchre is called. 11 There, having put on the elaborate raiment by the side of her beloved Antonius in a coffin filled with rich perfumes, and applying serpents to her veins thus passed into death as into a sleep.”

The Battle for Power…

The Age of Augustus

Octavian, titled Caesar Augustus, created a new order that began the Roman Empire

The Age of Augustus•Octavian is 32 years old

▫Stood supreme over the Roman world•Civil wars ended•Republic ended•Names:

▫Augustus- means “the revered one”▫Imperator- means “commander in chief”

•Ruled from period of 31 B.C to A.D. 14….how many years?

Augustus Builds a Stable Government

• Augustus laid the foundation for a stable government.

• He left the senate in place and created an efficient, well-trained civil service to enforce its laws.

• High-level jobs were open to men of talent, regardless of their class.

• He cemented the allegiance of cities and provinces to Rome by allowing them a large amount of self-government

• Roman legions maintained and protected the roads, and Roman fleets chased pirates from the seas.

• Trade flowed freely to and from distant lands.• Egyptian farmers supplied Romans with grain.

From other parts of Africa came ivory and gold, as well as lions and other wild animals to be used for public entertainment.

Economic Reforms•ordered a census of the empire so there would be

records of all who should be taxed.• He set up a postal service and issued new coins to

make trade easier. •He put the jobless to work building roads and temples

and sent others to farm the land.

Augustus attempts Germany•Tries to conquer Germany=fails

▫3 legions of Romans were massacred by Germans

▫Taught him his power was not unlimited▫This knowledge devastated him

•Dies in A.D. 14

Roman Emperors

Roman Empire (Early empire = A.D. 14 to 180)• First four emperors were from Julian

bloodline = Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero- known as more corrupt

• Less corrupt emperors = Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, & Marcus Aurelius (last emperor of Pax Romana)

Caligula Nero

The Most Infamous Julian Emperors

• Caligula = killed his father. ▫ Illness transformed him from a popular emperor

to an evil tyrant. ▫ Roman guards tried to kill his entire family after

his assassination▫ Appointed his horse as counsel

Nero•Nero = very evil• killed anyone in his way

including mother and wife▫ legions finally revolted against

him and he committed suicide•Nero viciously persecuted

Christians• Was blamed for setting a great

fire that destroyed much of Rome.

Nero’s Madness

•Nero's madness is only too apparent as he addresses the assembly to announce his intentions to defeat the rebels by singing to them

The madness of Nero

Nero and the Beginning of the End

Nero’s Death

•He eventually committed suicide after legions of armies went against him

•Uttered these last words: “What an artist this world is losing in me”

•After his death, a Civil War broke out in A.D. 69.

•No system for selecting emperors= a huge problem

The Five Good Emperors•Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius,

Marcus Aurelius •Concluded the period known as the “Pax

Romana”▫Definition: Roman Peace▫Lasted almost 200 years▫(27 B.C.-A.D.180)

What they did…

•Treated ruling classes with respect

•Maintained peace in the empire

•Supported policies that were helpful to the empire

•Known for their tolerance

Create the Coliseum

Good things•New Social programs

▫Trajan provided state funds for poor parents to assist raising and educating their children

•Building public works- aqueducts, bridges, roads, and harbor facilities

The Empire Expands

The Height of the Roman Empire•3.5 million square miles•Population of more than 50 million

Cities in the Roman Empire

•By 212 A.D., all free people in Roman Empire were given citizenship

•Roman plan of cities: not very big cities▫ but important for spread of Roman law, culture

and language▫Latin-West▫Greek- East

•Greco-Roman civilization

Economy and Society•High levels of

trade▫The Silk Road▫Grain from Egypt▫Luxury items from

all over •Farming was the

chief occupation

Gap between Rich & Poor• Upper classes lived in

great luxury in their villas and estates▫Small farmers

became dependent on them

• Poor people in cities worked in shops and markets

• Unemployed people depended on grain rations from the emperor to survive