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Warm UP- Warm UP- Set up table of contents Set up table of contents Page 1- warm up- pick up on the Page 1- warm up- pick up on the overhead overhead 1. What aspects of the article support 1. What aspects of the article support nurture? nurture? 2. What aspects of the article support 2. What aspects of the article support nature? nature? 3. Do you think gender is more nature or 3. Do you think gender is more nature or nurture? WHY? nurture? WHY? 4. List 3 things about yourself that you 4. List 3 things about yourself that you believe are influenced by nature and 3 that believe are influenced by nature and 3 that are influences by nurture are influences by nurture

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Warm UP- Warm UP- Set up table of contentsSet up table of contents

Page 1- warm up- pick up on the Page 1- warm up- pick up on the overheadoverhead

1. What aspects of the article support 1. What aspects of the article support nurture?nurture?

2. What aspects of the article support 2. What aspects of the article support nature?nature?

3. Do you think gender is more nature or 3. Do you think gender is more nature or nurture? WHY?nurture? WHY?

4. List 3 things about yourself that you 4. List 3 things about yourself that you believe are influenced by nature and 3 that believe are influenced by nature and 3 that are influences by nurtureare influences by nurture

Chapter 3: Nature Chapter 3: Nature and Nurture of and Nurture of

BehaviorBehavior

GenesGenesChromosomesChromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA that threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genescontain the genes

Total of 46…23 from Mom, 23 from Dad.Total of 46…23 from Mom, 23 from Dad.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)complex molecule containing the genetic complex molecule containing the genetic

information that makes up the chromosomesinformation that makes up the chromosomeshas two strands-forming a “double helix”- has two strands-forming a “double helix”-

held together by bonds between pairs of held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotidesnucleotides

Genes Genes

GenesGenesSmall segments Small segments

of your of your chromosomeschromosomes

Have about Have about 30,00030,000

a segment of a segment of DNA capable of DNA capable of synthesizing a synthesizing a proteinprotein

GenesGenesNucleotides:Nucleotides: biochemical biochemical

letters that make up genes. letters that make up genes. Some 3 billion paired Some 3 billion paired nucleotides define the nucleotides define the genes that determine your genes that determine your individual biological individual biological development. Letters: A development. Letters: A T C and G. T C and G.

Sequence of nucleotides is Sequence of nucleotides is what makes humans, what makes humans, human…pigs, pigs, etc. human…pigs, pigs, etc.

GenesGenes

GenomeGenomethe complete the complete

instructions for instructions for making an making an organismorganism

consisting of consisting of all the genetic all the genetic material in its material in its chromosomeschromosomes

Positives and Negatives of Positives and Negatives of Genetic Engineering?Genetic Engineering?

Human Genome Human Genome Project:Project: goal is to map goal is to map the human genome the human genome down to the nucleotide down to the nucleotide and identify all the and identify all the genes present in it.genes present in it.

Reflect on Questions Reflect on Questions given for a few minutes.given for a few minutes.

Question Reflection: Positives Question Reflection: Positives and Negatives of Genetic and Negatives of Genetic

Engineering?Engineering?1.  If it were possible, would you want to take 1.  If it were possible, would you want to take

a genetic test telling you which diseases a genetic test telling you which diseases you are likely to suffer from later in life?you are likely to suffer from later in life?

  2.  If you or your spouse were pregnant, 2.  If you or your spouse were pregnant,

would you want the unborn child tested for would you want the unborn child tested for genetic defects?genetic defects?

  3.  Do you think it should be legal for 3.  Do you think it should be legal for

employers to use genetic tests in deciding employers to use genetic tests in deciding whom to hire?whom to hire?

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary PsychologyBased on the ideas of Charles Darwin and Based on the ideas of Charles Darwin and

natural selection:natural selection: the principle that, among the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to survival will most likely be contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generationspassed on to succeeding generations

MutationsMutationsrandom errors in gene replication that lead random errors in gene replication that lead

to a change in the sequence of nucleotidesto a change in the sequence of nucleotidesthe source of all genetic diversitythe source of all genetic diversity

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology:Evolutionary Psychology:

the study of the the study of the evolution of behavior evolution of behavior using the principles of using the principles of natural selection.natural selection.

Believe that nature selects Believe that nature selects physical as well as physical as well as behavioral traits that behavioral traits that prepare humans to survive, prepare humans to survive, reproduce, and send genes reproduce, and send genes into the future.into the future.

Evolutionary ExampleEvolutionary Example

Evolutionary Psychologists believe we favor Evolutionary Psychologists believe we favor sweets and fats now since in the prehistoric sweets and fats now since in the prehistoric era these were harder to come by and era these were harder to come by and allowed ancestors to survive famine.allowed ancestors to survive famine.

Problem today?Problem today?

Complete Handout 3.2 concerning Complete Handout 3.2 concerning Evolutionary Psychology. Evolutionary Psychology.

Gender and Evolutionary Gender and Evolutionary PsychologyPsychology

Gender: Gender: in psychology, the in psychology, the characteristics, where characteristics, where biologically or socially biologically or socially influenced, by which people influenced, by which people define male and femaledefine male and female

Evolutionary Psychologists Evolutionary Psychologists have found major gender have found major gender differences in both attitudes differences in both attitudes and behaviors towards sex.and behaviors towards sex.

Gender Differences in Attitudes Gender Differences in Attitudes and Behaviorsand Behaviors

Attitudes:Attitudes: Males tend to have a much Males tend to have a much more recreational approach to sex vs. more recreational approach to sex vs. women’s relational approach.women’s relational approach.

Behavior:Behavior: Males are more likely to be Males are more likely to be promiscuous and aggressive towards sex promiscuous and aggressive towards sex than females.than females.

Florida State ExampleFlorida State ExampleMen tend to perceive a women’s Men tend to perceive a women’s

friendliness as a sexual come-onfriendliness as a sexual come-on

How would Evolutionary How would Evolutionary Psychologist Explain this Psychologist Explain this

Difference?Difference?Women most Women most

often send their often send their genes into the genes into the future by pairing future by pairing wiselywisely

Men by pairing Men by pairing widelywidely

Complete Handout 3.3Complete Handout 3.3

Mate Selection Mate Selection

Both men and women rated mutual Both men and women rated mutual attraction-love,dependable character, attraction-love,dependable character, emotional stability, maturity and pleasing emotional stability, maturity and pleasing disposition as most importantdisposition as most important

Least important- chastity, similar religious Least important- chastity, similar religious backgrounds and similar political backgrounds and similar political backgrounds backgrounds

More Important to Males- good looks and More Important to Males- good looks and chastitychastity

More Important to Females- financial More Important to Females- financial security and ambitious security and ambitious

Preferred by MalesPreferred by Males

1.1. Kindness Kindness 2.2. IQIQ3.3. Physical AttractivenessPhysical Attractiveness4.4. Exciting personalityExciting personality5.5. Good HealthGood Health6.6. AdaptabilityAdaptability7.7. CreativityCreativity8.8. Desire for ChildrenDesire for Children9.9. College GraduateCollege Graduate10.10. Good HeredityGood Heredity11.11. Good Earning capacityGood Earning capacity12.12. Good HousekeeperGood Housekeeper13.13. Religious orientationReligious orientation

Preferred By FemalesPreferred By Females

1. Kindness2.2. IQIQ3.3. Exciting PersonalityExciting Personality4.4. Good HealthGood Health5.5. AdaptabilityAdaptability6.6. Physical attractivenessPhysical attractiveness7.7. CreativityCreativity8.8. Good earning capacityGood earning capacity9.9. College graduateCollege graduate10.10. Desire for childrenDesire for children11.11. Good heredityGood heredity12.12. Good housekeeperGood housekeeper13.13. Religious orientationReligious orientation

Gender Differences and Gender Differences and AttractionAttraction

Across the board men and women Across the board men and women prefer youthful appearance.prefer youthful appearance.

Gender Differences and Gender Differences and AttractionAttraction

Men tend to be especially drawn to Men tend to be especially drawn to “physical attractiveness.”“physical attractiveness.”

Women are especially attracted to males Women are especially attracted to males who seem mature, dominant, and who seem mature, dominant, and affluent.affluent.

Gender Differences and Gender Differences and AttractionAttraction

How would Evolutionary Psychologist How would Evolutionary Psychologist Explain this?Explain this?

Men look for youth b/c young women Men look for youth b/c young women have more childbearing years and have more childbearing years and men just want to send their genes men just want to send their genes into the future into the future

Men prefer women who’s waists are Men prefer women who’s waists are 1/3 narrower than their hips, a sign 1/3 narrower than their hips, a sign of future fertility of future fertility

How would Evolutionary How would Evolutionary Psychologist Explain this?Psychologist Explain this?Women prefer mature, dominant and affluent men Women prefer mature, dominant and affluent men

b/c they are more able to protect and provide for b/c they are more able to protect and provide for the family the family

Men tend to be risk takers ( or stupid) b/c they need Men tend to be risk takers ( or stupid) b/c they need to show their women “ look at me! I have so much to show their women “ look at me! I have so much strength and skill that I am fearless. I will survive strength and skill that I am fearless. I will survive no matter how much I drink or how fast I drive.”no matter how much I drink or how fast I drive.”

Women spend more time on appearance and moneyWomen spend more time on appearance and moneyMen spend more time on status and dominanceMen spend more time on status and dominanceMen are constantly trying to out do other men to Men are constantly trying to out do other men to

compete for fertile women compete for fertile women

Criticisms of Evolutionary Criticisms of Evolutionary Approach: Do you Buy It?Approach: Do you Buy It?

Men and Men and women are a women are a lot more similar lot more similar Want single, Want single,

long term long term partnerspartners

Evolutionaries Evolutionaries focus too much focus too much on natureon nature

Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics

Behavior Genetics Behavior Genetics study of the power and limits of study of the power and limits of

genetic and environmental genetic and environmental influences on behaviorinfluences on behavior

EnvironmentEnvironment every non-genetic influence, from every non-genetic influence, from

prenatal nutrition to the people and prenatal nutrition to the people and things around usthings around us

Behavior Genetics and Use of Behavior Genetics and Use of Twin StudiesTwin Studies

Identical TwinsIdentical Twinsdevelop from a single develop from a single

zygote (fertilized egg) zygote (fertilized egg) that splits in two, that splits in two, creating two genetic creating two genetic replicasreplicas

Fraternal Twins Fraternal Twins develop from separate develop from separate

zygoteszygotesgenetically no closer genetically no closer

than brothers and than brothers and sisters, but they share sisters, but they share the fetal environmentthe fetal environment

Identicaltwins

Fraternaltwins

Samesex only

Same oropposite sex

What’s the Value of Twin What’s the Value of Twin Studies to Behavior Studies to Behavior

Geneticists?Geneticists?Genes MatterGenes Matter

Extraversion and neuroticism in identical Extraversion and neuroticism in identical twins is more similar than in fraternal twins is more similar than in fraternal twins twins

Identical twins are more similar in Identical twins are more similar in abilities, personalities and interestsabilities, personalities and interests

Identical twins raised apart are still very Identical twins raised apart are still very similarsimilar

Example- Jim twins Example- Jim twins

How Have Psychologists How Have Psychologists Used Adoption Studies?Used Adoption Studies?

Genes Matter Genes Matter Adopted children are more Adopted children are more

similar to their biological similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents than their adoptive parentsparents

Especially in personalityEspecially in personalityParents do have an influence on Parents do have an influence on

values, manners , faith and values, manners , faith and politics politics

Behavior GeneticsBehavior GeneticsTemperamentTemperament

a person’s characteristic a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and emotional reactivity and intensityintensityDifficult- irritable,intense and irritable,intense and unpredictable unpredictable

EasyEasy- cheerful,relaxed - cheerful,relaxed and predictableand predictable

Hereditary Hereditary Complete HandoutComplete Handout 3.6. 3.6.

Temperament Temperament

3 Temperaments3 TemperamentsActivity-Activity- High-busybodies, like High-busybodies, like

actionactionEmotionalityEmotionality- - High-frightened High-frightened

and angry easy. Quick tempered and angry easy. Quick tempered SociabilitySociability – – High- seek out High- seek out

others, enjoy company others, enjoy company

TemperamentTemperament11stst- reverse the number they placed - reverse the number they placed

in front of items 6, 18 and 19in front of items 6, 18 and 19So… 5=1,4=2,3=3,2=4,1=5So… 5=1,4=2,3=3,2=4,1=5

For For ActivityActivity- add 2, 7, 10 and 17- add 2, 7, 10 and 17For For Sociability-Sociability- add 1, 6, 15, 20 add 1, 6, 15, 20Emotionality- 3 parts Emotionality- 3 parts

DistressDistress- 4, 9, 11, 16- 4, 9, 11, 16FearfulnessFearfulness- 3, 12, 14, 19- 3, 12, 14, 19AngerAnger- 5, 8, 13, 18- 5, 8, 13, 18

TemperamentTemperament

Women Women MenMen

ActivityActivity 13.4013.40 12.8012.80

SociabilitySociability 15.2415.24 14.6014.60

EmotionalityEmotionality

DistressDistress 10.0810.08 9.729.72

FearfulnessFearfulness 10.6010.60 8.928.92

AngerAnger 10.2810.28 10.8010.80

Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics

HeritabilityHeritability: the : the proportion of proportion of variation among variation among individuals that we individuals that we can attribute to can attribute to genesgenes

Boys raised in barrels Boys raised in barrels exampleexample

Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics InteractionInteraction

the effect of one factor (such as the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)(such as heredity)

Our genes affect how people react to and Our genes affect how people react to and influence usinfluence us

Molecular GeneticsMolecular Geneticsthe subfield of biology that studies the the subfield of biology that studies the

molecular structure and function of genesmolecular structure and function of genesEx: Human Genome ProjectEx: Human Genome ProjectDesigner babies?Designer babies?

Warm Up – page 4Warm Up – page 41. 1. What is the nature/nurture debate?What is the nature/nurture debate?2. What is an evolutionary psychologist?2. What is an evolutionary psychologist?3. How do men and women differ in 3. How do men and women differ in

their mate selection?their mate selection?4. What do behavioral geneticists 4. What do behavioral geneticists

study? study? 5. What is the Human Genome Project?5. What is the Human Genome Project?

Influence of Environment Influence of Environment Starts in the WombStarts in the Womb

Prenatal Prenatal Environment:Environment: first first stage of nurture, stage of nurture, when embryos and when embryos and fetuses receive fetuses receive differing nutrition and differing nutrition and varying levels of varying levels of exposure to toxic exposure to toxic agents.agents.

Influence of Environment Influence of Environment Starts in the WombStarts in the Womb

Two placental arrangements in Two placental arrangements in identical twinsidentical twins

More Environmental More Environmental InfluenceInfluence

Experience affects brain Experience affects brain developmentdevelopment

Impoverishedenvironment

Rat braincell

Rat braincell

Enrichedenvironment

Experience and Brain Experience and Brain Development Development

More stimulation= better brain More stimulation= better brain developmentdevelopment

Stimulation and touch can help Stimulation and touch can help premature babiespremature babies

Language development in children Language development in children before age 8before age 8

Don’t use it, you lose it Don’t use it, you lose it

Environmental InfluencesEnvironmental InfluencesCultureCulture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one people and transmitted from one generation to the nextgeneration to the next

NormNorman understood rule for accepted and an understood rule for accepted and

expected behaviorexpected behaviorPersonal SpacePersonal SpaceExpressions Expressions

Environmental InfluencesEnvironmental Influences

MemesMemesself-replicating ideas, fashions, and self-replicating ideas, fashions, and

innovation passed from person to innovation passed from person to person.person.

Culture and Child RearingCulture and Child Rearing

Western Western cultures like cultures like independent independent childrenchildren

Asian and Asian and African African cultures focus cultures focus on emotional on emotional closenesscloseness

The Nature of GenderThe Nature of Gender

X ChromosomeX Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and the sex chromosome found in both men and

womenwomenfemales have two; males have onefemales have two; males have onean X chromosome from each parent produces an X chromosome from each parent produces

a femalea femaleY ChromosomeY Chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in men the sex chromosome found only in men when paired with an X chromosome from the when paired with an X chromosome from the

mother, it produces a male childmother, it produces a male child

Nature of GenderNature of Gender TestosteroneTestosterone

the most important of the male sex the most important of the male sex hormoneshormones

both males and females have itboth males and females have itadditional testosterone in males additional testosterone in males

stimulates stimulates growth of male sex organs in the fetusgrowth of male sex organs in the fetusdevelopment of male sex development of male sex characteristics during pubertycharacteristics during puberty

Nurture of GenderNurture of Gender

Gender RoleGender Rolea set of expected behaviors for a set of expected behaviors for

males and femalesmales and femalesGender IdentityGender Identity

one’s sense of being male or one’s sense of being male or femalefemale

Gender-typingGender-typingthe acquisition of a traditional the acquisition of a traditional

masculine or feminine rolemasculine or feminine role

Nurture of GenderNurture of Gender

Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theorytheory that we learn social behavior theory that we learn social behavior

by observing and imitating and by by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punishedbeing rewarded or punished

Gender Schema TheoryGender Schema Theorytheory that children learn from their theory that children learn from their

cultures a concept of what it means cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordinglyadjust their behavior accordingly

Nature or Nurture?Nature or Nurture?Percentage agreeing “The activities Percentage agreeing “The activities

of married women are best confined of married women are best confined to home and family”to home and family”

Men

Women

1967 ‘71 ‘75 ‘79 ‘83 ‘87 ‘91 ‘95Year

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Percentage