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' ; ·' GOVERNMENT OF INDlA ARCHJEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA ARCHJEOLOGICAL LIBRARY ACCESSION NO._!.i_6,...,.5u./ __ ___ _ O .ALL D.G.JI. 79 1 - -- ---- ' .. . . ... :; •• ; I ,.

Warren Two Bas-reliefs of the Stupa of Bharhut

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Page 1: Warren Two Bas-reliefs of the Stupa of Bharhut

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GOVERNMENT OF INDlA

ARCHJEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF I NDIA

ARCHJEOLOGICAL LIBRARY

ACCESSION NO._!.i_6,...,.5u./ _____ _

O.ALL No.1~~.H~----D.G.JI. 79

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TWO BAS-RELIEFS

07 TH1I

STUPA OF BHARHUT.

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l'WO B.A.S-RELIEFS

IL !\ 1 'j ?. /f 011 TUll If' ..,. .,

---S'l'UP A OF BHARHUT

Dr. S . .T. WARREN, Or)fH.UU ltlfCJ'OR, OOilD&I::'CUt.

I tOt I

'7~') ·44 ; -,.. . - wo:r -

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CENl RAL ARCHAE01.0 ... lGA.I. LIBRARY, N~W D£ •. .:-1 1.

AO<J. No'jj..'~.?.f.. : ... ... .. ... ...... -Da.to ... L .. : ... ~ .:.:3. .: .......... ,.._ O.U N0: --7..~.'?:.:..':1:.'1:-f-.~-

GRATEFULLY AND RESPECTFULLY

DEDICATED TO

D •. J . :a:. C. KERN

Ol! HIS SANSKRIT PBOFESSORSO!P

.. ""' UNIVERSITY OF LEIDEN.

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TWO BAS·RELIEFS OF THE STUPA • OF BHARHUT.

Among the numerous sculptures on the railings and pU· Jars of the Bbarhut stnpa, that magniftoent Buddhist monu · ment of wblch Gen8l'al Otmningham has given in his precious work 1) a minute description and beautiful pho!()graph.s, many ba.s-rellefs are illustraliona of SC811es taken from the J•talms, stories tl-om previous existences of the Buddha Oautama.

Most of those bas·relleftl have inscriptions and as, moreover, the scenes tbey represent are on the whole very oharacte· ristio, the Jotaka Illustrations have tieen, for the grester part, ldentitled by Ounningbam hitiiS81f, and, after bim, by Rhys DaV!ds '), with. the Jatska story in the Plill ~lleotion

which tbey illustrate. Since 1880, the date or Rbys David's book, Vol. m and IV of Prof. FausbOlls edition of the Jala­kas '), bave appeared, containing 210 stories, by wblcb lt IB possible to give a text to others of those sculptured illus­trations or tb6 tales that have tlowed mors than twenty centuries ago lhlm the mouth of tbe great Master.

1) Tlat St;lpa ot Ubrbh A Bll.d4b.bt IQOIIfllltDt OI"U.tjtlttcJ 1fl0. muurou ec:olplura llhutntin of Dadd.hirt legend a.ad hitto'1 ia nit tbili etaca.ry B. 0. \7 A..loUI.dtr 0\IA.DIIlgbam.. LoDdOt 1879.

2) Tho Jlt.h Slltrlot. Tr..,lated by Rbys Davldt, Vol. I. TrQbuer'• Orient.! Su i"' 1880.

8) Tbt Jatat!L toptbn wiLh it• eorn.ment&ry for the Sr~t tl~, od.lttd la the ori~

glnal P•ll br V, JlauobiJU. V•l. Ill 11183. V•l. IV 1887.

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On the following pages I have endeavoured to explam two of those has-reliefs.

The ftrst bears the Inscription: Kinara JIItalla.. ~neral Ounnlngham gives the folloWing notice, page 69:

12. Kinnra. JMaka. .This 81llall bas-reliet is unfortunately broken, so that the

lower halves of the three ftguree are wanting; but there can be no doubt that the two etanding figures are intended Cor Kinnaras, male and female, ID aA:COidance with the title of the Jataka.

Tbe Kinnnra was a fabulous being 1), the upper half of

whose body was human, and lower half that of a IJ!rd, and the big le.wes or feathers whloh go round the bodies of the two standing figures, must have separated their human bo· dies from thelr bird legs .

• In a list of the 560 Jataka.s of Ceylou, ldndly furnished to me by Subhuti, there Is only one In which the name of Klnnara ocours. Thls Is the Cbandra Kinnara Jt~taka, which agrees with the Bharhut has-relief in limiting its actore to a Raja and a. pa.lr of Kinna.ras, male and fomale. The following is a brief summary of the story made from Subhllti's trans­lation of tbe Jntaka."

This story is now published In Vol. IV of FausbOIJ's edi· tion. It is N•. 485, and may be condensed thus: A hunting raja seas, himself unseen , a pa.lr of Klnuara.s; he shoots the Klnnara and endeavoure to seduce the Kinno.n. She escapes; he goes away and Salra revives the Klnna.ra..

Cunningha.m ends his notice with these words: .If this is the same aa is represented in the Bharhut bas·

relief, then the seuJ ptured version differs from the Pall legend of Ceylon in making the pair of Kinnara.s dance before the Raja of Benares while he is seated on a chair or throne."

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It is clear that the Co.ndak:innamjatakll can not be con· nected with tbis sculptw-e. There Is In tbe whole ·story no scene corresponding to tbe Illustration.

I take the bas-relief to be e.n illustration of the Bhalln~ya Jl\takll, n•. ~ or FauabOUs edition , told by the Lord to their royal highnesses Pnsenadl (Pra.sen~lt), King or Kosala, and bis queen-consort (aggamalil#r) lCalllkt.

This Malllkt. was the only daugh!Alr of a garland seller In Sava.ttlu, the residence of .Paaenad.l; sbe was young, fair and pious. In consequenoo of a gift to the Buddha she bsd been exalted to the hlgh position of queen-consort ·1).

That sbe is thus suddenly raised in rank causes In ber fits or pride and now and then a quarrel with the King; but othenvise she is an amiable, modest and fo.i~bful wifG. Tbereforo the Lord Buddha lovGS her and does take to heart the quarrels between the royal couple and tells many char· ming tales In order to t'OOOncile or to amuse them.

Thus be has .told Mallikllm devim arabbl~a 1 concerning the queen Mallikn, the Sujntajntaka (80G), tbe KummiiSU.pi~Oa·

jlltaka (415) and the BhnllatlyajAtaka (604). Of the lastnamed a faithful translation is given bot·e.

The introduction Is almost tbo same as in 806: This story wu told by the Lord in Jetavnua concerning

Mallikn deY1. Onco 1ho had " quancl with the king, n ltr,yaMl<olalw or

•iritrif>QJ/o , that i• a bedchamber qunrt•el. Annoyed the king took no notiu of her My more. She tboughl ,gw..,ly our Mna~r lbo Buddha doesn't know

thnt lhe king i.e angry wilh 1ne."

The Lord beard or the event. Ne~l day he went wiU1 his mODke a begging bia food in t.ho city and came to the

palace. Th~ ltlng, coming w m~t him 1 took his bowl from

1) '1'IOa otealla ...., ....,...uoall7 r<lllallla U.. --111. ot llWca Ui.

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him, beeged him to enter Lhe palaco and let Lhe monks

sea~ lbemselves. After having served Lhem whh .wect. and

savoury food he sat down near to Lh~m.

Snid t.he Lord: • Why doesn't the queen UPllenr?" The

king nntwcred: »She is maddened Ly lhc pride of bor

prosperity." Quoth the Lord: •In n former time, o king,

when you wore bo•·n os a kinnt~ra nud wo•·o sepnmted from

you•· k;llm#"l ono night you have l'eponLed it. sovou hundred

ycnrs." At lbo request of t.he kin!( bo now tells what bap·

pencd during • fo1·mer life.

The Introduction to 806 relates tho same story in terms somewhat dl1feront from those used above. The king is so angry on account of the same cause tllat he even ignores the e:d.steoce of the queen. The Lord, heruiog the royal pair

does not Uve on Qiendly terms, thinks: 1! will reconcile them with each other", goes to the palace, but , before accepting any food, asks where the queen is .• Don't mind her (says tbe Icing); her success has made her presumptuous." .Sirs, says the Lord, you have raised her so high your self; having . . raised 11 woman so high, you must also bear with her faults." The king sends for her and the Lord exhorts them to peace and concord, by telling the SujM.ajM.nka, wbicb, however by !IO mGanB so pretty, hiiS tho same effect ne the Bh&l· la(;i.ya.jlltaka, the tra.nslation of which is as follows:

Ono day lbe king of Benares, Bhallatiya by numo, U1ongh~:

»1 should liko to ea~ meat of deer rot~~t.ed on coals." After

having enl.r'ulted the aJI'airs of govruumcol 10 his miu;.t81'8,

he lef\ the city, lll"ll>cd with llve scrls of weapons, and fol­

lowed by a pack or excellent.ly trained dogs. Thus goiug

aloog tho Gnoga, he went up the Himavat. mountains. When

ho could not ascend higher there, he followed n rivulet, that

Oowod int.o lho Ganga, killed many ll!lt.olopes, bem'S etc.,

and having eaten meat 1 roasted on coals, ho climbed up n

• I 'i

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hill. At the foot of lhe hill flowed a beautiful rhulet, ol which the water, w\um swollen, reached to Ulo breast , when •hallow, to the knees. A multitude of varioWI fllh~ and tortoises swam in it; the sand ulong the bnnka glit4ered like silver; on either shor'e st<lod, bent by the bm'deo of OowCI'II nod fruits, various trees 1 f'ull of birds and bees, in­toxicated by the fr'l\grance and the j uice of the nowers nnd fi·uita, while various beasts, autilopes et.c., sought n shelter in the shade of tne tr-ees. On the banks or that dulicious str·eom the kiug suw two kinnarlll, who 1 embr·nciug aud kissing eaeh other, wniled and wept. He thought: • I will ask thoso kiMoru why they weep,'' and lookiuj! at h~ dogs, he snapped hia fingers, at which l.be well lluined uoble ani­mala crept into tho bushes 1 nnd uouehcd down 011 the ground. When he hod seen that they were gone , he depo­sed his bow and quiver and other weapoua ocnr. • tmc ou the enrth, and 1 having stolen softly up to the kioMI'4I, he asked 1 Why ore boU1 of you crying?"

The kitrtl4t'a said nothing, bu~ the ~in•Mi, conversing witll tho king, spoke the following atnn~n;

.Kinnar!. Mallt~~~iJ'i, Paodamki, n~d Tiku ~, along those cool rivors do we aojoarn. Animals and men 1 o buoter, know us os kimplll'iBTull.

Ilin!J. Most pitoously ore ye wailiog, although the beloved ia embraced by his beloved. I ask thee, U1nt arl endowed with a human body, wby are ye weeping here so aadly in the wooclf

(This stanza is twioo repeated with the only clwlge !lom wuptng oo lamenttng a.nd mourning).

Kimtarf. Against our will we passed a ~ingle night sepa­rated from ouch other, o hunter· 1 thinking of each other; rcmorsoful wo mourn for that aillglo night: that night cnn not I'OIUl'U .•

22&51

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Ki"!l· Thn~ siugle night for. which you mourn as for

lost money or a dead father - J uk thee, fair creature,

how did it happen Ula~ you passed that nlghL separated?

.KiftiiM'I. The rapid altcnm, you Me, wboae rocky shorea

are covered with varioua lreCa, my beloved once crossed in

the rainy seuon, believing tbaL I followed )1im.

And I myaelf gaU1er Mkoln.t:.N, and <Jtim11UM, and lldta­

lu1): my lover ahnll WCl1\r " wreath of Oowen aod I, my· self covered wilh Oowen, I will go to him.

And galhering nowcn from bloaaomiog riccplanl$; I make

a gorlnod: my lover &hall wcnr ele.

A>Jd gathering nowert from n Ooweriog l4l lne, I make

a heap; lh~ ahnll be a couch for us, on which to lio down

to night. And COI'CICII I cruoh wiU1 a alone aloe and aandelwood ;

my beloved's body shall be ll'!•fumed, and, with n perfumed

body I ehnll so to him. But the wnto•· cnmo quickly 1 cnrying along my flowers

1wd garlands; the rive•· wna Oiled nnd could uoHo c•·ossed ').

'l'hus wo st.oorl oach on a bank, eneing cneh other; and now

we wept, lhcn \VO lnughed nnd &lowly thnt night. crept.

And cnrly in tho morning 1 na ~oon os \ha suu had riS<ln,

we crossed the shallow rive1·, huntsman, and, embmciug

eath other, wo, both ot us, wept and laughed.

Within three years 700 years have elapsed .~ince we spent

here a night, ~pnrnied from each other, hunl&man; your

life IRSt. but a hundred yCtU'8; bow can you dwell here

. wilhout your beloved?

.King. And your life, how long does it last? If you know,

1) - oripoal lw ... , otloer ..... or llow .... t) The,. 1o a ,., AM po. ..,. J. lo&>)o .. , tnl&laloi ~1 ou _, poet p.,..

ptu, .Getche:Wta"' i• w~5ch tbo two lonrt IN tc:puatell 'b7 t rinr. Bat U:e -pll•• or lbe ...... pool la lo!lior' •114 ......... 1110\ollcol.

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by ttnditioo or by lhe ropo1't of tJ~e ancieoi.B, \.ell me the

time of your lifo ').

Ktimar!. Our lifo lasl& a lhoUJand years, aod duriog it we know no hideous sicknea; few are lhe suO"cringo, more nu­

merous lhe joys; ever loriug, wo leave life.

Having heru-d l.hia lhe king thought: »These beings, which

Ol't' but DD I mala 1 mourn seven hundred years for lhe separa_­tion of a single nighl 1 wbilo I dwell in tJJe woods, having

lefl lhe delightful rteuures of my great kingdom of 300

yojtliiiJI. Alas I I o.m a fool I" And ho returned to llenares, told

his minislera what had happenod to him , and pa.ued his lire

in giving gif\a and enjoying pleuu~.

Then lbee lAr-d epoke two struuas:

•Roving heard this Ci'Om not bumau beings, rejoice and

quarrel no moro, lest remorse tormeut you, like tlte kiuna­

ras that .single uighl."

And the que~o Mallikn, having heard the Lord's exhort.a­Lion, arose from he•· seat, and raising her joined bands to

her forehead, she praised the Lord, and spoke tbe last Rianzn:

»Wit b. a believing miod, I hear thee 1 pouring forth many blessfull words; speaking, o Lord, thou dispels my pain.

0 happines bringing taiMI}tJ . Jivo long rot• us I"

And tl1e kin~ ot Kosala lived lhencefortJt in peace vvith

his queen.

Jataka 806 ha.s also been told by the Lord, with the same intention and the same effect, whence it may be perhaps

inferred, that, by the editors themselves of the Jata.ka.book,

the pious fiction, that the Lord Buddha should have told an those tales on particular occasions 1 was itaelf considered a fiction and treated as such.

1) I ..,. ut qliC. ...,.. U.ot tb oaMAIDC ot Uo lod.

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It is clear that this Bbai!At;iyajataka is a tale, bettar fitting to the bas-relief, than the Kinnart\illtak&· (486), In which the

king kill8 the Kinnar& UDawares, and the Ktnnan eecapes, so that, In not any pru:t of the tale, the Klnnam couple stands quietly before the calmly seated Raja. The only dilftcu.fty is the title, but it is not paramount, as the titles, engraved on the soulptures, often ditrer from those of the oorrespon· dlng Pill! stories. 'l'he NAga jataka, for example (Cunningbam,

Plate :XXV), is the same as the Kakkata (267) of the PA!i collection; HamsaJ. (Plate XXVII) is called in the Pllllbook

N accajatalca (82). Even the Kinna.rajlltaka in question is there ciilled Canda­

klnnaraj. The Bhisbaha.raniyaj. (Plate XL Vlli), not Identified by Cnnnlngham, has in the Oeylonese oollection the tit.le of B~atak& (488).

The eeoond bes·rellef aiso, which I will now explain, bears a quite different title from the corresponding Jlltaka story.

The photograph is given by Genern.J Cunnlngha.m on plate

XL VI and is very fine, very clear and characteristic. Cun· ningham gives the following description:

,.The actors In this soene are a holy Rishi, with a pair of dogs and a pair of· cats. The simple title of Ucla J/Uaka

does not occur in the long list of the 650 Jatakas of Ceylon; but there is an Udas4 or Udacatli J. and an Uddala. J., one of which may possibly be the mbject of the Bh&rhut sculp­ture. The R1shi is seated on the ground with his watarbowl and & basket or food near him. Before him is a pool or wa·

tar, stocked with tlsb. On tbe bank a pair of cats are qua­rsl!Jng over the head and tail of a .tlsh, and beyond tbem are two dogs, one trotting joyfully oft' with n bone, and the other sitting down disappointed, with his back turned to

his luckier rlvlll. - This story ought to be Identified at once by any one possessing a. complete copy of the 560 J11-

I

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tatas. The title of Uda Jalaka. means simply the • Water Birth", but I suspect that the name has been unintentionally shortened by the sculptor."

It Is quite true what Cunning)lam says that .any one posaessi.ng a complete copy ought to ldeoti('y at onoe the story"; so atrlldng iS the illustration, that I recognl.aed it at first sight.

The tale Is called, in the Pllli collection, the Dabbhapup· phqJataJca (400). Here follows the translation.

In oldeu times, when llrahmadalla reigned at Bcnares, the Bodnisat W1l.8 n treegod, on the bunk of a rirer. Tben ri jaekal, Deceil!ul wus his name, dwelt tbere on that bank. Now one day hiA wife ssid to him: >Dear Sir, a tloAa?o 1

)

hu taken bold of me: I long to eat a freth goldfish." Quoth the jac4!: »Be easy, my dear, 1 wiU briog thee a goldfish." Ha-ring spoken these words, he strolled al011g the blink of tile river, through the tteeping planls. Just. at that moment 1

Deepgoing a.nd RiveJ·bankgoing, two otters (tultla ') SlcrL 3?;' udro) 1 were standing on the bnnk, prying for fish. And Decpgolng saw a big goldfish; quickly ho sprung into the flood and seized the fish by the tail. But the big fish drag·

ged him along.

The••oforo he called his frieod to the rescue 1 e17ing: • Riverbenkgoing 1 my dear friend , reseue me I I have taken a big fish 1 but he drags me aloug with force. •

On heariug tbia tbe other spoke the second atanu: »Deepgoing, my dear, take bo!d or him strongly; I shall draw him out of tbe ...ater 1 as a g~ird a sorpent."

l) DoA.[o lt !M ororioz a..iro of • pregnODt .,.,.... Tllo i41141M (1111 • zreal part io tbo t&loa. la 1ahb 601 a qu_eeo ate~ in a drum a goldoolourc.l 4061'. Awaked tb.o tbJDkll , Jt f Mf t.o tho kiD~ tb1t 1 hlfO HOD. (t iD a drtlm, be wi.U lake DO hoed or it ; bat wheo I "' U b a dohtlo he will do hit utterraoti to prooo.r. it,,. and •ho act• aooord.lC.Sif with cho bat eft'eo\.

i) Tho mto Ofl tbt buH.llet it r/d• • .. OODIOD.aotl nu 110~ dou.blod.

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And together they drew the fish on shore and killed him.

Du~ u they were about to di'ride their prey, they quar­

relled and eo they aat there, not knowing how to divide it

rightly. Juat. at that moment the jnckal appeared on the

bank. Seting him , both turned to him and apoko the third

ltt\D7A.:

»Stl'ifo hM arisen betwixt us, o Ku~ngrnaseolou•"td, listen to me;

AppoMO ou•· strife, Sir, let our qunr.·ol be eudod 1'.

Flnving hP.aJ"d those words the jncknl eaid:

•I hove nlwnys been jnst, many cnses hnve been docided by me;

[ will DJ>peose your strife; this quarrel ahnll be ended."

And dividing the fi..b, be said:

o'l'he tail is for Deepgoing, the head for Rivet•bankgoinp:,

the middle port aball be for me, the j..-t."

Baviug thua di-rided the prey, he said: •Don't quarrel ony

more, but eat tho head and the ton,• aDd, having seized

the middle part wil.b his teeth, he ran away. Sadfaced they

sat there, M if they had lost a thousand coins and spoke

Lho six Ut stall7.1l:

»FOI" many a time there would hn~o been rood 1 if we

hod 1101 quorr·elled ; Now the jneknl robs us of tJ•e nsb

withou~ head and toil."

Tb" jnekaU was very glod in his mind, os be thought:

tTo day my wife shall eat a goldfish," and lto ran to her.

~·eei.ng him she said , rejoiciug:

ti\5 a uoble king would rejoice, having talceu a kingdom,

So l to-day rejoice, seeing my lord full mouthed."

Alld aaking him in what way he had got hold of his prey:

tHow hast thou, that art landboro, taken a fish iD the

water? Answer my questiou, air , bow hnst thou seized it?''

And Lhe jackal, telliDg her in what way be bad gotten

hold of tire Osh, said thereupon:

>By quarrelling they grow poor, by quo.rrolliog they lose

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their weahh; The otters have lOS\ their prey by ltlrife, e~t thou, llcceitful, this Gab."

I think, it can't rationally be disputed that the bas-rolief is an illustration of t.hJs tale, and that the cn.t.~ and dogs of General Cunnlngham are otters and jackals. I most con· ress I cn.n 't soo disappointement on tl1e fru:e of one of the jackals. As he is the bigger of the two, I think he is the he·jacknl, that, having given the ftsb to his wlfo, casts a depo.rt!ng glt~nce at the deceived otters. The humw figure on the bas·roliof is, beyond doubt, a Rishi, and nota devata; but that difference !s of no importance because the Bodhlsat, as in more JAt.akas, where ho is a treegod, takes no part in the action, but Is only a tlgumnt, a x.,qJa, 1rpJnwov.

I have nowhere met with a downtight imil::l.tion oftbl.s Jlll:aka story. Only the welllrnown fable of La. Fontaine, L'huUr~ et 188 plq.id4ura (X, 9), seems to be a fur-off echo or it '). La Fonta.ine has taken it ft'om Boileau, who has versified it in his second Epltre. Unfortunately I have not been able to dillcover whence Boileau has t;aken it. He blm.se!E says: • Un jour , cUt uu auteur , n 'importe en qual chapltre", and the only annotator, I have been able t.o oonsult, says, with the same nonohaklncs, that .elle est tirlle d'une ancien ne com&lle Itallenno". Likewise Eugene Leveque, in his uncritical work : .Les mytbes et lea ltlgendes de l'Inde et la Perse da!!s Aris­topbane etc.", speai:ing of this fable and oomparillg it lnju· diciously with a buddhlst AvadiJla '), translated from the Chinese by St. Julien (A vadi!.na LXXI. V), says Rippantly :

I) hnitatio .. ol tbi> lablt m to 1>a loaad iD Jj',..ch rnuli.li•boob. t) 'l'hl1 A.adllt 1 .. TA aitpllt.e aca aeU% d~moru:'\ b qaite tbo pme dory AI lhat

ot king Putnka and tho two mea "hh tht magio oop. 1ta0'. ud pair ot •llpptn. •old by Somadcn iD bit ant book. IUUi belln bo.L a fC!!DOlO Uktnw to the Jate.~ bttorJ. It ro.mlod• on or Uto Outcll 11rove:b , nnincd by Jacob Co.t.t1 .Twct houd· Cn v.c-bteo om MD been . Ben Mrdo 1oort· or ru mce hooo!'

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.Pour arrivor ~ La FontaineJ la Dispute des deux D6mons a 6~ transforml!e dans un fabliau franqais ou !tall en".

Of the eame origin as La Fonlalne's fable is perhaps the story of the two cats, which, having stolen some cheese, quarrel about the division of their prize, refer the matter to a monkey to act as arbitrator and are cheated by their judge').

This Jntakll. contains nine stanzas; moreover , in the epl· logue the Lord himself, as .A.bbisambuddha, speaks a tenth stanza; nevertheless it is classed in the seventh section (8attan!pata).

It Is also worth remarking that the moral, pointed out by the Lord iD the last stanza, does not agree with the moral of the introductory story.

The stanza says: .So, where strife arises between men, they run to a jnst man: he ~sa them what !aright; then they lose their wealth; and the king's trensure increases."

In the introductory sto1y a tale Is told of the greedy priest Upa.nanda. It Is a fictitious tale, pa.rtly composed of a story told !n the Mahn.vagga (Vlli, 26 p. 800), where Up.'\nanda three tlmee 11CC6pts a Jot of clothes from some monks who are dividing clothes, presented to them at the end of the 1Ja88a. The Buddha, on hearing of the bad conduct of Upa­nanda., diSapproves of it, and reproves him, ending with the solemn formula: apaUt dukka{asaa.

Out of this Jofahnvagga chapter and the Jatak.a story itself the Introductory story (paccuppanMmtlhu) is oomposed, not very artistically indeed 1). In it Ujl81la.ode. ls represented

as e. monk, who, exhorting his fellowmonks to simplicity

1) t huG aut with thl1 C•bla in Ch11mbcn'• N•liouo.l ltoldlft8 book, fil part, "bere ft ta «iYe.ft wiUaoat t•o aame ot the au.tbor.

2) ll. g., An !a lho Jatoko •torr occ:mios oxprw!on ( .. m,a plld• p.(ll•ddAit.a) la aor:aowhul Wunully 1dopted in th.e lo.t·roducUon,

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and modesty, so that his hearers throw away their ftne clothes and wear tattered gnrrrienta (as monks ought to do), procures for himself a good many fine robes and ft.nally chests two old prlests, who have . invoked h!s aid, as the otters that of the jackal. The Lord , hearing of his hypocrisy and robbery, says: • Upananda. ba8 not, o monks, acted aooor­ding to morsl duty; a monk, wbo preaches about their du­ties to others, ought in the first plaoe to act up to his principles, and then admonish others .

• Let each man apply himself first to what is propre; Then Jet him teach others i thus a wise man will not suffer."

(Dhammapada vs. 158) Not now for the first time, o monks, in a preVious exis­

tence also bas U pananda bean -covetous and greedy; neitber does he rob only now these monks of their property; for­merly also did he do so."

Then be tells the Blrtb Story, in concluding which he identifies Upananda with tbe .1acka.l , the two old monks with the otters and himself with the tree deity.

The ~wo J11takn stol"les , S[>Oken o{ above, are very old stories, as Is testified by their bef.ng out fn stone on the Bbarbut monument, the age of which is assigned by General Ounnlngbam to the .A.aoka period, somewhere between 260 and 200 B. C. There are many stories in the Pllli col­lection, which, though not sculptured on that monument, date also at least from the third or foorLh century B. C., QS

they are already found {not yet in the form of Jltak:as) in the older texts, e. g. the D!ghiti~. (871) in Maluwagga. • X, 2, the Tlttlrij. (87) in Cullavsgga VI, 6. AB in the case of the Uda- or Do.bbhopupphc,j., the introduction of many other stories has been taken from the lfuhavagga or other old textbooks, e. g. t.bat or the Kllfnqj. (ta7) is a fine pua.­phra.se of two Bti#M from tbe Sultoniplsla, viz. Dllami;a.mita

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and KDmo8tllla. It seems, indeed, t.bat the authors of tbe

Introductory stories bad embraced tbe doctrine of , Je p.rends

mon blen oil je le trouve", even from proftl.ne texts. Thus tbe I.Dtroductton of the 118" J&taka Is an Imitation of the

plot of· the drama in which the love of O~ruJatta and Va­

santasenn. is exhibited with great poetical force. It Is true, one of the dramatis personae is a Buddhist monk: our Bud·

dhist authors were thus in good company .

. /

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