Upload
kira
View
46
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Water, Water Everywhere.... Never mind saving for a rainy day. How about saving for a dry one?. Archeological evidence show rainwater capture 4000 years ago Ruins of cisterns built as early as 2000 BC are still standing in Israel. Rainwater. Renewable, sustainable high quality water source - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Water, Water Everywhere....
Never mind saving for a rainy day. How about saving for a dry one?
• Archeological evidence show rainwater capture 4000 years ago
• Ruins of cisterns built as early as 2000 BC are still standing in Israel.
Rainwater
• Renewable, sustainable high quality water source
• It is soft, neutral in pH
• Free from disinfection by-products, salts, minerals, and other natural and man-made contaminants
IS IT SAFE?
Absolutely -providing it is collected, stored and disinfected correctly.
Rainwater Harvesting System
Four main functions:
• catch rainwater from the roof and gutters
• transport the water through the downspouts and pipes
• remove debris and clean the water
• store the water
Rain Harvesting Systems
As simple as
capturing rain
in a barrel
for gardening
from architects, engineers, and filtration/water treatment specialists
Or Complex
Requiring input from
Types of systems
• Full: no other source of water, total house system
• Partial: back up well or city water: gardening, flushing toilets, laundry
• Occasional: seasonal, gardening
Collection Techniques
Above ground outdoor are Simple: – reduce the amount of debris, pollen,
bird droppings or organics from getting into the barrel.
– Protect the barrel/tank from UV
– Control access to mosquitoes
For Indoor Use
More attention and commitment
Debris catchment devices and filtersFirst flush diverterPumps and pipingFilters and disinfectantsMaintenance and seasonal cleaningTesting
How Much Water Do I Need?
Start by looking at your water practices.
Are there ways to conserve water on a daily basis?
Indoor Water Conservation
Average Indoor Water Use–Toilet flushing - 40% –Bathing - 32.5% –Laundry - 17.5% –Cooking / Dishwashing - 10%
Water Saving Appliances
• Water saving appliances pay for themselves in 1 or 2 years because they reduce the size and the capital cost of the cistern (ie. less water needs to be stored).
• Water-saving appliances– Faucet aerators and efficient showerheads– Low water use dishwashers and washing machines– On-demand hot water units– Composting toilets.
Toilets
Low flush toilets lower indoor water use by as much as 15% & pay for themselves in a year.
Toilet Reuse of Grey Water
Summer Outdoor Water Use
• 1 watering can = 3.3 gal. • 3 ft. shrub in hot weather (1 week) = 7 gal. • 18 in. pot in hot weather (1 week) = 1.8
gal. • 40 deck pots – drip water (1 week) = 50
gal • 1 sprinkler full flow (for 1 hour) = 240 gal. • Car washing (1/2 hour) = 120 gal. • Pressure washing (1/2 hour) = 40 gal.
Decision #1
What do you want your system to do?
A few basic considerations before you get started:
–Annual Monthly Rainfall–Catchment Size–Tank Size–Cost
Portland Monthly Average ParticipationJan 07 2.86 Jan 08 3.21 Jan Annual
Average
4.09
Feb .96 Feb 8.06 Feb 3.14
March 3.01 March 5.54 March 4.14
April 8.97 April 4.47 April 4.26
May 2.32 May 1.09 May 3.82
June 3.33 June 3.88 June 3.28
July 4.64 July 3.32
Aug 3.23 Aug 3.05
Sept 3.22 Sept 3.37
Oct 6.37 Oct 4.4
Nov 4.21 Nov 4.72
Dec 3.79 Dec 4.24
Catchment Size
How much rain will my roof collect?
• Measure the perimeter of your roof then calculate the area as if the roof were a flat surface (like a floor plan)
Measure the roof ignoring the angle of the roof.
Length x Width gives us the square footage.
20’ x 50’= 1,000sq. Ft.
Bird’s eye view
50’ long
20’ Wide
Calculate Potential Catchment
Portland annual rainfall: 45.83 in per yr (or 3.82 ft)
Roof Area 20’ X 50’ = 1000 sq ft
3.82’ of rain/yr X 1000 sq ft= 3820 cu.ft.
3820 x .80 = 3056 cubic ft. (assuming an 80 % efficiency of collection)
• 7.5 gallons = one cubic foot
• 3056 cubic ft x 7.5 gal./cubic ft =
22,920 gallons per year
SkyJuice Table
How Much Water Do You Use?
To determine the size of the tank and how much water you will need,
you must calculate how much water your household uses in a day.
Indoor Water Use
• Most homes use 50-60 gallons per person per day.
• Conservation minded households use 35-40 G/P/D and some are as low as 25-30 G/P/D.
To Calculate How much your family uses, here are some of the factors:
Total Number of People in the Home
Bathroom
Showers: Number of showers. length of showers, flow rate (gallon per minute of the shower head)
Baths per week, amount of water in tub
Toilets: Number of time each person flushes, gallons per flush
Faucets: times per day to shave, brush teeth, wash hands and minutes per use
Dishes/Laundry
Dishes: how many dishes do you wash by hand, minutes water run with each wash, times dishes washed by dishwasher, times used per week, gallons per load (15 normal)
Laundry: loads per week, water per load (55 gal normal)
Outside Water Use
Lawn or garden watered times a week, minutes watered
Other uses: wash Car, fill pool, rinse furniture, clean equipment minutes per week
Water Use Calculator
• Found on the web
• Allows you to enter all of your data and gives you the gallons per day used by your family
So, let’s say you conserve water and have 4 members in your family.
4 x 30 gal per person = 120 gallons a day for the whole household.
What size of tank does your family of four need?
Using rainwater as your primary water source, you
need to consider how much of a reserve your household will require.
With an average of 3 inches per month, we still need to consider the possibility of a 50 day drought.
120 gallons per day x 50 days of drought
= 6000 gallons
If you want the full home system, the tank needs to be 6,000 gallons.
All indoor use systems share basic components and considerations.
• Roof Material
• Gutters and Downspouts
• Roof Washing
• Storage tank
• Distribution System
• Filtration
• Installation Costs
The Roof
• Non toxic and inert (non leaching.)
This is particularly true of the roof that is subject to the oxidizing affects of sun and air borne pollutants.
Avoid lead flashings around sky lights or plumbing vents.
Water Quality
Water quality varies dependent on:
• Type of roof material
• Climate conditions
• Surrounding environment
Water Quantity
The quantity of rainwater that can be collected is also a function of roof texture.
The smoother the better.
Metal Roof
Most common roofing material used for rain catchment is galvanized metal that has been painted or enameled with a non-toxic material (lead free).
Other surfaces may be used if they do not contain lead, zinc coatings, or copper.
Acceptable roofing also includes slate, reinforced concrete, cement tile, and terracotta tile
Asphalt Shingles• Asphalt shingles
produce less water and are harder to keep clean.
• Beware of the shingles that contain moss inhibitors for bathing and drinking.
Cedar Roofs
Water collected from cedar roofs is acidic for plants and is impractical for indoor use.
Gutters
The most common gutters are one-piece, baked aluminum gutters.
Half-round vinyl is also excellent.
Gutters and downspouts must be lead, zinc, and copper free
Areas where the water can pool collect insects, organic materials and bacteria. Think of a gutter as a river - not a wetlands or swamp.
Gutter Guard
+ Keeps some debris out
- Protects the debris that collects in the gutter from the sanitizing and self cleaning of sun and wind.
Debris Traps
• Clean the water before it enters storage
• A small leaf trap and cleanable pipe systems to catch the larger heavier debris may be all that is required.
Downspouts Anything from non-copper chains to traditional aluminum downspouts can be used to get the water down from the gutters
First FlushAmount of water to flush
depends on: • Roof and gutter slope • Roof material
smoothness • End use • Rain intensity • Airborne pollutants (dust,
smoke, auto exhaust) • Tree debris
Potable System First Flush
Flush the first 0.02 inch of rain.
Or 10.4 gal per 1,000 sq ft of catchment area.
First Flush
The WISY Vortex Underground Filter
• Handles a ton of rainwater• Installed underground• Standard size for roof areas of up to 5000 sq ft.• Small size for roof areas up to 2000 sq. ft.• Self-cleaning filter • Captures over 90% of the rainwater
The WISY Vortex Underground Filter
Water comes in
Water to tank
Overflow and debris outlet
Filter
Ground level
Storage Tank
Where are you putting it:
Aboveground, under ground, in home
Most common residential tanks:
Concrete, PVC, Fiberglass
PVC…above ground
Tank at Jackson Marine Lab University of New Hampshire
Least Expensive
Easy to Install
300-3,000 gallons
Seasonal Use
Dark colors (UV protection)
Gravity flow or pump
Indoor PVC Tanks
• 300-400 gallon• Fits through existing doorways• Can connect multiple tanks• Weight on cellar floor may be an issue
Custom Concrete Tanks
Under the home
Under the deck
Prefab Concrete Tanks
1000 Gal Septic Tank
Remove baffles
Add one opening for water to return to house
Genest Concrete
Concrete Tanks for Potable H20
Solvent-Free Coatings:
• Helps Waterproof the tank
• Environmentally friendly
• No taste or odor
• No leaching• CHEMTHANE 4200PW, Enviroline & AmTec
Fiberglass Tanks
• Underground• Four Season• Safe, long-term storage of potable water• Large capacity• Expensive
WISY Floating Suction Filter
Back Flow Preventer
Fine Gauge Particulate Filter Mesh Float
Ensures water is extracted where it is the cleanest.
Distribution System
Grundfos MQ3 PumpRecommended by Texas Guide to Rainharvesting• Compact, easy to install and operate. • Pressure switch and tank built in • Self priming and water-cooled, low noise level. • User-friendly • auto reset, alarm if dry running or overheating. • Anti-cycling feature prevents the pump from repeatedly starting and
stopping in the event of a dripping tap or a minor leak. • Stops when the tank is dry, and restarts automatically when water is
available again.
Treatment of Rainwater
• Simpler than treating water from wells
• Remove parasites, bacteria, and virus from bird droppings, as well as insects, and wind blown materials that are carried onto the roof.
• Toxins leached from the roofing system can include heavy metals, petroleum products, algae, moulds, and yeast.
Filtration Types
• Chlorination
• Particulate
• Carbon
• UV
• Reverse Osmosis
• Distillation
Chlorination
• Shock chlorination consists of mixing sufficient chlorine-based chemical with the tank water to create a solution containing 200 parts per million (ppm) of chlorine
• Kills algae
Sediment/Particulate Filter
Different micron sizes
Removes:
• Dirt
• Sediment
• Rust Particles
Sediment Filters
Improve
• Water clarity
• Taste
• Odor
Protects plumbing system and
charcoal filters from sediment build-up
Carbon Filter Derived from coconut husk• Easy to Install• Relatively inexpensive• Removes:
– chlorine, chloramine, chlorine disinfection by-products (trihalomethanes - THMs),
– Bad Taste and odors– many organic contaminants – fine sediment
Carbon Filter
• Does not change pH of water
• Pre-treatment for Reverse Osmosis and UV systems
• 0.5 micron carbon block filters remove cysts ( Giardia and Cryptosporidium)
• .01 filter inhibits Viruses
Change filters regularly:Susceptible to mold…
Filter collects “garbage” in your water
Taste change means change the filter…
Reduced efficiency the longer they are used
Minerals
• Minerals in solution can still permeate a charcoal filter.
• Are essential for health.
Ultraviolet Light Purification
Non-chemical approach
No harmful bi-products or chemicals Does not alter the taste, pH or other properties of
the water
Not harmful to your plumbing or septic system
Removes some volatile organic chemicals,
Low Maintenance
Easy and cost effective to install and maintain
UV SystemStage 1
.5 micron carbon block
Removes Sediment
Reduces chlorine, herbicides, pesticides, benzene
Removes odor and taste
Removes Cysts (cryptosporidium, giardia)
Stage 2: UV Disinfectant
– Bacteria: E-coli and fecal
Coliform Viruses
– Viruses
– Mold spores
– Algae
– Yeast
– Protazoa
Reverse Osmosis Systems
• Ultrafiltration: Extremely fine membrane allow water molecules, but not larger compounds.
•The contaminated water is put on one side of the membrane and pressure is applied to stop, and then reverse, the osmotic process. Takes a lot of pressure, is fairly slow, but results is extremely finely filtered water.
Reverse Osmosis
• Reduces Calcium Deposits
• Improves Taste, Odor, and Quality of Water
• Removes Existing Scale
• Reduces the Need for Household Chemicals
• Requires No Chemical or Salt Regeneration
Reverse Osmosis
• Requires high water pressure
• Water pressurization system may be required.
• Plumbing work necessary
• More costly replacement membranes
• Removes Minerals
Water Distillers
• There is a growing awareness of distilled water's effects on the balance of minerals in the body, plus the acidic result that a typical distiller creates.
• Dissolved minerals in the water are more natural than pure water, and serve an important function in supporting the body's immune system and metabolism.
• Water without minerals can be a health problem. According to the U.S. EPA, "Distilled water (which is identical to RO water ~Ed), being essentially mineral-free.
Installation Costs
• Roof Material
• Excavation
• Tank
• Plumber