Science 10 Final ReviewCR1 and CR21. Name each WHMIS symbol

A ___________________ C ___________________ E ___________________ G ___________________B ___________________ D ___________________ F ___________________ H ___________________2. MSDS stands for _______________________________WHMIS stands for _______________________________3. Identify each as a chemical or physical change:

painting a car _____ folding a page _____ a nail rusting _____ heating a pan _____ forming a precipitate _____ a spoiling egg _____ boiling water _____

oil poured into water _____ fireworks exploding _____ CaCl2 dissolving in water _____ digesting an apple _____ an erupting baking soda and vinegar

volcano _____

4. Consider the equation: C + O2 CO2 + heatIdentify the reactants ___________________ Identify the products ___________________Is it exothermic or endothermic? ___________________ Sketch an energy diagram for this reaction.5. Fill in the chart: particle charge mass location

proton _____ _____ _____neutron _____ _____ _____electron _____ _____ _____

6. Draw Bohr diagrams for a) nitrogen-15 b) sodium-23 c)

7. Complete:Element Symbol Protons Neutrons Electrons

Magnesium 13 12

54 74 54

15 16 18

8. Naming practice:a) CrF2 k) copper(I) arsenide b) CCl4 l) iron(III) oxide c) Al2S3 m) dinitrogen monoxided) PbO n) gallium nitride e) SI3 o) carbon monoxidef) Li3PO4 p) iron(II) bromide g) CO2 q) dinitrogen trioxideh) Ti(HCO3)4 r) vanadium(V) phosphatei) C4H10 s) pentanej) H2SO4 (acid name) t) acetic acidCR3 and CR49. Balance:a) ___ Na2CO3 + ___ H3PO4 ___ Na3PO4 + ___ H2CO3 ____________________________b) ___ C3H8 + ___ O2 ___ CO2 + ___ H2O ____________________________c) ___Cr + ___ SnCl4 ___ CrCl3 + ___Sn ____________________________d) ___ KClO3 ___ KCl + ___O2 ____________________________e) ___Li + ___S8 ___ Li2S ____________________________10. Write the balanced chemical equation:a) Aqueous ammonium sulfide reacts with aqueous zinc chloride to form aqueous ammonium chloride and solid zinc sulfide.b) Solid iron reacts with oxygen gas to form solid iron(III) oxide.c) Aqueous lithium hydroxide reacts with aqueous iron(III) nitrate to form solid iron(III) hydroxide and aqueous lithium nitrate.11. Explain how changes in temperature, concentration, surface area, pressure, and the addition of catalysts affect reaction rates. 12.a) 400 ng = ___________________ mg f) 0.048 daN = ___________________ dNb) 2.6 m = ___________________ m g) 5.97 x 1024 kg = ___________________ Tgc) 35.5 cL = ___________________ mL h) 1.67 x 1027 kg = ___________________ pgd) 17 000 m = ___________________ hm i) 14.0 m/s = ___________________ km/he) 650 MB = ___________________ GB j) 15.0 inches = ___________________ cm (1 in = 25.4 mm)FM1 and FM213. Answer with correct sig figs. a) 5040 cm – 120.7 cm = ___________________ b) 1.30 x 104 m 2.1 x 103 s = ___________________ c) 0.002 34 g + 0.001 g + 0.0099 g = ___________________ d) 500.0 mm x 20.0 mm = ___________________ e) (0.20 m x 14.72 m) - (1.394 m2 + 0.33 m2) = ___________________14. Convert to or from scientific notation:a) 966.32 ___________________ g) 2.36 × 10-4 ___________________b) 69000 ___________________ h) 3.67 × 105 ___________________c) 0.0021 ___________________ i) −6.8 × 106 ___________________d) 0.000024 ___________________ j) 2.5 × 10-4 ___________________e) 0.333600 ___________________ k) 3.21 × 10-3 ___________________f) 60000 ___________________ l) 3.25 × 102 ___________________15. Calculate the displacement:a) 650 m [N]; 1.8 km [W]b) 4.5 km [S]; 3.5 km [E]; 1.2 km [S]c) 5.8 m [N]; 6.7 m [W]; 14.7 m [S]d) 26 m [N]; 14 m [W]; 54 m [S]; 38 m [E]

16. Graph the following date and calculate the slope:t (s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50d (m) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100017. Solve:a) If you take off from Saskatoon International Airport (YXE) and fly to Tokyo, Japan (NRT), a distance of 8274 km, and it takes you 8.38 h to do this, what is your average velocity?b) A runner covers 25.0 m in 2.55 s. What is this runner's speed in m/s, and in km/h?c) How far will light travel in 1.0 hours if the speed of light in 299 792 458 m/s?d) How many seconds does it take a Lamborghini Murciélago to cover a football field (a distance of 105 m) at a speed of 317 km/h?e) A student walks to school at 4.45 km/h, which is 14.94 km away and up hill all the way. How long in seconds did this take?f) What is the average speed you would travel if you drove the 257 km to Regina in a time of 2.35 h, including a 0.25 h stop for gas? How fast were you actually driving?g) Stewie walks to pick up his mind control gun from the local evil genius laboratory. He walks 5 km [N], then 3 km [E], and it took him 2 hours. Calculate his velocity and speed.h) A 737 flies with an airspeed of 789 km/h [W]. If there is a headwind of 74 km/h [E], what is the plane's displacement after 2.5 hours?(FM3 and FM4)i) A Ferrari 458 will accelerate from 0 to 27.8 m/s (100 km/h) in 3.3 s. What is this acceleration in m/s2? j) A cheetah can accelerate at 10.0 m/s2. How long would it take this cat to reach 20.0 m/s?k) In a car accident, forensic scientists calculated that the impact lasted 0.40 s, and resulted in an acceleration of -54.3 m/s2. If the car came to a rest in the impact, what was the car's initial velocity?l) Rocket-powered sleds are used to test the human response to acceleration. If a rocket-powered sled is accelerated to a speed of 444 m/s in 1.8 seconds, then find the acceleration of the sled. m) A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a distance of 35.4 m. Determine the acceleration of the bike.n) The observation deck of tall skyscraper 370 m above the street. Determine the time required for a penny to free fall from the deck to the street below. o) A bullet is moving at a speed of 367 m/s when it embeds into a lump of moist clay. The bullet penetrates for a distance of 0.0621 m. Determine the acceleration of the bullet while moving into the clay. (Assume a uniform acceleration.)p) With what speed in km/h must an object be thrown to reach a height of 91.5 m (equivalent to one football field)? Assume negligible air resistance.q) What mass is a freezer that has 399.5 N [down] of force acting on it from Venus, where the acceleration due to gravity is 8.52 m/s2 [down]?r) Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on Earth if a penny (1.00 g) falls from the C.N. Tower pulled by a force of only 9.81 x 10 -3 kg•m/s2 [down].s) A television set is held down to Mars by 39.06 N of force. If Mars has an acceleration due to gravity of 3.72 m/s2 [down], what is the mass of the TV?t) Jupiter exerts what force on a 512 kg horse, if Jupiter's gravitational acceleration is 26.1 m/s2 [down]?CD1 and CD218. Using a diagram, explain the greenhouse effect. List some of the gases involved.19. Using a diagram, explain the causes of the seasons.20. Using a diagram, explain the Milankovitch cycles.21. Explain the difference between weather and climate.22. Give examples of positive and negative feedback loops in nature.23. What is the albedo effect?24. Name and locate important lines of latitude and longitude.

25. Using a diagram, explain how the Coriolis effect causes prevailing wind patterns on Earth.26. Using a diagram, explain the jet stream.27. Using a diagram, explain how cold and warm fronts develop.28. Using a diagram, explain how a Chinook forms.29. Explain the types of clouds and how they form.30. Using a diagram, explain ocean currents.31. Using a diagram, explain how El Nino and La Nina develop and their influence on our weather.CD3 and CD432. Draw and label the carbon-oxygen cycle.33. Draw and label the nitrogen cycle.34. What is biodiversity?35. List the taxonomic levels in order beginning with Domain.36. Calculate the population growth rate to the nearest percent if there are 25 births, 18 deaths, 18 immigrants and 10 emigrants per year in a population of 165 deer.37. Draw a graph of the populations of a cougar and deer in a predator-prey relationship over several years. What are the patterns and how are they related?38. Write the chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.39. Explain the effects on the environment of excessive nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates.

Science 10 Final Review Answers1. A) Compressed Gas B) Flammable and Combustible Material C) Oxidizing Material D) Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects E) Chronic Toxin F) Biohazardous Infectious Material G) Corrosive Material H) Dangerously Reactive Materials2. MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheets WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System3. painting a car __P___folding a page __P___a nail rusting __C___heating a pan __P___forming a precipitate __C___a spoiling egg __C___boiling water __P___

oil poured into water __P___fireworks exploding __C___CaCl2 dissolving in water __P___digesting an apple __P___an erupting baking soda and vinegar volcano __C___

4. reactants: C + O2 products: CO2 + heat5. particle charge mass locationproton + 1 amu nucleusneutron neutral 1 amu nucleuselectron − 1/1836 orbiting the nucleus6. a) b) c)

7.

8. a) chromium(II) fluorideb) carbon tetrachloridec) aluminum sulfided) lead(II) oxidee) sulfur triiodidef) lithium phosphateg) carbon dioxideh) titanium(IV) bicarbonatei) butane j) sulfuric acid

k) Cu3Asl) Fe2O3

m) N2On) GaNo) COp) FeBr2

q) N2O3

r) V3(PO4)5

s) C5H12

t) CH3COOH

Element Symbol Protons Neutrons ElectronsNickel 28 30 28

Magnesium 12 13 12

chlorine 17 18 18

Xenon 54 74 54

Plutonium 94 151 90

Phosphorus 15 16 18

Bromine 35 44 36

Graph of Distance vs. Time

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Time (s)

Dis

tanc

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9. a) 3Na2CO3 + 2H3PO4 2Na3PO4 + 3H2CO3 double replacementb) C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O combustionc) 4Cr + 3 SnCl4 4 CrCl3 + 3Sn single replacementd) 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3O2 decompositione) 16Li + S8 6Li2S synthesis10. a) (NH4)2S(aq) + ZnCl2(aq) 2NH4Cl(aq) + ZnS(s)

b) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

c) 3LiOH(aq) + Fe(NO3)3(aq) Fe(OH)3(s) + 3LiNO3(aq)

11. Temperature: increasing temperature increases the reaction rate; decreasing temperature decreases it. Concentration: increasing concentration increases the reaction rate; decreasing concentration decreases it.Surface area: increasing surface area increases the reaction rate; decreasing surface area decreases it.Pressure: increasing pressure increases the reaction rate; decreasing pressure decreases it.Adding a catalyst: a catalyst increases the reaction rate; removing a catalyst would increase it.12. a) 0.0004b) 0.000 0026c) 355d) 170e) 0.65

f) 4.8g) 5.97 x 1015

h) 1.67 x 1012

i) 50.4j) 38.1

13. a) 4919 cmb) 6.2 m/sc) 0.013 gd) 1.00 x 104 mme) 1.2 m2 Name, date

14. a) 9.6632 x 102

b) 6.9 x 104

c) 2.1 x 103

d) 2.4 x 105

e) 3.336 x 101

f) 6 x 104

g) 0.000236h) 367 000i) −6 800 000j) 0.00025k) 0.003 21l) 325

15. a) 1900 m [NW]b) 6.7 km [SE]c) 11.1 m [SW]d) 3.0 x 101 m [SE]16. see graph, slope = 20 m/s17. a) 987 km/hb) 9.80 m/s, 35.3 km/hc) 1.1 x 1012 md) 1.19 se) 12 100 sf) 109 km/h, 122 km/hg) speed = 4 km/h, velocity = 3 km/hh) 1800 km [W]i) 8.4 m/s2

j) 2.00 s

k) 21.7 m/sl) 247 m/s2

m) 0.712 m/s2

n) 8.69 so) -1.08 x 106 m/s2

p) 152 km/hq) 46.9 kgr) 9.81 m/s2

s) 10.5 kgt) 134 000 N [down]

18. The Earth gets energy from the sun in the form of sunlight. The Earth's surface absorbs some of this energy and heats up. The Earth cools down by giving off a different form of energy, called infrared radiation. But before all this radiation can escape to outer space, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb

some of it, which makes the atmosphere warmer. As the atmosphere gets warmer, it makes the Earth's surface warmer, too. Some important greenhouse gases include water, CO2, CH4 and N2O.19. For diagram see text p. 456. Seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth's rotational axis with respect to its plane of orbit. The Earth currently maintains a 23.5 tilt from its plane, which means that when the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, it receives more direct light for longer. This is our summer. During the winter, we are tilted away from the sun, receiving less intense light for less time. The equator would receive close to the same amount of light, with the same intensity all year, and would thus not experience seasons the way we do.20. Milankovitch Cycles are 3 cycles that cause natural climate change.Eccentricity: (period 100 000 y) how elliptical the Earth’s orbit is. Can vary the solar heating by 20-30%Obliquity: (period 41 000 y) how tilted the Earth’s axis is. Varies from 22.1 to 24.5 - less tilt – more glaciation Precession: (period 23 000 y) where the tilt is pointing during the revolution. Can cause summer when Earth is closest or furthest from Sun.21. The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is the atmospheric conditions over relatively long periods of time – 30 years or more.22. Positive feedback example: When increasing the global temperature leads to more evaporation of water, a greenhouse gas. Increasing this gas then leads to an increase in global temperatures. Negative feedback example: When increasing the global temperature leads to more evaporation of water, which causes more clouds. More clouds block solar radiation and cause global cooling.23. An object’s albedo value is the amount of radiation that it reflects and ranges from 0 (none reflected) to 1 (all reflected). The albedo effect is the property of reflecting light from the Sun, which influences how much radiation is absorbed and therefore affects how quickly a substance heats up. 24. the equator (0° Lat) the Arctic circle (66.5° north) the North Pole (90° north)the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° north) the Antarctic circle (66.5° south) the South Pole (90° south)the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° south) the international date line (180° Lon) the prime meridian (0° Lon)25. Diagram on p.466 of text. Convection occurs on a global scale. If the Earth were a smaller sphere, the warm air near the equator would rise, and the cold dense air from the poles would rush in to replace it. This would cause southerly winds in the northern hemisphere. However, because the Earth is so large, by the time the warm air from the equator reaches 30N, it has cooled so much, it falls to the ground. Some returns to the equator, and some is pushed north. Meanwhile, cold air from the north is heated and by 60N, it rises. This causes 3 distinct patterns: 0-30N - northerly, 30-60N - southerly, 60-90N - northerly. In general, the air molecules rotate with the Earth. The molecules are moving faster at 30 than 60N. As the southerly convection current pushes the air north, the air that was moving east at 30 will move faster than the air at 60N. This difference is felt as wind. We call a prevailing wind moving from west to east - westerly. This change in the motion of moving objects on the surface of a rotating body is called the Coriolis effect26. Diagram on p.467 of text. A jet stream is a ribbon of fast moving air caused by the contrast between warm and cool air. Jet streams move air at a minimum of 100 km/h, average around 300 and can be as fast as 500 km/h in the winter. These "streams" are not always a clearly defined strip. They may be several hundred kilometres wide, but are only a few kilometres deep. Because jet streams are caused by differences in temperatures, the jets form at the boundaries between the climatic zones. There are 4 jet streams: the polar jet 60N ; the subtropical jet 30N; and the same in the southern hemisphere. All jet streams move from west to east, but meander north and south, pulled by the rotation of high and low pressure systems. 27. Diagram on p.497 of text. Where warm and cool air masses meet, a front forms. Fast flowing air from the jet stream pulls air out of both air masses and causes the air to rise. Due to the Coriolis effect, the rising air rotates counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere. The leading edge of the warm air is called a warn front, and the cool air's - a cold front. The cold front moves about twice as fast as the warm front, and pushes it up as it goes. This usually produces cumulus clouds, but if the cold front is moving rapidly,

cumulonimbus clouds and intense thunderstorms follow. At the same time, the warm front rises gently over the cool air. This usually produces stratus clouds, followed by altostratus and cirrus as it climbs higher. Once the cold front catches up with the warm front, the low is cut off from the warm air and the lifting effects of the jet stream. This is known as an occluded front, and the low starts to weaken. Both warm and cold fronts can cause precipitation, Cold fronts are typically heavier storms, that are over quickly, leaving the temperature cooler. Warm fronts may last for days, are less intense, and may leave the temperature warmer.28. Diagram on p.488 of text. Chinook is a First Nations word that means "snow eater". When the mountains cause moist pacific air to rise and condense, much rain or snow fall in the mountains. Water changes from vapour to liquid to snow, which releases thermal energy, warming the air. When this blows across the prairies in the winter, it can change conditions dramatically in a short time.29. When water evaporates into the atmosphere, it rises, cools, and condenses. This forms clouds. There are 3 main types of clouds:Cumulus clouds are cotton like clouds, formed when air rises quickly over a small area. Cumulus and its variants are typically caused by cold fronts, which push the air up quickly.Stratus clouds are grey, flat clouds that usually cover the whole sky. Stratus clouds and its variants are typically caused by warm fronts, which push air up over a large area. Cirrus clouds are white wispy clouds formed when clouds rise very high, made of ice crystals.30. Diagram on p.469 of text. Surface winds set the oceans in motion. For example, a westerly wind would cause water below it to also flow toward the east. Notice the similarity to the pattern of prevailing wind. When wind moves water in one direction, water rushes in to replace it. This causes circular water patters called gyres. In general, gyres are clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and counter clockwise in the southern hemisphere. The water on the east side of a gyre tends to be cooler, which also makes the air above it cooler (warm water also causes warmer air). Cooler air holds less moisture, and if that air moves over land, will not produce much precipitation. Conversely, if warm moist air moves over land, it creates a humid, rainy environment. 31. Diagram on p.476 of text. El Nino is the name given to an area of warmer than normal water off the coast of Ecuador and Peru. An El Nino is a reversal of the normal weather patterns that usually see warm water near Australia and cooler water near Peru. This is because trade winds blow the warm water near the equator to the west. The sea level is 0.5-1.5 m higher near Australia than near Peru. This current pulls colder water from below on the eastern side to replace the warmer water (upwelling). For an unknown reason, the trade winds reverse and blow the "pile" of warm water across the ocean. In Saskatoon, an El Nino causes a warmer, dryer winter. La Nina is a cooling of the water near Ecuador and Peru by as much as 4°C below normal. La Ninas occur less frequently than El Ninos, at about every 4 to 5 years. The effects of La Nina are less pronounced than, and usually opposite to El Nino. In Saskatoon, La Nina causes a colder winter with more snow. It also tends to promote Atlantic hurricanes, whereas El Nino suppresses them.32. Diagram on p.46 of text.33. Diagram on p.54 of text.34. Biological diversity is a measure of the number of different species in an ecosystem. The more species there are in a food web, the more stable it becomes, and it can adapt to stress more easily.35. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species36. 9%37. Dia similar to in notes. As the pop of the prey goes up and down, so does the predator but with a lag.38. photo: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 resp: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy39. Diagram on p.59 of text. Excess nitrogen and phosphate in rivers, lakes, and oceans causes rapid growth of algae and weeds. This buildup of nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem is called eutrophication. This can disrupt other plant production, which removes the first level on the food chain. Also, oxygen levels in the water drop, and some fish that didn't starve, can die from lack of oxygen.