CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Type 1: Real situation in the present or futureIf clause Main clause Use

If+Present Tense(Simple or continuous or Present Perfect Simple (ıf the action has already finished)

* Future tense If Tina gets the job,she will buy a car.* can/may/might/must/should+infinitive If you have finished yourt homework, you may go out with your friends.* Present Simple If you heat ice,it melts.* Imperartive If you are late for work,inform the Manager about it.

Real or probable situations in the present or future.

General truths

İnstructions or commands

Use the verbs in paranthesis in correct form.

1-If Helen ..........................(study) hard,she will surely graduate.2-If Tom studies hard,he ...............................(pass) his examination.3-If she hurries,she ..............................(be able to/go) with us.4-I ............................(explain) everything to John if he ...............................(come) before I leave.5-If the weather is good next week,we ................................(go) hunting.6-If you ...............................(decide) to go to picnic, .............................(call) me at the office before 5.30.7-If you ..........................(wash) nylon,it ...............................(not/shrink).8-If he ..........................(go) to bed earlier,he .......................(be) less tired.9-If it .............................(snow) tonight,we .............................(have) to stay at home all day tomorrow.10-They ...........................(get) there on time,if they ..............................(leave) early.

Type 2: Unreal situations in the present or future.If clause Main clause Use

If+Past Tense (simple or continuous)

Would could + present infinitive migt If I were still living with his parents,he would be able to save more money.

If I won a lot of money,I would spend most of it by travelling.

If I were you I wouldn't argue with him.

Unreal situations in the present.

Events that are unlikely to happen in the future.

To give advice.

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Unreal conditions-Type 2

1-If Henry .........................(spend) more time on his lessons,he would get better marks.2-If I had his phone number,I .............................(call) him tonight.3-If she ..........................(know) English,she .............................(get) the job.4-If he .............................(like) languages,it ................................(be) easy to learn.5-If Peter ..............................(not/go) out every evening,he ...............................(feel) lonely.6-If we .........................(study) together,we ..............................(prepare) our homework easily.7-If I .........................(be) the Prime Minister,I .............................(decrease) the inflation.8-I ................................(understand) Mr.Brown ıf he ................................(speak) slowly.9-She ......................(get) a better position if she ...........................(work) harder.10-If I .............................(not/live) far away,I .............................(walk) to school.

Type 3: Unreal situations in the past.If clause Main Clause Use

If+ Past Perfect (simple or Continuous)

Wouldcould +perfect infinitive(have)might

If he had known your phone number,he would have called you.

If I had been more careful,I would have passed the driving test.

for actions that didn't happen.

to express criticism or regret.

1-If I had known about it last night,I ................................(act) differently.2-If he .............................(attend) class regularly,he would have been more successful.3-If they .............................(leave) earlier,they ...............................(catch) the train.4-I ...............................(go) with them if they .............................(invite) me.5-I ..............................(be) less angry if they ..............................(tell) me the truth.6-If I ............................(know) it was going to rain,I ................................(take) my umbrella.7-If she ..............................(take) a taxi,she ..............................(not/miss) the train.8-I ..................................(hurry) to get there ıf I .................................(know) you were waiting for me.9-If you ...........................(come) with us,you ..............................(meet) her.10-If the driver .............................(stop) when the lights were red,the accident ................................. (happen).

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Cross out the wrong answer.

1-If I installed/had installed an alarm,the thieves wouldn't be/have been able to break into my house last week.2-I would make/would have made a film with Bruce Wills if I were/had been a famous director,but I'm not.3-Karen would/will leave for New York tomorrow if the weather is/will be fine.4-If I get/got the job,I would take/will take you out to dinner on Saturday to celebrate.5-If I were/am in your shoes,I will/would apologise to them.6-If you send/had sent the application to the company on time,they might called/have called you for an interview.I can't understand why you didn't!7-If he woke up/had waken up earlier this morning,he wouldn't be/have been late for work.8-I had no map;that's why I got lost.If I had/had had a map I would be/would have been all right.9-Tell him to bring his bicycle inside.If he leaves/left it outside,someone may steal/would steal it.10-The job seems a profitable one.If I am/were you ,I will/would accept their offer.

Rewrite the following as conditional sentences.

1-He will probably pay me tonight.Then I'll have enough money for the tickets. ...........................................................................................................................2-He doesn't work overtime,so he doesn't earn as much as I do. ..........................................................................................................................3-My number is not in the directory so people don't ring me up. ......................................................................................................................4-He is very thin;that's why he feels the cold so much. .......................................................................................................................5-She may come tomorrow,so we can go shopping together. ......................................................................................................................6-We have no ladder,so we can't get over the wall. ......................................................................................................................7-They may give me a rise soon.Then I won't resign from the job. .......................................................................................................................8-Nobody was on time yesterday,so the class started late. ........................................................................................................................9-I can't park near my office;that's why I don't come by car. ........................................................................................................................10-You washed it in boiling water;that's why it shrank. .......................................................................................................................11-You didn't wipe your feet,so you made muddy marks all over the floor. .........................................................................................................................12-I didn't know he was so quarrelsome.I'm sorry now that I invited him. ...........................................................................................................................13-The flats aren't clearly numbered,so it is very difficult to find anyone. .............................................................................................................................14-We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable. ...............................................................................................................................

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Use the verbs in correct form.

1-Why didn't you say that you were short of money.If I ...........................(know),I ........................... (lend) you some.2-English is essantial in this job.All the telephonists speak it.If they ....................................... (not/know) English,they .......................................(not/understand) half of the callers. 3-Be careful about the time.If you ...............................(spend) too long on the first question,you .................................(not/have) enough time to do the others.4-I'm sorry you didn't tell me that dogs weren't allowed in the hotel;If I .................................... (know),I ................................(not/bring) my dog.5-My father will probably buy a new dress for me.If he ............................(buy) it before the party,I ..................................(wear) it at the party.6-Why don't you bring your car to work? If I ................................(have) a car,I ....................(bring) it to work.7-Perhaps he will bring some steak.We .............................(cook) it over the camp fire if he ..................................... (bring).8-He says he will probably help me with my homework..If he ..........................(help) me I ................(finish) it earlier and I .............................(come) with you.9-A university degree is a useful thing.If I ...............................(have) a university degree,I ....................................(sit) in a comfortable office instead of standing at a street corner selling newspapers.10-My uncle coughs very much because he smokes too much.If he ........................(not/smoke) he ................................(not/cough) very much.

Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

If I were world leader,I ....................................(try) to stop the distruction of the earth and I ..................................(make) the world better place for people.If the world's problems had been tackled sooner,the quality of life ................................(improve) lon ago.First of all,I would try to bring about peace in the world.If wars continue,children ............................(be) left without parents and ..................................(grow up) in a world of misery and fear.But as long as people .........................(disagree) over land and possessions,the fighting ................................(go on).Therefore I would ensure that all people were treated as equals and given the same oppurtunities in life.It would also help if all countries .................................(stop) producing arms so there would no longer be the weapons with which to fight.In addition,I would introduce laws to reduce pollution.If pollution levels had been controlled earlier,life ...................................(not/become) so unbearable.If I ............. ..........................(have) the power,I ...............................(ban) all cars from city centres and increase puplic transport.If there ..........................(be) more trees,the air we breath ..............................(be) cleaner.If measures aren't taken soon,it ................................(be) too late both for ourselves and our children.

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OTHER CONDITIONALS

1-PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT,AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS,ONLY IF

You can pass the exam only if you study hard. provided(that)

providing(that) as long as so long as

I will lend him some money provided he promises to pay me back. I would lend him some money provided he promised to pay me back. I would have lent him some money provided he had promised to pay me back.

2-UNLESS

You can’t pass the exam if you don’t study. You can’t pass the exam unless you study.

Unless you leave home at once,you will be late for work.

The factory will have to be closed down unless the economic situation improves.

Don’t go out in the midday sun unless you really can’t avoid it.

3-EVEN IF

Even if it is cold tomorrow,we will go on a picnic. I won’t forgive him even if he apologizes to me.

I will go to the party even if they don’t invite me. I would go to the party even if they didn’t invite me. I would have gone to the party even if they hadn’t invited me.

4-WHETHER ............OR NOT

I will go to the party whether he invites me or not.

I won’t forgive him whether he apologizes to me or not.

You have to help him whether you like him or not.

You must hand in your exam papers whether you have finished writing or not.

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5-SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING(THAT),ON CONDITION THAT and WHAT IF

Suppose that we miss the train,how else can we get there?

Suppose that he decieved you,how would you react?

I can allow you to use my car on condition that you promise to drive carefully. What if your paycheck doesn’t arrive on time? What if he wouldn’t come tomorrow? What if you hadn’t learnt the news?

6-IN CASE

I will take something to eat in case I get hungry during the journey. I took an umbrella with me in case it rained. I sent him a second letter in case he hadn’t received the firs one. The two sentences below are different in meaning.

I will go to my morther’s tomorrow in case she needs help for my brother’s wedding preparatiopns. I will go to my mother’s tomorrow if she needs help for my brother’s wedding preparations.

I want to give you my phone number in case you need to call me/in case you should need to call me. I gave him my phone number in case he needed to call me/in case he should need to call me. He would always take(used to take) his umbrella with him in case it rained/should rain.

Take plenty of clothes with you while going on holiday in case you can’t wash the dirty clothes. I am cooking plenty of meals in case someone comes/should come for dinner. I’ve already booked a seat for you in case you decide/should decide to come to the Theatre with us. I had already booked a seat for her in case she decided/should decide to come to the theatre with us.

In case of+noun

In case of emergency,you can call this number. The flight’s full,but we’ll put your name on the list,in case of cancellation.

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EXERCISES

A-Rewrite the sentences using UNLESS

1-You will never get fit if you don’t exercise regularly.

2-She wouldn’t have been chosen for the part if she hadn’t impressed the judges.

3-I won’t trust this supplier again if they don’t deliver our order on time.

B-Rewrite the sentences below using EVEN IF

1-The owners of the house didn’t lower the price,but whether they had or hadn’t,I still wouldn’t have bought the house.

2-Whether the company offers him a much higher salary than his current one or not,he doesn’t want the job.

3-It is likely that they will be unable to come to the party,but we should invite them anyway.

C-Complete the sentences using IF or UNLESS

1-You can’t cook really good curry .............................you use fresh ingredients.2-.......................... (you/sell) over fifty machines in a month,you will receive a one-hundred- dollar bonus.3-You can’t enroll on the elementary course ...................... you have passed the level-one test.4-It would be a really popular hotel ..........................it weren’t in such a dreadful location.

D-Complete the sentences using IF or IN CASE

1-.......................you are unable to contact him at his office,you could try his home number.2-I could give you his phone number .........................you need to contact him in an emergency.3-.........................they decide to go to Ankara on Wednesday,they will take you with them.4-There is a bottle of milk in the refrigereator,which can be heated in the microwave,............... the baby wakes up.

7-“MIXED TIME” IF CLAUSES

I spent all my money foolishly,and I am broke now. If I hadn’t spent all my money foolishly,I wouldn’t be broke now.

We missed the bus because of you,and now we are waiting here in the rain. If we hadn’t missed the bus because of you, we wouldn’t be waiting here in the rain.

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EXERCISES:Write sentences with IF

1-They didn’t treat the waste properly,and now the North Sea is heavily polluted.

2-We can’t record the film because Martin hasn’t given us our video recorder back.

3-He is lying in hospital now because he went climbing without the proper equipment.

4-He is a rude man,because he rebuked his wife in front of others at the party last night.

8-OMITTING IF

a-Type 1

If you need any help,don’t hesitate to call me.Should you need any help,don’t hesitate to call me.

He can improve his English if he goes abroad next summer.Should he go abroad next summer,he can improve his English.

If you don’t pay your bills in time,you may get into trouble.Should you not pay your bills in time,you may get into trouble.

b-Type 2

If I were you ,I would forgive him.Were I you,I would forgive him.

I would feel happy now if he were here now.I would feel happy now were he here.

I would give him your message if I saw him tomorrow.Were I not to see him tomorrow,I would give him your message.

c-Type 3

If he had been more careful,he wouldn’t have had an accident.Had he been more careful,he wouldn’t have had an accident.

If he hadn’t forgotten about the meeting,he would have gone there.Had he not forgotten about the meeting,he would have gone there.

EXERCISES:Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning by omitting “if”

1-If you lose your traveller’s cheques while on holiday,you can call our customer services on this number.

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2-If they were more interested in their children’s achievements,their children would try harder.

3-You may discourage your children if you push them too hard.

4-If you take any calls while I’m out,please take a message and I’ll call them back.

5-I would have concentrated my revision on the 17th century for last week2s history exam if I had known that it had twenty questions on that period.

9-IMPLIED CONDITIONS

a-But

I would have come to see you yesterday,but I didn’t have time.

He would be a lawyer now,but he had to quit school because of financial problems.

b-Otherwise or “Or(else)

You have to hurry;otherwise,you will miss the bus.

You must study very hard,or(else) you won’t pass the exam.

She must be very happy;otherwise she wouldn’t be laughing so uproariously.

c-Without

I can’t possibly finish this job without any help.

We would still be living like primitives without electricity.

Without his generous contributions,we could never have held the Charity Ball.

EXERCISES:Complete the sentences with the given verbs in parenthesis.Some of the verbs are passive.

1-Without the elevator,it ........................................(be) impossible to climb to the top of today’s ever-increasing skyscrapers.2-You should apply to a few other universities as well in case you ................................(you/ accept) by Oxford.3-I ...................................(not/stay) with that company any longer even if they......................... (double) my salary as I was strongly against their new policy.4-Were I to get an oppurtunity to learn an instrument,I ........................................(learn) to play the piano.5-I .......................................(not/buy) a red blouse,but they didn’t have the same style in any other colours,and the price was quite reasonable.

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EXERCISES

A-Complete the sentences using IF or IN CASE.

1- ................................. you are unable to contact him at his office,you could try his home number.2-I could give you his home number ............................ you need to contact him in an emergency.3-We should leave an extra half an hour to get to the airport .............................. something unexpected happens on the way.4- ................................ traffic is worse than it normally is,then it will take us over an hour to get to the airport..5-Shall we take some insect repellent with us .................................. they have mosquitoes there?6- ............................. they decide to go to Ankara on Wednesday,they will take you with them.7- .................................. you are planning to ski on your holiday,you should take out some accident insurance .................................. you fall over and break something.

B-Write sentences with IF.

1-We can’t record the film because Martin hasn’t given us our video recorder back. ................................................................................................................................... .2-He didn’t make a decision about the house last week,and now the owners are offering it to somebody else. ................................................................................................................................................. . 3-We can’t have steak for dinner because we didn’t take the meat out of rthe freezer before we left work. ................................................................................................................................................. .4-The restaurant where he worked closed down,so he is looking for work at the moment. ................................................................................................................................................. .5-Martin is so forgetful! He hasn’t remembered to bring our video recorder back. ................................................................................................................................................. .

C-Write the true situations for the given conditional sentences.

1-She wouldn’t have to borrow some money from her friend now to pay the monthly installment on her dishwasher if her comoany had paid her on the fifteenth,as was stated in the contract. (and now) .................................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................................2-Elephants wouldn’t be an endangered species if so many of them hadn’t been killed for their ivory tusks. (because) ...................................................................................................................................................3-If I had been reading the report very carefully,I wouldn’t have missed that mistake. (because) .................................................................................................................................................. .

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4-His friends wouldn’t be trying to keep him out of the group if he didn’t tease them all the time. (because) ................................................................................................................................................. .

5-If he were not so lazy,he wouldn’t have been dropped from the team last weekend. (so) ......................................................................................................................................... .

D-Rewrite the sentences withe the same meaning ommiting “if”.

1-If he weren’t so bossy,his assistants would like him more. .......................................................................................................................................... .2-I would have concentrated my revision on the 17th century for last week’s history exam if I had known that it had twenty questions on that period. .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................. .3-You may discourage your children if you push them too hard. ................................................................................................................................................. .4-If they hadn’t been behaving improperly,the teacher wouldn’t have kept the boys behind. ............................................................................................................................................. .5-If you take any calls while I’m out,please take a message and I’ll call them back. ............................................................................................................................................. .

E-Complete the sentences with the given verbs in paranthesis.Some of the verbs are passive.

1-Had I known that you were looking for someone to look after your cat while you were away,I .......................................................(offer) my help.2-It’s dreadful to think that one of our customers ......................................... (kill) if the sign ..........................................(fall) down one minute sooner.3-If the names of the accused ............................................... (not,broadcast),they ............... ...............................(not,receive) all this media attention now.4-We never allow children under fourteen in the bar area,Madam,even if they ...................... ................................. (accompany) by an adult.5-Without a significant amount of financial help from his parents,he ......................................... ..........................(can,not,set up) his own business,and now he is glad that they were so generous to him.

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WISH CLAUSES

FORM USEI wish(if only)(wish/regret about the present)

+Past Tensewish/regret about the present situation we want to be different

I wish I were on holiday(It’s a pity we aren’t.)I wish (If only)(wish/regret about the present)

+could+bare infinitivewish/regret in the present concerning lack of ability

I wish I could speak French.(but I can’t)I wish(if only)(Regret about the past) +Past Perfect

regret that something happened or didn’t happen in the past.

I wish you had listened to me.(but you didn’t)I wish(if only)(impossible wish for a future change)

+subject+would+bare inf.(“wish” and “would” should have a different subject.

wish for a future change unlikely to happen or wish to express dissatisfaction;polite request implying dissatisfaction or lack of hope.

I wish he would stop lying(But I don’t think he will-wish for a future change unlikely to happen.I wish they would take this more seriously.(dissatisfaction)I wish it would stop snowing.(But I am afraid it won’t stop snowing-wish implying disappointment)I wish you wouldn’t throw litter on the floor.(Please don’t throw litter on the floor-request implying lack of hope)

EXERCISES:A-Write sentences as in the example.

1-You didn’t watch the news so you didn’t know there was a train strike. I wish I had watched the news.If I had watched the news,I would have known there was a train strike.2-You work long hours and you can’t spend much time with your family. .........................................................................................................................3-You wanted to travel abroad but you forgot to renew your passport. ...............................................................................................................................4-You want to go swimming but you have lost your swimming costume. ................................................................................................................................5-You want to go out tonight but you haven’t got enough money. ...................................................................................................................................6-You didn’t set your video correctly so you didn’t record the film. ....................................................................................................................................

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B-Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given in parentheses.Some of the verbs are passive.

1-Most peole wish they ........................................(have) more free time than they do.2-I wish I ..............................................(offer) the job at the head office when it was vacant.3-I really wish you .............................................(allow) me to explain the situation before you jump to any conclusions.4-If only my father and mother ..............................................(not/keep) arguing with each other all the time.There is never any peace in our house.5-What a beautiful view! I wish I ...............................................(bring) my camera with me. 6-I wish people’s individual beliefs .........................................(respect)by others.If only we ............................................(spend) more time trying to get along with others and less time crticising them,the world .................................................(perobably/be) a more peaceful place.7-At this very moment,I wish I ....................................(ski) down a mountain in the sunshine.8-I wish the bell ....................................(ring) for break.I would really like a cup of tea.9-The music and food are great,but I wish I ........................................(know) more people here.I find it quite tiring talking to the strangers.10-I really wish I ...............................................(can/stay) till the end of the party,but I had to leave early to write an essay for the next day.

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CONDITIONALS

TYPE 1

If-Clause(hyphothesis) Main Clause(result)

If + Present Simple will/may/can + infinitive without to

Type 1 conditionals express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.

If we leave early,we will catch the 8 o’clock train.You may borrow my motorcycle if you promise to be careful.

A-Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

1-Dan might help you ... a- ... if they are enjoying themselves.2-You will be late ... b- ... if I can remember her phone number.3-You will enjoy the Jacques Tati film ... c- ... if you miss the bus.4-They always stay out late ... d- ... if you do not want to.5-They’ll understand it all right ... e- ... if you phone while I am out.6-I’ll give her a call ... f- ... if you explain it to them.7-Bill will take a message ... g- ... if I have the time.8-I’ll do the shopping ... h- ... if you don’t have a ticket.9-You can’t get in ... i- ... if you can understand french.10-You needn’t come to the party ... j- ... if you ask him.

B-Penny is thinking about her future.Use the prompts to write type 1 Conditional sentences.

1-study hard/pass exams ............................................................................................2-pass exams/go university ............................................................................................3-do well/university/get degree ............................................................................................4-get degree/get good job ............................................................................................5-get good job/ have a lot of money ..........................................................................................6-have a lot of money/buy nice things ......................................................................................

C-Rewrite the sentences using an ‘if’ construction.

1-He will probably pay me tonight.Then I’ll have enough money for the tickets. _______________________________________________________________ .2-She may come tomorrow,so we can go shopping together. ________________________________________________________________.3-They may give me a rise soon.Then I will not resign from the job. ________________________________________________________________ .4-They may have to sell their car soon.Then travelling around will be difficult for them. _____________________________________________________________________ .5-Perhaps he will get the job.Then he will have to work 10 hours a day. ______________________________________________________________________ .

TYPE 2

if – clause (hyphothesis) main clause (result)if + past simple would/could/might + bare infinitive

Type 2 conditionals are used to express imaginary or improbable situations,which are unlikely to happen in the present or future.

If I had a lot of money,I would buy a house in Monte Carlo.(But I don’t have a lot of money.Here,we refer to the present)If my car broke down,I would take the bus.(But I don’t expect my car to break down.Here we refer to the future.)A-Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

1-If I had their address ... a- ... it would cost over 650 pounds.2-If you saw her now ... b- ... you might earn a bit more money.3-If I took more exercise ... c- ... I could probably stay with mehmet.4-If you got a new job ... d- ... she must have been out of work.5-If you asked Heather ... e- ... she would give you a certificate.6-If I travelled first class ... f- ... she would probably give you a lift.7-If it was a little warmer ... g- ... we could go for a swim.8-If she didn’t answer the phone ... h- ... I might lose a bit of weight.9-If you went to the doctor ... g ... I could write and ask them.10-ıf you stopped off in Ankara ... h- ... you would hardly recognize her.

B-Answer the following questions using type 2 conditionals.

1-Someone describes you as ‘miserly’.Are you pleased or annoyed? ______________________________________________________ .2-There’s a ‘leak’ in your bathroom.Do you call a plumber or a carpenter? ________________________________________________________.3-You have to change a wheel on your car.Do you need a ‘saw’ or a ‘spanner’? _____________________________________________________________ .4-You have a ‘budgie’ as a pet.Do you keep it in a tank or a cage? _____________________________________________________________ .5-Someone describes you as ‘witty’.Are you flattered or insulted? ______________________________________________________________ .

C-Write type 2 conditionals to match these situations.

1-I don’t have a spare ticket.I can’t take you to the concert. __________________________________________________ .2-She drinks too much coffee.She doesn’t feel calm. ___________________________________________________ .3-He can’t type.He isn’t able to operate a computer. ____________________________________________________ .4-They don’t understand the problem.They won’t find a solution. ____________________________________________________ .5-He sits around too much.He isn’t fit. _____________________________________________________ .

TYPE 3

İf – clause (hyphothesis main clause (result)İf + past perfect would/could/might + have + past participle

Type 3 conditionals are used to express imaginary or improbable situations which never happened in the past.They are also used to express regret or criticism.

If I had known that Stanley was in town,I would have invited him to the party.(But I didn’t know that Stanley was in town,so I didn’t invite him to the party.)If we had arrived at the theatre earlier,we would have found a seat.

A-Rewrite the sentences as conditionals 3.

1-He didn’t realize what was happening or he would have run away. ___________________________________________________________ .2-They got in because you didn’t lock the door properly. ___________________________________________________________ .3-It only happened because you didn’t follow the instructions. ____________________________________________________________ .4-He was so tired that he went home at lunchtime. _____________________________________________________________ .5-You didn’t wipe your feet,so you made muddy marks all over the floor. _____________________________________________________________ .

B-Read the story below and make type 3 conditional sentences.

Carl had a horrible camping trip last weekend.He woke up late,so he had to rush.He forgot to pack his sleeping bag,so he slept on the cold,hard ground.He didn’t take any insect repellent,and as a result he was bitten by mosquitoes.It rained on Sunday,so he left early.

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WISHES

*Wish/if only + subject + past simple is used to express wish/regret about a present situation.

I wish/if only I were taller(But ı am not.)

*wish/if only + subject + past perfect is used to express regret about a past situation.

I wish/if only I hadn’t lied to him. (I’m sorry I lied to him.)

A-Rewrite the following sentences to express either an unreal situation in the present or regret about a past event.

1-I scratched my sister’s favourite CD. __________________________________________________ .2-I havent’t got a motorcycle. __________________________________________________.3-I am not old enough to get a driving licience. __________________________________________________ .4-I didn’t call my grandmother last night. _________________________________________________ .5-I forgot my parents’ anniversary. _________________________________________________ .

MIXED EXERCISES

A-Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1-If Steven ..........................................(wake up) half an hour earlier,he wouldn’t have been late for work.2-If I .......................................(be) you,I would study law.3-If Mary had enough money,she .........................................(open) her own restaurant.4-If George ........................................(know) her name,he would tell me.5-A:If you ......................................(go) to the supermarket, .......................................(you/buy) some milk,please? B: Of course.

6-A: I haven’t been feeling well lately. B: If I ...................................(be) you, I ..........................................(call) the doctor’s for an appointment.7-A: Mum,I didn’t pass the Maths test. B: If you ............................................(study) for it,you ............................................(pass) it.8-A:I can’t believe that people still drop litter! B: I know! If everyone .........................................(stop) dropping litter,our neighborhood ......................................(be) a nicer place to live in.9-Be careful about the time.If you .....................................(spend) too long on the first question,you ...............................................(not/have) enough time to do the others.10-He says he will probably help me with my homework.If he ...............................(help) me,I ...................................(finish) it earlier and I .................................(come) with you.

B-Make sentences as in the example.

1-have a car/drive to Antalya. I wish I had a car.If I had a car,I would drive to Antalya.2-have a job/not feel bored ________________________________________________ .3-know the answers/be able to pass the exams ________________________________ .4-have a hat/not be so hot ________________________________________________ .5-own a camera/take some pictures __________________________________________ .

CONDITIONALS AND WISHES

A-read the text and then say how the problems of Mr Brown’s day could/might have been avoided.

Mr Brown woke up late yesterday morning,so he left the house in a hurry.As he was speeding down the road,he didn’t the rubbish bin lying in the middle of the street.He didn’t have the time to avoid the bin so he crashed into a tree.he suffered shock.the ambulance wasn’t called immediately,so he arrived at the hospital two hours later.The doctors were on strike,so he didn’t receive immediate treatment.Finally,after a five-hour delay,he arrived at his office.His boss was very angry with him.

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B-Rewrite the following as conditional sentences.

1-You need to pass your driving test before you can drive. .............................................................................................................2-Tom had to ask for a pay rise or he wouldn’t have got one. ...............................................................................................................3-You need all the right spices to make an authentic Indian meal. ...............................................................................................................4-Going there by train will be cheaper than going there by bus. ................................................................................................................5-You have to go to Athens to see the Acropolis. .................................................................................................................

C-Complete the sentences using wish clauses or if caluses.

1-He didn’t do the experiment carefully so he blew up the lab. If he had done the experiment carefully, ................................................................................. . 2-She isn’t careful;she often makes mistakes. If she ........................................................................................................... mistakes so often.3-He ate the fruit without washing it,now his stomach hurts. He wishes he ............................................................. before eating it;now his stomach hurts.4-It is a pity I don’t have a compass with me. I ..................................................................................... a compass with me.5-It is a pity that I wasn’t given the position. I wish .......................................................................... the position.6-I have been offered a job in Spain,but I can’t speak Spanish. I wish ....................................................... because I have been offered a job in Spain.7-I think Bill should look for a better job. If ..................................................................................... look for a better job.

CONDITIONALS

TYPE 1

If-Clause(hyphothesis) Main Clause(result)

If + Present Simple will/may/can + infinitive without to

Type 1 conditionals express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.

If we leave early,we will catch the 8 o’clock train.You may borrow my motorcycle if you promise to be careful.

A-Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

1-Dan might help you ... a- ... if they are enjoying themselves.2-You will be late ... b- ... if I can remember her phone number.3-You will enjoy the Jacques Tati film ... c- ... if you miss the bus.4-They always stay out late ... d- ... if you do not want to.5-They’ll understand it all right ... e- ... if you phone while I am out.6-I’ll give her a call ... f- ... if you explain it to them.7-Bill will take a message ... g- ... if I have the time.8-I’ll do the shopping ... h- ... if you don’t have a ticket.9-You can’t get in ... i- ... if you can understand french.10-You needn’t come to the party ... j- ... if you ask him.

B-Rewrite the sentences using an ‘if’ construction.

1-He will probably pay me tonight.Then I’ll have enough money for the tickets. _______________________________________________________________ .2-She may come tomorrow,so we can go shopping together. ________________________________________________________________.3-They may give me a rise soon.Then I will not resign from the job. ________________________________________________________________ .4-They may have to sell their car soon.Then travelling around will be difficult for them. _____________________________________________________________________ .5-Perhaps he will get the job.Then he will have to work 10 hours a day. ______________________________________________________________________ .

TYPE 2

if – clause (hyphothesis) main clause (result)if + past simple would/could/might + bare infinitive

Type 2 conditionals are used to express imaginary or improbable situations,which are unlikely to happen in the present or future.

If I had a lot of money,I would buy a house in Monte Carlo.(But I don’t have a lot of money.Here,we refer to the present)If my car broke down,I would take the bus.(But I don’t expect my car to break down.Here we refer to the future.)

A-Match these parts to make conditional sentences.

1-If I had their address ... a- ... it would cost over 650 pounds.2-If you saw her now ... b- ... you might earn a bit more money.3-If I took more exercise ... c- ... I could probably stay with mehmet.4-If you got a new job ... d- ... she must have been out of work.5-If you asked Heather ... e- ... she would give you a certificate.6-If I travelled first class ... f- ... she would probably give you a lift.7-If it was a little warmer ... g- ... we could go for a swim.8-If she didn’t answer the phone ... h- ... I might lose a bit of weight.9-If you went to the doctor ... g ... I could write and ask them.10-ıf you stopped off in Ankara ... h- ... you would hardly recognize her.

B-Write type 2 conditionals to match these situations.

1-I don’t have a spare ticket.I can’t take you to the concert. __________________________________________________ .2-She drinks too much coffee.She doesn’t feel calm. ___________________________________________________ .3-He can’t type.He isn’t able to operate a computer. ____________________________________________________ .4-They don’t understand the problem.They won’t find a solution. ____________________________________________________ .5-He sits around too much.He isn’t fit. _____________________________________________________ .

MIXED EXERCISES

A-Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1-If I .......................................(be) you,I would study law.2-If Mary had enough money,she .........................................(open) her own restaurant.3-If George ........................................(know) her name,he would tell me.4-A:If you ......................................(go) to the supermarket, .......................................(you/buy) some milk,please? B: Of course.5-A: I haven’t been feeling well lately. B: If I ...................................(be) you, I ..........................................(call) the doctor’s for an appointment.6-A:I can’t believe that people still drop litter! B: I know! If everyone .........................................(stop) dropping litter,our neighborhood ......................................(be) a nicer place to live in.7-Be careful about the time.If you .....................................(spend) too long on the first question,you ...............................................(not/have) enough time to do the others.8-He says he will probably help me with my homework.If he ...............................(help) me,I ...................................(finish) it earlier and I .................................(come) with you.

B-Make sentences using a wish clause and an if clause.

1-have a car/drive to Antalya. _________________________________________________ .2-have a job/not feel bored ________________________________________________ .3-know the answers/be able to pass the exams ________________________________ .4-have a hat/not be so hot ________________________________________________ .5-own a camera/take some pictures __________________________________________ .

C-Using the words given and other words,complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.Do not change the word given.Use 2-5 words in total.

1-People believe that the chairman of the comittee is involved in the scandal. be The chairman of the comittee ...................................................... in the scandal2-Don’t take photographs in the museum. must Photographs ............................................................... in the museum3-The teacher didn’t let us leave before we finished the essay. allowed We ..................................................................... before we finished the essay.4-They were giving the dog a bath when I arrived. given The dog ................................................... a bath when I arrived.5-Angela,you’re not old enough otherwise you would be able to get a motorbike. were Angela, .................................................................,you would be able to get a motorbike. 6-If he decides to go shopping,there’s a chance that I will go with him. might If he decides to go shopping,I ........................................................... with him.7-The Economist is published every week. a The Economist ........................................................... magazine.8-He couldn’t find a cheaper computer. the That was ................................................................... he could find.

D-Put each verb in brackets into the correct tense.

1-Who .......................................................(Sue/dance) with? That’s not her brother,is it?4-This is the first time I ...................................................(eat) japanese food.6-Mary ..................................(not/wear) her glasses at the time,so she ....................................... (not/notice) it clearly.7-I .....................................................(do) some shopping yesterday,when I ............................... (see) that Spanish friend of yours.9-I ....................................................(see) the play “Hamlet” at least five times.10-This is one of the most interesting stories I ...............................................(ever/read).11-Next Sunday,after he .....................................(eat) his breakfast,Jack .................................... (go) fishing.12-Someone ........................................... (eat) all the cakes.I’ll have to buy some more.15-................................................(you/see) my bag anywhere? I can’t find it anywhere.16-I am phoning about your advertisement for a bicycle for sale,which I .................................. (see) in the local paper. ..............................................(you/sell) it? Or is it still available?17-I can’t see you on Thursday afternoon.I ..................................................(visit) our Birmingham branch. 19-A lot of people think that the Sun ....................................(go) round around the earth.21-“Where is Sally?” “She isn’t in,she ........................................(go) to the bank.22-Alan ....................................(fly) to Barcelona tonight.he ........................................(already/ pack) his suitcase but he ...............................................(not/call) a taxi yet.