MIDTERM EXAM OUTLINE

Vocab:

Know all the red-colored words from the powerpoints/notes—these are considered vocabulary words and will be most commonly used for the definition portion of the exam.

For some questions, it will be like jeopardy today where I give you the definition and you need to remember the term, but other questions I will give you the term and you need to know the entire definition (not word for word but pretty close)

Partial credit is possible if you are somewhat close to the correct term or definition of the term

I highly suggest 2-sided notecards for the vocab terms—there’s even some cool online programs and phone apps that make the notecards for you if you prefer not to have to hand write notecards

Lecture I: Background of Marine Conservation and History

Known the important years and what happened in each at the beginning of the lecture (i.e. 1962= Cuban Missile Crisis, 1969= Santa Barbara oil spill etc.)

Know what “Troubled Waters: A Call for Action” is, who wrote it, general time period it was constructed, and the take home points regarding the 5 things oceans are increasingly threatened by and the 5 actions to reverse damage to the seas

Two changes due to the birth of conservation biology U.S. Endangered Species Act Differences between marine and terrestrial realms—there are 17 of these so that’s a lot

to remember. Try to focus on remembering at least 10 and knowing the supporting details for 10 of them. These will be used in short answer and MC (multiple-choice) questions

Similarities between marine and terrestrial realms Collapse of sardine and anchovy fisheries Sea otter/sea urchin trophic cascade in northeast Pacific

Lecture 2: Marine Populations and the Allee Effect

Marine Populations

Intrinsic life history traits of many marine organisms (i.e. list with traits such as high fecundities, long dispersal, etc.)

Spawning methods, such as broadcast spawning, internal fertilization, mating, copulation, etc.

Planktonic phase length for invertebrates and fish in general

Examples of organisms that use rafting Fecundity patterns Reproductive success in marine vs. terrestrial realm Why is population size important for marine conservation? General concept of effective population size and how it is calculated Dispersal patterns and how they are affected by physical processed and how dispersal

influences species traits Understand how the spawning methods, developmental modes, settlement, and

dispersal are important considerations to marine conservationists

Allee Effect

Stochastic effects, inbreeding, recruitment limitation, sperm limitation Examples of the Allee effect throughout the life cycle (i.e. an example in the juvenile

phase sea urchins hide under adults for protection) Population growth rate and effects of density Know the examples of adaptations of organisms to density (one example would be the 3

species of sea urchins that thrive at different densities Understand the Allee effect examples we went over in class that are in your notes

(white abalone, long-spined sea urchin) Reasons why there may be a lack of evidence for Allee effects

Lecture 3: Extinction Risk and Behavioral Approaches to Marine Conservation

Extinction Risk

Reasons why marine species are vulnerable to extinction Major causes of marine species extinctions Examples of extinctions we went over: Barndoor skate, great shark populations, sea star

Oreaster reticulatus, totoaba, Chinese bahaba Marine biodiversity Ways that extinction is more of a problem in the sea than on land Ways fisheries can lead to extinctions Millions of eggs hypothesis Example of haddock on the Southern Grand Bank and St. Pierre Bank Common bycatch species How fishing and small-scale fishing as well can lead to extinctions and loss of habitat How climate change and introduced species Three basic goals for fisheries policy to implement

Behavioral Approaches to Marine Conservation

Three key intersections between behavior and conservation

Five ecologically relevant areas in which behavioral change has been linked to human-induced activity

How contaminants affect behavior Foraging behavior Effects of predator-prey dynamics on survival How humans can alter marine organism reproduction and migration Two basic tactics of behavioral approaches Ways that both artisanal and technological fisheries take advantage of marine organism

behavior Two overarching categories of fishing and details about each Three approaches to using behavior in conservation Four behavioral approaches to reduce bycatch

Lecture 4: Nutrients and Introduced Species

Nutrients

Causes of nutrient overenrichment and eutrophication and the effects they have on the marine environment

Types of HABs and their effects Causes and consequences and hypoxia and anoxia in the marine realm

Introduced Species

How range expansions have the potential to occur and how often they actually occur The ways that ships can transport species inside and outside of them Other vectors of invasive species (such as aquarium industry, saltwater bait industry,

etc.) Three challenges with understanding the number of invasions Ways in which bioinvasions affect biodiversity and ecosystems Reasons why invasions keep occurring Strategy (four parts) to reduce and understand invasions

Lecture 5: Diseases and Multiple Stressors

Diseases

Viruses and how they impact bacteria and cyanobacteria Examples of disease outbreaks in marine organisms (such as long-spined sea urchin and

black abalone) Domoic acid intoxification, leptospirosis, green turtle fibropapillomatosis, Dermo

infection Coral bleaching

Three priorities for conservation of marine species and communities under disease stress

Multiple Stressors in Marine Systems

Additive, synergistic, and antagonistic effects Interactions between nutrient loading and overfishing Interactions between trace elements and nutrients Examples of how parasites are impacted by other stressors (i.e. suppressed immune

systems in salmon and mollusks, etc.) Interaction between invasions and stressed systems Conservation implications

Lecture 6: Fisheries I

Understand the history of fisheries management and fisheries science and why research scientists rejected conservation goals

Bluefin tuna example Problems with single species fisheries models Understand why it is important to remember fish live in ecosystems and that

management should focus management models and strategies on entire ecosystems Benefits of MPAs, details about their spatial expanse, and how large they need to be in

order to be effective

Lecture 7: Fisheries II

Know details about the seafloor structure and the organisms living in mud—neither mud or sand environments are “safe” to trawl

2 major classes of mobile fishing gears and the specific types of each Impacts caused by rock-hopper gear, scallop dredges, and otter trawls Long-term effects of mobile fishing gear used in the benthic environment Know the similarities and difference between clear-cutting and mobile fishing gear

impacts Know the similarities and differences between oil drilling and mobile fishing gear

impacts Possible management plans and ideas for marine conservation biologists to deal the

impacts of mobile fishing gear