WELCOME OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE

WELCOME

OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS

AN INTRODUCTORYCOURSE

INTRODUCE ERGONOMICS AS A SAFETY SCIENCE & ESTABLISH ITS ROLE IN TODAY’S INDUSTRY.

INTRODUCE SOME BASIC SKILLS IN THE RECOGNITION & CONTROL OF OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMIC HAZARDS.

PROVIDE BASIC RECOGNITION SKILLS FOR SUPERVISORS

DEFINE ERGONOMICS (DISPEL MYTHS).

COURSE OBJECTIVES

COURSE OBJECTIVES(Continued)

This Course Is Designed to Introduce Basic Skills in the Recognition of Ergonomic Stressors, It Will Not Make You an Expert. If You Feel That the Requirements of Your Job Are Above Your Level of Expertise the Services of a Professional Ergonomist or Medical Professional Should Be Sought.

NOTE

BASIS FOR THIS COURSE

THOUSANDS OF WORKERS CAN BENEFIT FROM ERGONOMICS

DAILY EXPOSURE TO NUMEROUS ERGONOMIC STRESSORS

DAILY EXPOSURE TO NUMEROUS PHYSICAL HAZARDS

EFFICIENCY CAN BE GREATLY IMPROVED

OSHA SAFETY STANDARDS REQUIRE:

Establishment of a “safety” program Training be conducted Ergonomic stressors be assessed Hazards and precautions be explained

APPLICABLE REGULATIONS

29 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS (PROPOSED REGULATION IN DEVELOPMENT)

29 CFR 1903.1, THE GENERAL DUTY CLAUSE

ANSI HFS-100/1988, VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS

ANSI Z-365; CONTROL OF CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS

MEATPACKING PLANT GUIDELINES (Previously)

NIOSH LIFTING GUIDELINES (Beyond Scope)

GENERAL PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

REVIEW JOB SPECIFIC HAZARDS

INSTITUTE SAFE WORK PRACTICES

CONDUCT ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENTS

PROVIDE COMPLETE HAZARD INFORMATION

PROVIDE HEALTH SCREENING WHERE NEEDED

PROVIDE TRAINING TO ALL REQUIRED EMPLOYEES

INSTALL ENGINEERING CONTROLS WHERE POSSIBLE

ALL EMPLOYERS MUST:

TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

THE EMPLOYER MUST:

DETERMINE ERGONOMIC STRESSORS.

DISCUSS EMPLOYEE PROTECTIVE MEASURES.

REVIEW THE PROGRAM ON AN ANNUAL BASIS.

TRAIN ALL EMPLOYEES PRIOR TO JOB ASSIGNMENT.

DISCUSS PERIPHERALS SUCH AS LOCKOUT AND CONFINED SPACES.

REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A:

CLOSE-CALL EVENT

PROGRAM RELATED INJURY

CHANGE IN JOB ASSIGNMENT

NEW HAZARD OR EQUIPMENT

NEW HAZARD CONTROL METHODS

FAILURE IN THE SAFETY PROCEDURES

REASON TO DOUBT EMPLOYEE PROFICIENCY

RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS

ERGONOMICS DEFINED

The study of man’s relationship with his or her workplace.

Fitting the task to the person rather than forcing him/her to adapt to the work environment.

Designing the workplace to prevent occupational injury and illness.

VARIOUS AUTHORS DEFINE ERGONOMICS AS:

ERGONOMICS DEFINED

Discovering the capabilities and limitations of the human body.

The art and science that addresses workers’ job performance and well-being in relation to their job tasks, tools, equipment and environment.

The study of the relationship between people and machines or between employees and their environment.


(Continued)

ERGONOMICS DEFINED

The study of the interaction between the worker and the process at the workplace.


(Continued)

WHAT OTHER DEFINITIONS HAVE YOU HEARD?

ERGONOMICS IS IMPORTANT

Improve quality. Improve absenteeism. Maintain a healthier work force. Reduce injury and illness rates. Acceptance of high-turnover jobs. Workers feel good about their work. Reduce workers’ compensation costs. Elevate OSHA compliance to a higher level of awareness.

ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE IN APPROXIMATELY 50% OF ALL WORKPLACE INJURIES. ERGONOMICS WILL HELP:

ERGONOMICS IS IMPORTANT

“It is estimated that in the United States, 97% of the money spent for medical care is directed toward treatment of an illness, injury or disability. Only 3% is spent on prevention.”

Self-help Manual for your BackH. Duane Saunders, MSPTby Educational Opportunities

ERGONOMICS A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

THINK ABOUT THE NUMBER OF WAYS ERGONOMICS

IMPACTS OUR DAILY LIFE!


THE SCIENCE OF ERGONOMICS IS CRITICALLY

IMPORTANT IN THE CONTINUING DEVELOPMENT

OF THE AUTOMOBILE!

FOR EXAMPLE!


Economics Sociology Physiology Psychology Biomechanics Physical Sciences Management Philosophies Engineering, Industrial Design Safety & Health, Human Factors Engineering

THE FOLLOWING DISCIPLINES HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOBILE:

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

PERSONAL INTEREST DEDICATION MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ERGONOMIC PROGRAM REQUIRES:

NOTE:

UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE ISESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS

WORK STATION DESIGN TOOL SELECTION AND DESIGN OFFICE SAFETY IMPROVEMENT VIDEO DISPLAY TERMINALS (VDT’S) SAFETY BACK INJURY REDUCTION AND PREVENTION MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING IMPROVEMENT CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDER (CTD) REDUCTION

APPLICATIONS

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

RECOGNITION A determination of whether there are ergonomics related

problems in the workplace.

EVALUATION An identification of the nature and location of the problems.

CONTROL The introduction of measures designed to eliminate or

reduce the hazards.

TRAINING

WORKSITE ANALYSIS

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

ERGONOMICS WORKING GROUP

HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS

TRAINING

JOB-SPECIFIC TRAINING TRAINING FOR ENGINEERS ANNUAL AWARENESS TRAINING TRAINING FOR:

- Affected employees

- Managers

- Supervisors

- Maintenance personnel

KEY PROGRAM ELEMENTS(Continued)


WORKSITE ANALYSIS

RECORDS REVIEW PERIODIC SURVEYS HAZARDS ANALYSIS SYSTEMATIC SITE ANALYSIS


MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

Follow-up Recordkeeping Symptom surveys Health surveillance Classify job demands Disability management Establish treatment protocols Periodic reviews with physicians Early symptoms reporting mechanism Health care providers must be part of the program



WRITTEN PROGRAM EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT REGULAR PROGRAM ACTIVITY, REVIEW AND EVALUATION


HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL

PPE REDUCTION ENGINEERING CONTROLS ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS OPTIMIZATION OF WORK PRACTICES

THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE

CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING:

1. DO (OR GET INVOLVED IN) THE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION.

2. IF YOU FEEL ERGONOMICS IS A FACTOR, OBTAIN ASSISTANCE (IF NEEDED) FROM EXPERTS IN THE FIELD OF

CONCERN.

3. COMPLETE THE PAPERWORK (WORK ORDERS, POLICY CHANGES, ETC.) TO MAKE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.

4. FOLLOW-UP ON THE ACTIONS YOU TOOK.

THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE (Continued)

HOW TO DETERMINE IF ERGONOMICS PLAYS A ROLE (ERGONOMIC HAZARD INDICATORS):

1. STRAINS AND SPRAINS OFTEN RESULT FROM WORK ACTIVITY THAT CAN BE ALLEVIATED THROUGH ERGONOMIC IMPROVEMENTS.

2. IF WORKERS COMPLAIN ABOUT PAIN OR FATIGUE IN SPECIFIC MUSCLE GROUPS OR BODY PARTS.

3. HIGH TURNOVER RATES OF EMPLOYEES IN CERTAIN JOBS IS AN INDICATOR THAT AN ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE CONDUCTED.

WRITTEN PROGRAM

WRITTEN PROGRAMS MUST BE: DEVELOPED IMPLEMENTED CONTROLLED PERIODICALLY REVIEWED

WHEN THE FINAL RULE FOR ERGONOMICS IS INTRODUCED

HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

HEALTH SURVEILLANCE INCLUDES:

EMPLOYEE BASELINES - (physicals).

EMPLOYEE NOTIFICATION.

• EMPLOYEE’S SHOULD BE NOTIFIED WHEN THEY ARE PLACED IN JOB DESCRIPTIONS WITH KNOWN STRESSORS.

PERIODIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE - MONITORING THE STATUS OF KNOWN PROBLEMS OR LOOKING FOR THE BEGINNING OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE JOB.

Hold regular meetings Document meetings Committees encourage employee involvement Employee complaints, suggestions, or concerns can be

brought to the attention of management. Feedback without fear of reprisal should be provided to all

employees The committee should analyze statistical data concerning

ergonomic stressors, and make recommendations for corrective action

Follow-up is critical


PROGRAM REVIEW AND EVALUATION

Employee surveys. Review of results of facility evaluations. Analysis of trends in injury/illness rates. Up-to-date records of logs of job improvements tried or

implemented. Before and after surveys/evaluations of job/worksite changes.

EVALUATION TECHNIQUES INCLUDE:

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS

ENGINEERING CONTROLS FIRST CHOICE

Work Station Design Tool Selection and Design Process Modification Mechanical Assist

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS SECOND CHOICE

Training Programs Job Rotation/Enlargement Pacing Policy and Procedures

PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE

Gloves Wraps Shields Eye Protection Non-Slip Shoes Aprons

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND ERGONOMIC CONTROLS

INAPPROPRIATE

OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS:

Occupational risk factors are defined as any attribute of a job or task that we know increases the probability of injury or illness.

1. Force - Including- Internal or External

2. Posture - Such as - Extreme Twisting or Bending

3. Repetition - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion

4. Insufficient Rest - Including- Muscle Group Overexertion

WORKSITE ANALYSIS

WORKSITE ANALYSIS IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR MAIN PARTS:

1. Gathering information from available sources.

2. Conducting baseline screening surveys to determine which jobs need a closer analysis.

3. Performing ergonomic job hazard analyses of those work stations with identified risk factors.

4. After implementing control measures, conducting periodic surveys and follow-up to evaluate changes.

TANGIBLE INDICATORS:

Accident Records

Production Records

Personnel Records

Employee Surveys

WORKSITE ANALYSISContinued

WORKSITE ANALYSISContinued

FRONT BACK

SYMPTOM SURVEY

1. NOTE AREAS OF PAIN OR DISCOMFORT!

2. WHAT DO YOU FEEL IS THE SOURCE?

3. WHAT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES WOULD HELP?

4. WHAT OTHER FEEDBACK CAN BE GATHERED?

WHAT TANGIBLE INDICATORS

WOULD BE MOST USEFUL TO YOU?

Continued

WORKSITE ANALYSIS

INCIDENCE RATES

INCIDENCE RATES: incidence rates for upper extremity disorders and/or back injuries should be calculated by counting the incidences of CTDs and reporting the incidences per 100 full time workers per year per facility.

(NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200,000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY

NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR

INCIDENCE RATE

* 200,000 = APPROXIMATE ANNUAL WORK HOURS FOR 100 WORKERS.* THE SAME METHOD SHOULD BE APPLIED TO DEPARTMENTS, PRODUCTION LINES, OR JOB TYPES WITHIN EACH FACILITY.

INCIDENCE RATES(Continued)

SAMPLE INCIDENCE RATE CALCULATION:

(NUMBER OF NEW CASES (200,000 WORK HRS*) PER FACILITY

NUMBER OF HOURS WORKED/FACILITY/YR

IF YOU EXPERIENCED 2 CARPAL TUNNEL CASES LAST YEAR, IN A POPULATION OF 100 EMPLOYEES. WHAT IS THE INCIDENCE RATE?

IR =2 X 200,000

100 X (50 X 40 hrs)

IR =400,000

200,000IR = 2 CASES OF CARPAL TUNNEL PER 100 PERSON-YEARS OF EXPOSURE

* 200,000 = APPROXIMATE ANNUAL WORK HOURS FOR 100 WORKERS.* THE SAME METHOD SHOULD BE APPLIED TO DEPARTMENTS, PRODUCTION LINES, OR JOB TYPES WITHIN EACH FACILITY.

ANTHROPOMETRY DEFINED

ANTHROPOMETRY:

The technology of measuring and quantifying various human physical traits such as size, weight, proportion, mobility and strength.

ANTHROPOMETRY DEFINED

ENGINEERING ANTHROPOMETRY:

The application of anthropometric data to equipment, workplace and job design to enhance the efficiency, safety and comfort of the operator.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONSInches

Dimension 5th 50th 95th 5th 50th 95th

MEN WOMEN

1. Stature 64.0 62.5 73.0 59.3 63.4 67.32. Eye ht. 59.6 64.2 68.7 55.3 59.3 63.4

3. Hip ht. 33.1 36.2 39.4 29.1 31.9 42.7

4. Elbow ht. 39.6 42.9 46.5 36.6 39.6 42.7

Physical

Abbreviated Table of Anthropometric Dimensions

ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS

PERSONAL RISK FACTORS

1. Age2. Gender3. Attitude4. Training5. Strength6. Work method7. Anthropometry


JOB RISK FACTORS

1. Weight of load2. Location/size of load3. Frequency of the Task4. Duration and pace of cycle5. Stability of load6. Coupling of load7. Travel distances of worker8. Reach distances of worker9. Symmetry between worker and the object held

Continued


10. Static work posture a) Standing b) Sitting

11. Work platforms or stairs12. Torso flexion (bending)

a) Mild (up to 45 degrees) b) Severe (greater than 45 degrees)

13. Work heights (too high or too low)14. Floor surfaces (wet, smooth, vibration)

JOB RISK FACTORS

Continued


15. Environmenta) Hot (sweat, reduced grip, fatigue)b) Cold (gloves reduce grip by as much as 30%)

16. Lighting a) posture problems (because of inability to see)17. Noise/vibration

a) Frequency very importantb) Can amplify through the body

JOB RISK FACTORS

Continued

ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSContinued

WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY RISK

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH

YOUR JOB?

JOB AND TASK ANALYSIS

UNIT LOADS:

DEFINED AS:The unit to be moved or handled at any one time.

THE CONTAINER, CARRIER, OR SUPPORT USEDTO MOVE MATERIALS MUST BE INCLUDED ASPART OF THE UNIT LOAD.

FACTORS AFFECTING UNIT LOADS

THE MATERIAL TO BE UTILIZED

THE QUANTITY OF MATERIAL TO BE HANDLED

THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MATERIAL TO DAMAGE

THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE UNIT LOAD IS HANDLED

THE RECEIVING, STORING, SHIPPING, AND HANDLING METHODS

THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS TO WHICH THE LOAD IS EXPOSED

JOB AND TASK ANALYSISContinued


DESIGNING THE UNIT LOAD

OPTIMIZE THE WEIGHT OF THE LOAD

REDUCE THE SIZE OF THE LOAD

INSURE STABILITY OF THE LOAD

OPTIMIZE LOAD COUPLING

- HAND TO LOAD- FOOT TO FLOOR


DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Fundamental Movements or acts

- Search - Inspect- Select - Assemble- Grasp - Disassemble- Reach - Delay (unavoidable)- Move - Delay (avoidable)- Hold - Plan- Position - Rest (overcome fatigue)

“ELEMENT”


“CYCLE” Example:

1. Assemble new box 2. Put bottles in box from conveyor 3. Stack boxes on pallet 4. Go to step 1

The time required to complete one sequence of tasks sub- tasks, or elements.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:


TASK ANALYSIS

IDENTIFY THE JOB TO STUDY

COLLECT THE DATA

EVALUATE THE DATA

FORMULATE CONTROL MEASURES


IDENTIFYING THE JOB TO STUDY

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS

ACCIDENT STATISTICS

COMPLAINTS & OPERATOR FEEDBACK

PRODUCTION BOTTLENECKS, HIGH ERRORS

HIGH EMPLOYEE TURNOVER JOBS

COLLECTING THE DATA

DIRECT OBSERVATION

VIDEO TAPE

ACTION PHOTOGRAPHS

DOCUMENTARY ACCOUNTS

ACCIDENT STATISTICS



EVALUATING THE DATA

TASK DESCRIPTION

SUB-TASK DESCRIPTION

ELEMENT DESCRIPTION

RISK FACTOR/HAZARD IDENTIFICATION


FORMULATING CONTROL MEASURES

APPLICATION OF ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES

CORRECTIVE ACTION FOR NON-COMPLIANCE

ELIMINATE OR REDUCE EXPOSURE


TASK ANALYSIS FORM

TASK DESCRIPTION - Action Being Performed LEFT HAND - Usage RIGHT HAND - Usage FREQUENCY - Usually per minute NOTES - Supporting information POSTURE - Acceptable to extreme FORCE - High, Medium, Low DURATION - Length of Stressor

JOB AND WORK STATION DESIGN

GOOD JOB DESIGNREDUCES Discomfort, Fatigue, Aches & Pains

Injuries & Illnesses, Work Restrictions

AVOIDS Absenteeism, Turnover, Complaints,Poor Performance, Poor Vigilance

ABATES Accidents, Production Problems,Poor Quality, Scrap/Rework

Continued

GOOD JOB DESIGN

PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Earning Power,Loss in Quality of Life, Pain & Suffering

JOB AND WORK STATION DESIGN

PREVENTS Economic Loss, Loss in Expertise,Compensation Costs, Damaged Goods& Equipment

EMPLOYEE:

EMPLOYER:

ContinuedWORK STATION DESIGN

Design for the Range-of-Motion of the Worker Design for the Field of Vision of the Worker Design out Extreme Ranges-of-Motion Reduce Force in Job Accomplishment Reduce the Frequency of Motions Required Reduce the Duration of a Specific Task Design to Provide Adequate Support to Back, and Legs

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Continued

WORK STATION DESIGN

Incorporate Adjustable Work Surfaces Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Heights Design Delivery Bins to Accommodate Various Reaches Design Work Platforms with Ranges-of-Movement Incorporate the use of Mechanical or Powered Assists Incorporate the use of Suspension Devices for Tools Incorporate the use of Floor mats to Reduce Leg Trauma


DO NOT DESIGN FOR THE AVERAGE! DO NOT DESIGN FOR YOURSELF! THE LARGE MUST BE ABLE TO FIT! THE SMALL MUST BE ABLE TO REACH! DESIGN FOR A RANGE! DESIGN FOR ADJUSTABILITY!

Continued

WORK STATION DESIGN

THE BOTTOM LINE

WHAT ADDITIONAL DESIGN

CONSIDERATIONS CAN YOU THINK OF

FOR WORK STATIONS?

Continued

WORK STATION DESIGN

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION

Consider the Gender and Age of Users. The Specific Use of the Tool Is Critical. Contact Manufactures for Their Assistance. Make Informed Decisions Before You Buy. Don’t be Fooled by Misleading Advertising. Any Other (than its intended) Use Negates Possibly

All Benefits and May Prove to be Detrimental to an Ergonomic Program.


TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTION

REMEMBER

A TOOL WHICH IS CALLED AN

“ERGONOMIC TOOL”IS ONLY AN ERGONOMIC TOOL

WHEN IT IS USED FOR ITS INTENDED PURPOSE

Continued

TOOL DESIGN AND SELECTIONContinued

CONSIDERATIONS

STRAIGHT WRIST

FIRM GRIP

WEIGHT

SAFE BALANCE

VIBRATION

TORQUE

PINCHPOINTS


TOOLS COME IN ENDLESS VARIETY, THE NEXT FEW SLIDES PROVIDE SOME CONSIDERATIONS TO THINK ABOUT.


HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS

CRITERIA CONSIDERATION

DIAMETER - AVOID ONE SIZE FITS ALL

HAND FIT - AVOID GROOVES AND CONTOURS THAT CAUSE PRESSURE POINTS

HANDLE - NON-CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL - TEXTURED TO AVOID SLIP OR TWIST

- CONSIDER THICKNESS


HANDLE CONSIDERATIONS


ORIENTATION - ACCOMMODATES STRAIGHT WRIST?

SPAN - NOT TOO LARGE TO GRASP EASILY?

GRIP STRENGTH - CONSIDER POWERED TOOLS WHEN OPERATOR HAS DIFFICULTY WITH FORCES OR HIGH REPETITION!


GUARDING CONSIDERATIONS


PINCHPOINTS - PINCH AND NIP POINTS COVERED?

- STOPPER TO AVOID CLOSING FINGERS?

EXHAUST - POINTED AWAY FROM HAND AND BODY?


FREE HAND CONSIDERATIONS


FREE HAND USE - JIGS AND FIXTURES TO HOLD WORK

- FIXTURES CAN EVEN HOLD TOOL


STORAGE OF TOOL BETWEEN CYCLES


BETWEEN CYCLES - SUSPEND IF FREQUENTLY GRASPED OR RELEASED

- CONSIDER WORKSTATION OR WAIST MOUNTED HOLSTER


POWER TOOLS


CENTER OF - SHOULD BE NEAR FIST GRAVITY - AVOID NOSE-HEAVY TOOLS

WEIGHT - SUPPORT OR COUNTERBALANCE IF OVER TWO POUNDS

TRIGGER LOCATION - PLACED WITH GRIP SO DIGITS DON’T HAVE TO REACH


POWER TOOLS


TRIGGER LOCATION - PLACED WITH GRIP SO DIGITS DON’T HAVE TO REACH

TRIGGER TENSION - LIGHT ENOUGH TO AVOID FATIGUE, HEAVY ENOUGH TO AVOID

ACCIDENTAL ACTIVATION

SIZE - PREFERABLY LARGE ENOUGH TO SPAN MULTIPLE FINGERS


POWER TOOLS


TORQUE REACTION - MANUAL STOP OR REACTION BAR

CLUTCH OPTIONS - RATCHET - STALL

MAINTENANCE - UPKEEP AND REPAIR AVOIDS VIBRATION


POWER TOOLS


POWER - TORQUE AND SPEED SHOULD BE ADEQUATE TO MATCH

FASTENING REQUIREMENTS

HOSE CONNECTION - SWIVEL CONNECTION REDUCES “MOMENT” CREATED BY

DANGLING HOSE

REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA!

REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE STARTING THE JOB!

DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD!

DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE!

DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES!

TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS

Documents

WELCOME OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE