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Presentation at II Workshop of Terra Preta Program - WUR / EMBRAPA / INPA - MANAUS 2012
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Terra Preta recipes are not creating Terra Preta: What is missing ?
Wenceslau TeixeiraEmbrapa Solos
Manaus – Brazil
Assumptions
Terra Preta in this talk means - the antropic horizons found in the Amazon -
called - Terra Preta de Índio (Amazonian Dark Earths)
- The (receipts) properties that we are trying to mimic is mainly to improve agronomic quality of
soils
Dark soil horizons Terras Pretas
Tipically A horizons darkened by organic substances
Classified by
Color (low values > 4 - typically 3)Carbon content (organic)
Width Concentration of exchangeable bases
Phosphorus levels
Terra Pretas
• Alquimia dos microorganismos ?
X
Melanização de horizonte enriquecido
(o horizonte AB ou BA é o mais rico em P e outros
nutrientes em muitos perfis)
In Brazil Antropic A horizons are found in the soilArgissolos (Acrisols)Latossolos (Ferralsols)Espodossolos (Spodosols)Neossolos Flúvicos (Neossolos Quartzarenicos (Aluvisols)Gleissolos (Gleysols)Plintossolos (Plintosols)
Contudo deve atender o critério de > 250 ppm de P2O5 (ácido cítrico)
The european Terras Pretas
Plaggic Anthrossols
must have a plaggic horizon > 50 cm depth, containing artefacts, having texture of sand to loam. Munsell colours with values 4 or less (moist) or 5 (dry) and chroma of 2 or less (moist). Carbono is 0.6% or more and P2O5 (citric acid) > 250 mg kg-1.
Until know is not proved to have plaggen epipedons in the Amazon
Examples of Plaggic An throsols of Oldenburg, Germany - Source: Luise Giani - Oldemburg Univsität
Sambaquis Frequently they contain burial remains covered by dark soil and rare lithic artifacts.
The sambaquis are believed to have been intentionally built by a population that inhabited the region for over 6000 years.
Frequently the sambaquis show dark horizons but not only in the top horizon, but also dispersed in a complex stratigraphic sequence. The mechanism of stabilization of the carbon in the sambaquis is not clear, but probably is involved in the heating of organic material (pyrolysis) and large amounts of available calcium from the shells. Those horizon resembling, at least in some aspects, similar process involved in the formation of the A chernozems (from a geological parent material rich in carbonates).
Dark layers in an sambaqui. Source Paulo De Blasis.
Sambaquis (antropic shell monds)
The sambaquis are found mainly along the Brazilian coast and are predominantly constituted of piled up mollusk shells and sediments in very complex stratigraphic configurations.
Dark horizon in the shell mounds - SantaCatarina
Fluvial Sambaqui - São Paulo
Photo: Claudia Plens - MAE
TERRA PRETA DE ÍNDIO
TPI – proxima ao rio Urubu
TPI – próxima ao Rio Preto da EvaLatossolo Amarelo - Manaus
Terra Preta de Índio in the fertile
floodplains
Costa do Marrecão - Manacapuru
Terra Preta de Índio
The profiles are crazy
- The age are not like normal soil
profile in antropic horizons
Probably P leaching (AB / BA are the
richest ones)
P change from P-Ca / P-Fe and F-Al
Iron is reduced (Total analyses)
How old are TPI profiles ?
CHARCOAL - BIOCHAR• Adding biochar to the soil - for what ?
• - to stock carbon in a recalcitrant form
• - to create charges (CEC / AEC) ?
• - to create soil fertility ?
- to create habitat to microorganisms ?
• - as source of carbon to microorganism ?
• - to improve water holding capacity ?
• to improve fertilizers efficiency
• to reduce pesticides effects
• to improve yields
Investigating Antropic soil horizons
Dealing with high soil variability in small scale
horizontaly
vertically
Classical statistical approach
Geostatistical approach
Different sources of nutrients enhanced variability
Vegetal residues
Trunks, bunches, leaves (palm leaves)
“Paú –system ”
Charcoal and ashes
Animal residues
Bones,
fish bones,
blood and skins
Manure
Others sources
- human bodies
- feaces and urine
- mineral sources (clay material for ceramic , rock (lithic artifacts),
Fonte: Woods W.
Fonte: Lima H.
Investigating Antropic soil horizons
Dealing with high soil variability in small scale
horizontaly
vertically
Classical statistical approach
Geostatistical approach
Charcoal - Biochar
What is it ?Agronomical effects ?
15 years of field investigation in the Central Amazon
- Zech, Glaser, Lehmann, Steiner, Teixeira,Arruda, Falcão
TERRA PRETA MEETING - 2002
Charcoal composition
Ash composition
Physical properties changed by using charcoal applications
- Dispersed clay- Enhance soil water retention- Enhance specific soil surface
- Agregation and habitat for soil biota
Which caracteristics of TPI we want o mimic in our new TP sites ?
Soil fertility ?Soil resilience ?
Soil carbon stocks ?
What is the definition of soil fertility ?
Soil fertility in the tropics
Not only add fertilizers (mineral or organic) but also to enhance the soil capacity to hold them
Enhance Cation Exchange CapacityK+, Na+, Ca++, Mg++, Anion Exchange Capacity
SO4--, HPO4-, NO3-
The Panema Hypothesis -
TPI Cultural artefact (not intentionally done for agriculture) but it was done not create by human living
The Project Caldeirão – modeling the formation and evolution of Amazonian Dark Earths
MP 2 – Projeto 02.09.01.014.00.00 - As Terras Pretas de Índio da Amazônia: o entendimento de sua formação e evolução. I
The Caldeirão Research Station – TPI site
Solimões river
Floodplains
Small anfitheather
Fonte: Teixeira
How to Modeling dynamic and complexes processes as TPI formation and evolution ?
Multidiscisplanary dataHow to integrate those data in a model to fit a complex process
like
TPI formation and evolution
One possibility is to use
General systems theory
The receipt will depend of taste of the gasts
Our gasts are plant roots
Rice, Cacao - likes soupsGuarana - Papaia - doesnt like soups
Charcoal is a not the main course
The main course will be nutrients
Not so many salt not so much only the necessary !
Genereal systems theory - approach
Thank you for your attention
Wenceslau TeixeiraEmbrapa Solos
E-mail: [email protected]: 55 (21) 21794583