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Western Europe in Western Europe in the the
Middle AgesMiddle Ages
European Middle European Middle AgesAges• Early / Post-ClassicalEarly / Post-Classical
–“the Dark Ages” disorder, disunity, despair
• HighHigh Middle AgesMiddle Ages
–Rise of crown, commerce & cities
• LateLate Middle AgesMiddle Ages
–3 disasters: church scandal, 100 years war & BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH
Post-Classical/ Early Post-Classical/ Early Middle AgesMiddle Ages
• 550 – 900 CE – fragmented & chaotic
• Catholic church only source of intellectual development & literacy
• Church power
• Manorialism
• Feudalism
The FranksThe Franks• tribes unified (by Clovis)
• Converted to Christianity (by Clovis)
• Muslims/Moors halted at Tours (732; Charles Martel)
• Aided the Pope
• Charlemagne - strong but brief Empire
• Crowned Holy Roman Emperor
• Split / Viking invasions/ disunity
The Angles The Angles && SaxonsSaxons• Invaded Britain (which was
defended by “King Arthur”?)
• Small kingdoms
• Adopted Christianity 7th century
• 9th century – Alfred the Great
• Danes / Vikings
• Became known as England (land of the Angles)
TransitionTransition• Europeans were newer to
“civilization” than the Middle East
• Decline of Islamic and Mongol influence
• Important changes in West…
High Middle High Middle AgesAges
The Rise of a Medieval Urban Culture
Feudal Monarchies and Feudal Monarchies and Political AdvancesPolitical Advances
• primogeniture
• Holy Roman Emperor
• Capetian kings
• Norman conquest
• More stability
Limited GovernmentLimited Government
• Church main authority
• Aristocrats vs. monarchical power /Magna Carta
• 1st English parliament
• Three key estates
• Conflicts church &
Kings
The West’s Expansionist The West’s Expansionist ImpulseImpulse• Reasons
–Pop growth
–Memory of Rome
–Religious zeal
• Reconquest of Spain
• Vikings
• Crusadescultural diffusion & trade
Western CivilizationWestern Civilization
• Christianity was unifying element
• Little classical thought before 1000
• Crusades classical works
• Aristotle especially
Trends…Trends… warming in Europe food production population strong monarchies travel trade towns… urban culture
Rise of Rise of Trade, Trade,
Towns, & Towns, & CitiesCities
Role of Role of ItalyItaly• Italian towns had not decayed to
same degree as rest of W. Europe
• Italy’s location – trade cities
• Crusades resulted in trade of goods – luxury items from the east & middle east
• Connection between Mediterranean trade system & rest of Europe
FlandersFlanders
• Belgium and N. France
• Textile capital of Europe;
• woolen industry
• Center of trade in European Northern Coast: across France, down Rhine River and across English Channel
Hanseatic League• Trading towns along
Baltic Coast
• 70 member cities
• Established permanent trading routes
• Traded in fur, timber, fish, grain
• Violators punished by boycott or war
•Medieval FairsMedieval Fairs• Champagne (France) had the
best known fairs
lasted 4-6 weeks and were held several times per year
• Development of Money Economy
• led to decline of feudal system & emergence of market economy
• Capital: wealth earned, accumulated and invested
• Coinage – silver, then gold
• Banking - Italian “banca” = money changers table
• European traders less wealthy than Islamic counterparts
Growth of Cities and Growth of Cities and TownsTowns
• Resulted from:
• the revival of trade
• serfs leaving manor for opportunities
• strong monarchies • Developed Where?
Near well-traveled roads, transfer points or waterways
• Conditions in Conditions in Towns:Towns:
• Crowded (epidemics spread quickly)
• filthy (sewage/stench of animals)
• violent, noisy (don’t go out after dark!) But provided opportunities...
GuildsGuilds: Business : Business Organization of Merchants Organization of Merchants
and Artisansand Artisans–set quality standard
–loans to members
–ill / disabled members
–Protected businesses
–set prices /conditions
–prohibited competition
–supervised training…
Apprentice System Apprentice System of Craft Guildof Craft Guild
• Apprentice: worked for master without pay to learn skills
• Journeyman: worked for daily pay; submitted work to guild for approval to become master; could work in other towns
• Master: artisans who owned their own shops & tools & employed less-skilled workers as helpers
UniversitiesUniversities Develop
• Begin as learning guilds (an association of people organized for the purpose of learning and teaching)
• Limited to specific subjects (ex: theology, law, medicine)
• Academic degrees develop (B.A., M.A. PhD)
ScholasticismScholasticism
• Intellectual movement that attempted to reconcile faith & reason
–Faith = Church teachings
–Reason = Aristotle’s logic
–Scholastic philosphers:
Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas• 13th century Italian priest• Wrote Summa Theologica • reason was God’s gift • church doctrine could be supported
through logic • Proposed 5 logic proofs of the
existence of God...
Proof #1: Argument of Motion
Everything is in motion and what is in motion must be moved by some mover. Thomas concluded that reason demands that there must have been a “first mover” or “unmoved mover” and this is God.
Vernacular LiteratureVernacular Literature• Vernacular: language of everyday
speech
–people spoke the language that had developed in their own countries from Latin or German roots (Eng, Fr, Ger, Ital, Span)
–each kingdom a distinct identity
–literature more accessible
Vernacular WritersVernacular Writers• Dante Alighieri: The Divine
Comedy, epic poem in Italian that describes an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory and heaven
• Geoffrey Chaucer:
Canterbury Tales–English narrative poems that described a group
of pilgrims who tell stories to amuse one another on their way to Thomas Beckett’s shrine
Gothic Architecture• Characteristics: walls high & thin,
flying buttresses supported weight of roof, large stained-glass windows, pointed arches
• Symbolism:
–ground plan in shape of a cross
–with high walls and pointed arches, everything appeared to be “reaching towards heaven”
Cruciform plan
Flying Buttresses
Clerestory Windows
ChartresChartres the nave
Illuminated
Page
Global Connections: Medieval Europe and the World
• Europe seemed threatened by outsiders, yet adopted many of their ideas and trade
Decline of the Old Order
• Byzantium and Abbasid fall (rise of Ottoman Turks and Mongols)
Rise of the West
Sources of Dynamism: Medieval Vitality
Imitation and International Problems
Secular Directions in the Italian Renaissance
Human Values and Renaissance Culture
Iberian Spirit of Religious Mission
Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase
Early Explorations
Colonial Patterns
Outside the World Network
Political Issues in the Americas
Expansion, Migration and Conquest in Polynesia
The Problem of Ethnocentrism
Isolated Achievements by the Maoris
Adding Up the Changes
Problems for Europe
• Black Death (1348)
• Avignon Papacy / Great Schism
• Hundred Years War
Global Connections: 1450 and the World
• Changes and continuities were present
• Muslims still active
• Mongols offer new contacts
• Decline Mongols returns attention to Indian Ocean trade
• Southeast Asia drawn into trade
• African merchants connected to Middle East