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What is Radio Frequency Spectrum. National Institute of Communication Finance 29 th April 2013 (T K Varada Krishnan, Consultant, WPC Wing). OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION. Introduction Wave and its characteristics Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio Spectrum Need for Modulation Radio Regulation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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What is Radio Frequency Spectrum
National Institute of Communication Finance
29th April 2013
(T K Varada Krishnan, Consultant, WPC Wing)
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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Radio Spectrum : A major resource
It is an important natural scarce resource needed for all wireless applications.
Radio spectrum is always around us in the form of invisible waves.
Radio spectrum is used by countless technologies that affect most aspects of our lives.
Today, radio spectrum has become a significant contributor to national gross domestic product (GDP).
Radio Waves
Radio Waves Applications
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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What is Wave
A wave is basically energy and can be described as a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location.
An example of wave is throw a stone in a pond, ripple on water surface is generated and move towards the boundary of the pond.
Light waves from the sun; microwaves inside the microwave oven; radio waves transmitted to the radio; and sound waves from the radio, telephone, and person.
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What is Frequency
One Cycle
One Cycle per second=1 Hertz
Two Cycles
T=1 Second
Simple Motion
Pendulum
Example:
Two Cycles per second=2 Hertz
1 KHz=1000 Hz1 MHz=1000 KHz1 GHz=1000 MHz
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Example of Wave
Simple Harmonic Motion Pendulum
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Wave Travel• Wave is nothing but energy. There are two ways in which
energy travel By pushing , spinning or kicking molecules of medium so that quanta (energy packet) can gallop and travel These are called as acoustic waves. Ripple in pond is an example . A Music speaker may be a source and air or ear is receiver.
WAVELENGTH
AMPL
ITU
DE
FREQUENCY = NO OF RIPPLES PER SECOND
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Longitudinal and Transverse Waves
• Travel perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature
• Can travel in vacuum• Travel with speed of light
• Travel parallel to the direction of wave propagation
• Sound waves are longitudinal in nature
• Cannot travel in vacuum, need medium
• Speed depend upon medium. Always less than speed of light
Transverse Wave Longitudinal Wave
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Frequency, Amplitude, and Wavelength of Wave
• FREQUENCY• Number of quanta (energy packets) passing a
particular point of reference per second is its frequency. Higher the frequency means more quanta per second are transferred hence more energy per second is delivered.
• AMPLITUDE• It is number of or bundle of quanta marching
together. Higher the count per bundle more is intensity of EM (electromagnetic) energy.
• WAVELENGTH • It is the gap in meters between two marching
bundles.
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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Electromagnetic Spectrum• EM Spectrum is cluster of all detectable frequencies.High frequency
doesn’t mean high speed.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio spectrum refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to radio frequencies ranges from 10 KHz to 300 GHz considered as radio waves.
Radio waves are used as carrier to transmit voice signal/data as voice signal /data signal has less energy.
If two or more radio stations are operating at the same frequency, within the same geographical area, at the same time, there is a likelihood of mutual interference
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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Radio Frequency Spectrum
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Symbols Frequency Range
Wavelength Range Typical applications
Very Low Frequency (VLF)
3 to 30 KHz 10 to 100 km near-surface submarine communication
Low Frequency (LF)
30 to 300 KHz 1 to 10 km AM broadcasting, aircraft beacons
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Symbols Frequency Range
Wavelength Range Typical applications
Medium Frequency (MF)
300 to 3000 KHz 100 to 1000 m AM broadcasting, aircraft beacons
High Frequency (HF)
3 to 30 MHz 10 to 100 mSkywave long range radio communication: shortwave broadcasting, military, maritime, amateur two-way radio etc
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Symbols Frequency Range
Wavelength Range Typical applications
Very High Frequency (VHF)
30 to 300 MHz 1 to 10 mFM radio broadcast, Television broadcast, Digital Video Broadcasting —Terrestrial Personal Mobile Radio (PMR) etc
Ultra High Frequency(UHF)
300 to 30000 MHz 10 to 100 cm
PMR, Television broadcast, microwave oven, Global Positioning System, mobile phone communication (2G, 3G), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) etc.
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Symbols Frequency Range Wavelength Range Typical applications
Super High Frequency(SHF)
3 to 30 GHz 1 to 10 cm Satellite television broadcasting, WLAN microwave relays, Radars
Extra High Frequency(EHF)
30 to 300 GHz 1 to 10 mmmicrowave relays, intersatellite links, high resolution radar, directed-energy weapon, Security screening etc
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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RadioRadioAny device that has capability to generate or absorb EM energy to transmit or receive information.
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Role of Radio Waves in transmission of information (Modulation)
Information (Voice/Data signal) are low energy signal e.g. Voice (0-4 KHz), TV (0-6 MHz)
Need carrier signal (Radio Waves) to transmit information for longer distance.
Superimposition of information signal over carrier signal is known as modulation.
Modulation is like a person (information) wanting to travel from Delhi to Mumbai, need some carrier like Train, Bus, Airplane.
Carrier acts as medium to carry information from one point to another point.
Person needs transportation to travel from one city to another city
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Role of Radio Waves: Need for Modulation
Information
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Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
When amplitude of carrier varies according to modulating signal (information)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
When frequency of carrier varies according to modulating signal (information)
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How transmission takes place
Modulator Demodulator
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BAND & BANDWIDTH
• BAND (Frequency Band)• Range of frequencies in which
radios of particular technology can operate.
BANDWIDTH• Range of frequencies that a
radio of a particular technology needs to exchange (transmit and Receive). For example, one GSM mobile user needs 200 kHz of band for its voice transmission.
F1F2F3F4
Band = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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Regulation of Radio Spectrum
All the Radio frequency bands are shared amongst different types of 41 radiocommunication services.
Radio spectrum is limited; and radio signals are all pervasive, i.e., they don't recognise man-made boundaries.
Spectrum is non-consumable finite natural resource. It is the use of spectrum, which can be regulated.
Management of spectrum is highly complex due to conflicting demands by different services in the same frequency bands.
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Radio Regulatory Body
At international level, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a specialised agency of the United Nations, formulates radio regulations for spectrum usage and its management.
Countries world over have their own National Radio Spectrum Regulatory Authority.
In India, the Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) Wing, functions as the National Radio Regulatory Authority for Frequency Spectrum Management. ITU Headquarter
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UN agency for development of telecommunications.
Membership includes more than 191 Member States and more than 700 Sector Members and Associates.
3 core sectors: ITU-R: Radio Communication Sector; ITU-D: Development Sector and ITU-T: Standardization Sector.
ITU functions are: International regulations and plans Management of radio frequency spectrum through ITU-R Standards and recommendations Assistance to developing countries
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
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Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing
WPC Wing, created in 1952, functions as the national radio regulatory nodal agency of the Government of India
Responsible for planning, regulating, and managing the limited resources of Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum
Acts through the Indian Telegraph Act 1885 (ITA 1885) and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933 (IWTA 1933).
National agency for all matters related to ITU-R sector and Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT).
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National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP)
The National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) of India was evolved and made effective from 01.01.2000.
Basis for development, manufacturing and spectrum utilization activities in the country.
NFAP is reviewed periodically in line with the Radio Regulations of the ITU-R in order to cater to newly emerging technologies.
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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Spectrum Allocation Process
Issue of wireless operating LicenseAfter authorising, WPC Wing issue license for operating wireless equipment on authorised frequency channel as per assignment in specific geographic location
Assignment: Earmarking of frequency channel for a radio station
Authorisation given by WPC for use of frequency channel for specific use in specific geographic location for commercial and non-commercial use
Allotment of radio frequency channel in an agreed plan for use of any services
Allotment given by WPC for use of frequency channel for specific use as defined in NFAP to commercial and non-commercial use
Allocation of spectrum for the use of different radiocomunication services
International Allocation done by ITU reflect in Radio regulation (RR)
National Allocation for different services in line with RR reflect in NFAP
Spectrum Allocation Process
1Radio Waves
International Allocation (done by ITU reflect in RR)
National Allocation (in line with RR reflect in NFAP)
890-942FIXEDMOBILEBROADCASTINGRadiolocation
890--942FIXEDMOBILEBROADCASTINGRadiolocation
942-960FIXEDMOBILEBROADCASTING
942--960FIXEDMOBILEBROADCASTING
Allocation of spectrum for the use of different radiocomunication services
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Spectrum Allocation Process
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Allotment of radio frequency channel in an agreed plan for use of any services
WLL /CDMA
824-844 MHz paired with 869-889 MHz
GSM
890-915 MHz paired with 935-960 MHz
WLL /CDMA for DelhiOperator 1: XXX – XXX MHzOperator 2: XXX – XXX MHzOperator 3: XXX MHz
GSM for DelhiOperator 1: XXX – XXX MHzOperator 2: XXX – XXX MHzOperator 3: XXX MHz
Assignment of frequency channel for a radio station for specific use in specific geographic location
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Issue of license for operating wireless equipment on assigned frequency channel in specific geographic location mentioning conditions for operating wireless equipment like radiating power, bandwidth, type of equipment etc
4Issue of wireless operating license
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Spectrum AllocationWPC Wing allots spectrum and issues the Wireless
Operating License
Commercial Services
Telecom Services
Broadcasting Services
Non-Commercial services
All Governments
(Captive)
Private Users (other than commercial
services)
Spectrum Allocation Process
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
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Various Access Method
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Generations of Cellular Technologies
Generation Year Data Speed Spectrum Band Applications
1G Early 1980s Upto 9.6 kbps 900 MHz Voice & low data speed
2G Early 1990s 9.6 to 14.4 Kbps
800/900/1800 MHz Voice+ data
2.5G 1996 56 Kbps to 144 Kbps
800/900/1800 MHz Voice + Data
3G 2000 144 Kbps to 2Mbps
1.9/2.1 GHz Voice + High speed Data + video
4G 2012 (likely) 100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s
Under consideration with ITU (700 MHz, 2.1 GHz, 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.4 GHz)
Voice, High speed Data, Multimedia, Security
GSM System Architecture
BSC
BSC
MSC
MS
MS
MS BTS
BTS
BTS
GMSC
PSTNISDNPDN
EIRAUC
HLR
VLR
Mobile Originating Call
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“4 ´ 3” reuse mode: One group includes 3 sectors per site ,12 frequency which are distributed to 4 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
Frequency Reuse (GSM)
A3
D2B1
C3
B2D1
D3
A2C1
B3
C2A1
B3
C2A1
A3
A1B1
D1
D3D2
C3
B2A1
C3D2
C3
C1
D2B1C2A1
A2C1
D3
GSM System -Demo
Frequency bands for 2 G and 3 G Mobile Services in India
Generation Technology Spectrum Band range (MHz) - paired
Available Bandwidth(paired)
2G GSM 900 MHz 890 – 915[935 – 960]
25 MHz
2G GSM 1800 MHz 1710-1785[1805-1880]
75 MHz
2G CDMA 800 MHz 824 – 844[869 – 889]
20 MHz
3G IMT-2000 2 GHz 1920-1980 [2110-2170]
60 MHz
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Spectrum Allocation in various other bands
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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. Introduction2. Wave and its characteristics3. Electromagnetic Spectrum4. Radio Spectrum5. Need for Modulation6. Radio Regulation7. Spectrum Allocation Process8. 2G Service Architecture 9. Spectrum Allotted to 2G services
Spectrum Allocated for 2 G (CDMA) Services
Maximum allocation in any service area
Minimum Allocation in any service area
Available spectrum for commercial use
0 5 10 15 20 25
17.5
10
20
Spectrum in MHz(800 MHz) in various telecom service areas
Spectrum in MHz
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Initially a maximum of 2.5 MHz + 2.5 MHz @ 1.25 MHz per carrier).
Additional spectrum beyond the above stipulation may also be considered for allocation after ensuring optimal utilization of the already allocated spectrum.
Spectrum not more than 5 + 5 MHz shall be allocated to any UAS Licensee.
Spectrum Allocated for 2 G (GSM) Services
Maximum allocation in any service area
Minimum Allocation in any service area
Spectrum for commercial use
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
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50
100
Spectrum in MHz(900+1800 MHz) in various telecom service areas
Spectrum in MHz
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Initially a spectrum of 4.4 MHz allocated to an operator in a service area
Additional spectrum beyond 4.4 MHz could be considered after ensuring optimal and efficient utilisation of the already allotted spectrum.
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Subscriber based criteria for allotment of additional Spectrum
In 2002, first subscriber base criteria prescribed.
Allotment of 1.8 MHz spectrum beyond 6.2 MHz on reaching 5 Lakh subscribers.
Subject to availability, spectrum upto 10 MHz could also be considered.
Subscriber linked criteria was revised in March 2006.
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Subscriber based criteria for allotment of additional Spectrum
The earlier criteria of March 2006 have since been reviewed, taking into account various relevant aspects as well as the recommendations Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), Telecommunications Engineering Centre (TEC), DOT and the internal committee of DOT.
The orders for revised spectrum allocation criteria in line with TRAI’s recommendations dated 28th August 2007 for GSM/CDMA mobile services have come into force with effect from 17th January2008 (GSM/CDMA).
TRAI recommendations on “Spectrum Management and Licensing Framework” dated May 11, 2010 and related subsequent recommendations dated February 08, 2011 are under examination of the Government.
…….
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Thank You