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Which soil should we Which soil should we use to plant this use to plant this garden?garden?
Background KnowledgeBackground KnowledgePercolation & AbsorbencyPercolation & Absorbency
Percolation Rate: Percolation Rate: Is the time it takes for water to flow from the Is the time it takes for water to flow from the
top of the soil to the bottom of the soil. top of the soil to the bottom of the soil. This is also called the “drainage rate”This is also called the “drainage rate”
Absorbency: Absorbency: Is how much water the soil can contain at Is how much water the soil can contain at
any one moment.any one moment.
InformationInformation
For veggies to thrive in a garden, the soil For veggies to thrive in a garden, the soil must have:must have:
An average percolation rate (that is, drain An average percolation rate (that is, drain in a reasonable amount of time)in a reasonable amount of time)
And a high absorbency rate (ability to And a high absorbency rate (ability to hold water without being soggy, and help hold water without being soggy, and help the plants survive droughts).the plants survive droughts).
Experiment #1:Experiment #1: Percolation RatePercolation Rate
Does the type of soil affect its Does the type of soil affect its percolation rate?percolation rate?
Soils:Soils:Top Soil, Sand, Clay SoilTop Soil, Sand, Clay Soil
What is the independent What is the independent variable? variable?
The time it takes for the water The time it takes for the water
to enter the soil, and for one to enter the soil, and for one
drop to hit the beaker.drop to hit the beaker.
What is the dependent What is the dependent variable?variable?
Type of soilType of soil
Top Soil500ml
Sand250ml
Clay Soil
500ml
500ml
What is wrong with this procedure?
500ml 500ml
.
Trials= 3 x
30 seconds 5 minutes 2 minutes
Answer: There are different amounts of soil, and the student did not stopthe stop watch at the first drop for the sand.
The students would make a bar graph because they are comparing discontinuous data in their results (rate of percolation is the dependent variable).
Top Soil500ml
Sand250ml
ClaySoil
500ml
500ml 500ml 500ml
.
Trials= 3 x
30 seconds 5 minutes 2 minutes
Based on the data, what kind of graph would you make and why?
Graphing FormatGraphing Format
Title
Y axis label
X axis label
Independent Variable on X axis
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Dependent Variable
Bar graph used for discontinuous data
Top Soil Sand Clay Soil
What would the axis look What would the axis look like for this lab?like for this lab?
Percolation Rate (minutes) Type of soil
Amount of water Absorbency Rate
A.B.
C. D
Answer: B
Select an appropriate Select an appropriate graph titlegraph title
A.Absorbency VS. Type of Soil
B.Type of soil VS. Percolation Rate
C.Percolation rate Vs. Type of Soil
D.Amount of soil Vs. Percolation Rate
Answer: C
What is wrong with this What is wrong with this graph?graph?
Percolation Rate Vs. Type of soil
Top Soil Sand Clay Soil0
1
2
4
5
Type of SoilsThis graph is missing a Y- Axis Label & Appropriate Scale
Experiment #2:Experiment #2: AbsorbancyAbsorbancy
Problem StatementProblem Statement Does the type of soil affect its ability to Does the type of soil affect its ability to
absorb water?absorb water?
Soils:Soils:Top Soil, Sand, Clay SoilTop Soil, Sand, Clay Soil
What is the independent What is the independent variable? variable?
What is the dependent What is the dependent variable?variable?
Type of soilType of soil
The amount of water absorbed; that is, the The amount of water absorbed; that is, the amount of water that remains in the soil after it amount of water that remains in the soil after it has finished draining:has finished draining:
(amount poured – amount that drained out)(amount poured – amount that drained out)
Top Soil SandClay Soil
500ml
What is wrong with this procedure?
500ml 200ml
The students did not start with the same amount of water. The student did notexplain how much soil was used. The student failed to due more than one trial.Due to these factors this lab is NOT valid.
15 ml 10 ml 5 ml
Trials = Only One
Top Soil SandClay Soil
500ml
Based on the data, what kind of graph would you make and why?
500ml 500ml
15 ml 10 ml 5 ml
The students would make a bar graph because they are comparingdiscontinuous data in their results (amount absorbed is the dependent variable).
What would the axis look What would the axis look like for this lab?like for this lab?
Amount of water Absorbed Type of soil
Type of garden Amount of soil
A.B.
C. D
Answer: B
What is wrong with this graph?What is wrong with this graph?
Top Soil Sand Clay soil0
50
100
300
Missing:Graph Title: Absorbency of water vs. Type of Soil (ml)X-Label: Type of soilY-Label: Absorbency Rate of water (ml)Inappropriate Scale: 0-100-200-300-400- 500Inappropriate scale on the x-axis: the bars need to be = distance apart
Top Soil SandClay Soil
500ml
Make a graph based on the data collected
500ml 500ml
150 ml 25 ml 250 mlDo not forget to include a graph title, x-label, y-label, point of origin, and make sure to use an appropriate scale.
ReliabilityReliability
What contributes to the reliability of What contributes to the reliability of an experiment?an experiment?
Consistency – experiment is done the Consistency – experiment is done the same way each timesame way each time
Repeatability – experiment is done Repeatability – experiment is done multiple times and the data is averagedmultiple times and the data is averaged
Accuracy – the data is carefully Accuracy – the data is carefully measured with minimal errormeasured with minimal error
Precision – thePrecision – the data is close together – data is close together – few “outliers”few “outliers”
Validity and CredibilityValidity and CredibilityWhat contributes to the What contributes to the validityvalidity of an of an
experiment?experiment?
If the data is consistent, accurate, and precise, and If the data is consistent, accurate, and precise, and the results were repeated and averaged, then the the results were repeated and averaged, then the results of the experiment are reliable. results of the experiment are reliable. We say itWe say it was a fair, valid test.was a fair, valid test.
If the experiment was a fair or valid, then the If the experiment was a fair or valid, then the conclusion is thought to be conclusion is thought to be crediblecredible. . We We say our conclusion is credible and say our conclusion is credible and trustworthy.trustworthy.
Based on the two experiments, Based on the two experiments, what soils would you use to what soils would you use to plant a garden, and why?plant a garden, and why?
Absorbancy Averaged DataAbsorbancy Averaged Data::Top Soil: 75 mlTop Soil: 75 mlSandy Soil: 30 mlSandy Soil: 30 mlClay Soil: 110 mlClay Soil: 110 ml
Write a Conclusion.Write a Conclusion. Make sure to base your results on the data Make sure to base your results on the data
collected.collected. Was this experiment valid and credible? Why?Was this experiment valid and credible? Why? Make sure to write only in third person.Make sure to write only in third person.
ConceptsConceptsWhat is the central concept that makes What is the central concept that makes
tectonic plates move, creates weather tectonic plates move, creates weather fronts, and causes global winds?fronts, and causes global winds?Density differencesDensity differences caused by heat in the caused by heat in the
earth or heat from the sun, that creates earth or heat from the sun, that creates convection currents.convection currents.
What is the force that keeps us from falling What is the force that keeps us from falling off Earth, keeps Earth revolving around off Earth, keeps Earth revolving around the Sun, and makes cooler magma move the Sun, and makes cooler magma move toward the core of the Earth?toward the core of the Earth?
GravityGravity
Sixth Grade Content ReviewSixth Grade Content Review
Sixth Grade Content ReviewSixth Grade Content ReviewBiomesBiomesWhat are the primary factors that determine where plants What are the primary factors that determine where plants
live?live? TemperatureTemperature PrecipitationPrecipitation Light (sunshine)Light (sunshine) AnimalsAnimals Human DevelopmentHuman Development FoodFood( Temperature DEPENDS on Light!!!)( Temperature DEPENDS on Light!!!)
What is the ONE most important factor that determines What is the ONE most important factor that determines where animals live?where animals live? TemperatureTemperature ShelterShelter LightLight FoodFood
Sixth Grade Content ReviewSixth Grade Content ReviewWhat is the structure of the interior of the Earth?
1) Crust/lithosphere
2) Mantle
•Asthenosphere is a plastic-like solid, has convection currents that drag tectonic plates around on surface)
•Mesosphere is solid, hotter
3) Outer core is liquid iron and nickel, likely has convection currents, very hot
4) Inner core is solid iron and nickel, extremely hot. Spins independently of the Earth itself and generates Earth’s magnetic field.
GeologyGeology
Describe what is happening in this diagramDescribe what is happening in this diagram
Sixth Grade Content ReviewSixth Grade Content Review
GeologyGeologyWhat makes tectonic plates move?What makes tectonic plates move? EarthquakesEarthquakes VolcanoesVolcanoes Rotation of the EarthRotation of the Earth Convection in the mantleConvection in the mantle Atmospheric convectionAtmospheric convection
What is a tsunami?What is a tsunami? An underwater earthquakeAn underwater earthquake A wave created by an underwater earthquakeA wave created by an underwater earthquake A wave created by a convection currentA wave created by a convection current A wave created when an earthquake on land A wave created when an earthquake on land
pushes the shorepushes the shore
Sixth Grade Content ReviewSixth Grade Content Review
WeatherWeatherWhat is the difference between a What is the difference between a
hurricane and a tornado?hurricane and a tornado? Only size and where it gets its energy – a Only size and where it gets its energy – a
hurricane is a large rotational weather mass hurricane is a large rotational weather mass getting its energy from the warm waters of getting its energy from the warm waters of the equatorial region, while a tornado is a the equatorial region, while a tornado is a smaller rotational weather mass getting its smaller rotational weather mass getting its energy from heated earth and moisture over energy from heated earth and moisture over land.land.
Sixth Grade Content ReviewSixth Grade Content Review
