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Whitepaper
3D Projection TechnologyActive-, Passive- Projection Technology
© Competence Centre for Virtual Reality and Cooperative Engineering w. V. – Virtual Dimension Center (VDC)
Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Kfm. Christoph RundeVirtual Dimension Center (VDC) FellbachAuberlenstr. 1370736 Fellbachwww.vdc-fellbach.de
Active-, Passive- Projection Technology
VDC-Technology screening: 3D projection technology
� Basics� Projection systems� Construction types projection systems� Further trends
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Basics: Terms and motivation
� 3D visualization = spatial vision� Providing two, slightly offset perspectives
for the viewer� Possibly head tracking
Thereby:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Thereby:� Brain assigns spatialities better� Better feeling for the near and far� Building a mental, spatial environment
model is easier� Support for 3D interaction (space must
be known for this)
Graphical depth criteria
� What does the brain calculate/ work with?
Source: Runde, C.: Konzeption und Einführung von Virtueller Realität als Komponente der Digitalen Fabrik in Industrieunternehmen. Zugl.: Stuttgart,
Univ., Diss., 2007, IPA-IAO Forschung und Praxis, 455. Heimsheim: Jost-Jetter Verlag, 2007
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Basics: Stereo solutions
� Two views are generated� These 2 views have to be transported separately to the two eyes� Note: natural eye distance (about 6.5cm) allows reasonable
stereoscopic vision at a distance of up to 15m� Greater distance: increase parallax� Quality criteria, amongst others:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
� Quality criteria, amongst others: o Optical crosstalk (eye receives false signal): ghostingo Overall brightnesso Uniformity of brightness distribution (hot spots) o Focus (tinting)
o Contrast, dynamics
Stereo technologies
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Stereo technology 1: Color filter
� Anaglyph technology(complementary color views andfilters)
⊕ Any display, screen, projector, wall is suitable, even printed products
Red-Cyan-Anaglyph glasses
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
suitable, even printed products⊕ Glasses passive⊕ Glasses are light and cheap
Θ CrosstalkΘ View is black and white
Anaglyphic image from Google Earth
Stereo technology 2: Polarization filter technology
Basic technology:� Polarization filter technology
(Light waves polarization, passive stereo)
⊕ Light glasses, passive⊕ No sync necessary
Projectiondesign F32
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ No sync necessary⊕ No flickeringΘ Two projectors necessaryΘ Rack and calibrationΘ Special projection medium necessary
(polarization obtaining)Θ Irregular brightness distribution
suitable projection screens tend to hotspotting
Polarization filter glasses
Silver screen
Polarization technology: Brightness
Consideration luminous flux in passive solutions
Achieved lumens:� Integrated solutions
improvesignificantly
External polarization of DLP projectors
40%2000
stereo lumen
5000lumen
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
significantly
BARCO Gemini/VR workroom Stereo Lumens Boost
80%
stereo lumen
4000stereo lumen
5000lumen
100%improvement
Stereo technology 3: INFITEC®
� Passive-INFITEC
⊕ Any wall can be used⊕ No sync necessary⊕ Passive glasses (no power supply)⊕ Color fidelity remains largely preserved
Filter characteristics INFITEC
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ Color fidelity remains largely preserved⊕ No flickering
Θ Two projectors necessaryΘ Loss of brightnessΘ Rack and calibration
INFITEC glasses
Projectiondesign F32
INFITEC: Brightness
Consideration luminous flux in passive INFITEC solutionsAchieved lumens:� Efficiency:
oColor spectrum is only partly transmitted � 30% of the light from
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
� 30% of the light fromprojector
o 3% loss due to glasseso 27% overall efficiency
� INFITEC Plus: o Color correction („DynaColor“)
compensation of color shiftso More brightness gets lost:
result: 17%
Stereo technology 4: Active-Shutter
Basic technologies� Shutter technology, LCD, active stereo� Display: at least 120Hz refresh rate⊕ Depending on the system, very low
crosstalk⊕ Any wall can be used when projecting
Shutter glasses Nvidia IR emitter
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ Any wall can be used when projectingΘ Glasses are heavierΘ Active glasses: power supplyΘ Glasses polarizedΘ Usually an emitter for synchronization of
image glasses is necessaryΘ Loss of brightnessΘ Possibly flickering (cheap projectors)
In the past: CRT projector
Today: DLP.
Example: projectiondesign F10 AS 3D
Active-Stereo: Brightness
Consideration luminous flux in active solutions DLP/CRT
Achieved lumens:� Active glasses:
o Light reaches eye in <50% of the time
Quelle:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
<50% of the time � half amount of brightness
o The shutter principle usespolarization technology (two LCDs)Incoming light is not polarized� half amount of brightness
� Result: <20% of the light reaches the eye
� Duty Cycle
� Non-ideal polarization
Active-Stereo: DLP-Link
� Active stereo without IR emitter: DLP-Link®
� White image is sent between graphics and is used to synchronize the glasses
⊕ No external IR emitter has to be set up
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ No external IR emitter has to be set upanymore
Projectiondesign F10 AS3D
XPanD X102 DLP-Link shutter glasses
Stereo technology 5: Active-Infitec
� Active-INFITEC inFACT: functionality
Shutter glasses
L LRLR144 Hz
Traditional active stereo
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
L LRLR
Active Infitec: Infitec color wheel, synchronized with L/R images
144 Hz
Active-Infitec
Basic technologies� Active INFITEC - inFACT
(INFITEC in time division)
⊕ Any wall can be used⊕ No sync necessary
INFITEC glasses
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ No sync necessary⊕ Passive glasses (no power supply)⊕ Color fidelity remains largely
preserved⊕ Less hot spotting compared to
polarizing filtersΘ Loss of brightnessΘ Costs
BARCO Galaxy 12
Brightness active-Infitec
Consideration luminous flux in active INFITEC solutions
Achieved lumens:� Increase the time of darkness
of the DLP projector so that the color wheel can
85% L/R: 42,5%11%
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
that the color wheel can switch between INFITEC A/ B� 85% brightness
� Distribute to both eyes: 42,5%� INFITEC filter: 11%� Color correction DynaColor:
7% of brightness remain
31,5%11%
Stereo technology 6: Active-polarization filter
� Polarization filter in time division: temporally alternating circularly polarized light, clockwise and counterclockwise
⊕ Only 1 projector⊕ No sync necessary⊕ Passive glasses (no power supply)
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ Passive glasses (no power supply)Θ Specific projection medium (silver screen)Θ Specific equipment: polarization modulator
Polarizing filter glasses
RealD: Polarization Modulator polarizes alternately in a high frequency
L L LR R
Construction types of projection systems
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Projection systems – Construction types
Powerwalls� THE industrial standard system⊕ Almost arbitrary scalable⊕ Resolution almost arbitrary⊕ Multi-user capableΘ Possibly installation & maintenance
Imsys scale XL with
41 million pixels on
5.5 x 2.2m
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Θ Possibly installation & maintenance
CAVEs� To take an inside perspective⊕ High immersionΘ Single-user systemΘ Installation, maintenanceΘ Space requirement, costs
Multi wall projection system
CAVE
Projection systems – Constructiontypes
1-channel workbench� For product investigations⊕ Compact, mechan. trackingΘ Product expired BARCO Baron
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
2-channel workbench� For product investigations⊕ Very large field of view coveredΘ Partially big dimensionsΘ Product expired
BARCO Consul
Projection systems – Construction types
Flat angled systems� Compromise between CAVE
and Powerwall⊕ Relatively good immersion⊕ Relatively easy to set upΘ Slight distortions on the edges for
Design review at Miele
(Source: BARCO)
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Θ Slight distortions on the edges for non-tracked
Curved screens� Cylindrical or toroidal projection surface⊕ Good immerisonΘ Difficult installation
because of distortions, edge blending
Joint Terminal Attack Controller
Training Rehearsal System JTAC
TRS (Source: Meta VR)
Projection systems – Construction types
Desk systems� Simultaneous 2D and 3D
view� Projection on desk surface
and on wall/ canvas� Partially cubes as interaction
Screenshot
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
� Partially cubes as interaction metaphors
⊕ Multiuser system⊕ Link 2D-3D⊕ Simultaneous layout
and perspectiveΘ Interaction "over head”
partially unsolved
Working situation at planning deskScheme representation planning desk
Projection technology: Contrast
Discussion: Contrast
� Flexible canvasΘ Poor contrast due to "tunnel effect"
as a result of internal reflections
Flexible canvas
Bright projection screen
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
� Bright projection screenΘ Poor contrast due to internal
reflections inside the disc material
� Dark projection screen („tinting“)⊕ Good contrast thanks to absorption in
the disc materialΘ Loss of brightness
Dark projection screen
Projection technology: Contrast
Discussion: Contrast� Local contrast relevant for high dynamic
visualizations� To measure with light spot in dark
surroundings� Result: contrast profile
Contrast profile
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
� Result: contrast profile
� Tinted disc⊕ Significantly improved contrast
characteristicsΘ Needs a lot of light
Bright disc
Dark disc
Projection technology: Hot Spot
Discussion: Hot Spot� Single projector solutions⊕ Relatively inexpensive⊕ Simple, no edge blending, etc.Θ Tend to hot spottingΘ Light performance is limited
Hot spot single
projector solution
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Θ Light performance is limited
Note: polarization-preserving discstend even more to hot-spotting!
� Multi projector solutions⊕ Almost any resolution⊕ Very high light performance possible
� dark projection screens⊕ Light distributionΘ More complex in the establishment
CAD wall
Projection technology: Single vs. Multi-Channel
Discussion single vs. multi projector solutions� Technical image
characteristics and necessary prerequisites
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Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
prerequisites� Space requirement
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3500mm 7500mm
Mini-CAD/VR-Wall
Projection wall with� Up to 6 megapixel resolution� Up to15.000 ANSI lumens� Up to 208 inches diagonal� Up to 55 cm construction depth� Stereo compatible
Schneider Digital Mini CAD/VR Wall
Shutter glasses
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
� Stereo compatible
Wide-angle short distance projector
Multi-viewer stereo systems
� Multi-user head tracking� Motion parallax, progressive
(un)covering: depth criterion� Different views for different user
positions have to be displayed and separated Different perspectives due to different positions
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
separated� Use of many time slots or combination
of polarizing filter -time division
⊕ Head tracking for multiple user
Θ Loss of brightness
Different perspectives due to different positions
(Source: University Weimar, Fh-IAO)
View on projection system: 2 perspectives due to 2 different
positions (Source: University Weimar, Fh-IAO)
Further trends
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
LED-Projectors
� LED as light source� For professional purposes relatively
new on the market
⊕ Long service life⊕ (Almost) maintenance-free
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ (Almost) maintenance-free⊕ 1920×1080 pixels⊕ No cooling, warm-up phase
Θ Brightness in development(but: ANSI lumens LED to DLP difficult to compare) Projectiondesign FL32 LED projector
Pico-Projectors
� Mini projectors based on LED
⊕ Very small⊕ Partially with battery, multimedia
reader⊕ Long service life
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ Long service life⊕ No cooling, warm-up phase
Θ Low resolutionΘ DarkΘ Low-contrast
Aiptek Pocketcinema
Thank you very much for your interest! You are interested in this topic and you are looking for contact persons/ implementationpartners? Please contact us.
© Competence Centre for Virtual Reality and Cooperative Engineering w. V. – Virtual Dimension Center (VDC)
Virtual Dimension Center (VDC) FellbachAuberlenstraße 1370736 Fellbachwww.vdc-fellbach.de