Who Were the Philistines

Who Were the PhilistinesAuthor(s): G. BonfanteSource: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1946), pp. 251-262Published by: Archaeological Institute of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/499052 .

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WHO WERE THE PHILISTINES?

G. BONFANTE

IN 1914 Jacobsohn, in BPhW. 34, p. 983, proposed an interpretation of the name of the Philistines which was accepted by Kretschmer in 1935 (Glotta 24, p. 35 f.). This interpretation seems evident to me, and, having the authority of two such scholars, should

be considered as definitive. But since Jacobsohn's idea has not attracted attention, I have decided to repeat briefly his arguments, adding some further detail.' IIaXaturiovot, the Greek form of the name, is an ethnic name, derived from a place-name Palaeste, plus the Illyrian suffix -ino- which has precisely the function of forming ethnica: I will mention the BoVZivoL, Deretini, KaXOLKIVOL, lltRavT7vot, IHapOzvot, Pasini. The following are more precisely ethnic names derived from place-names: Amantini from Amantia, Rudini from Rudiae, 'ApovrZvot from Arupium, Epetini from 'ETr hov, etc. (for more examples see Krahe, Geogr. Namen 45; 70; 103).2 This place-name, Palaeste, is no invention: it actually existed in an Illyrian region, Epirus, as is attested by Caesar (B.G. 3, 6) and by Lucan (Phars. 5, 460). It has the typical Illyrian termination of place-names, -ste, -este, or -iste (cf. Tergeste, [Terg-], Ateste, Praeneste, Humiste, Bigeste, etc.; see Krahe, pp. 68 ff.). Its inhabitants must regularly have been called Palaestini, exactly as the Tergestini of Tergeste, the Praenestini of Praeneste, the Atestini of Ateste. Compare also the 'Pvpauro-vot (from Rubi), Apamestini, Grumbestini, Caelestini (from Caeliae),

TEEU•rovoL, Onastini ('Ovaurov), Iadestini (lader), Aaacrrio-voL (Aayianrrtov).

But the stem Pal-, Pala- of Palaeste (*Pala-iste) is also found in Illyrian place-names: I may quote IIaXa-ptot, IH&Xa-jtvos,

Pala-mna, IIaXds, IIhXat-pos, all in purely Illyrian lands (one, Palamna, in a land peopled by Illyrians, Thessaly) ;see Krahe, p. 94. Hence, the name of the IIaXaturoivot may be divided into three elements: each of the three has its equivalent in form and function in Illyria, and the conglomerate is equally found in Illyrian: IIaXaLr7ivoL covers perfectly a formation such as Tergestini, or Atestini.

1 The same idea was expressed in 1936 by Budimir in Rev. internat. des Ntudes balkaniques 3, p. 200, with- out any mention of Jacobsohn. Cf. also Baumgartner, Theologische Literaturzeitung 1992, p. 390. The other explanations of the name Philistines (none of which can be taken seriously), may be found in R. A. S. Macalister, The Philistines, London, 1914, p. 2 f. The conclpsion of Macalister is important: "This being so, it follows almost conclusively that the name 'Philis- tines' must have been derived from Philistine sources, and, in short, must have been the native designation." Abel, Geographie de la Palestine I, p. 267, proposes an "Asianic" etymology, which I cannot accept. Macal- ister (p. 3) remarks that the Hebrews always use the plural of the ethnic name Philistine (as is the Indo- European rule), whereas they employ the singular for the Semitic populations (Amorite, Canaanite, Jebu- site, etc.).

2 "Unerhdrt aber und ganz singulair ist es, dass im Osten das Suffix -Zvos bei Lander oder V6lkernamen

verwandt wird, das Suffix, das fUir Italien, Sizilien und Illyrien so characteristisch ist," remarks very fittingly Jacobsohn, op. cit. Abel's assertion (Gkogr. de la Pales- tine, p. 313): "HaXaat-rivos, -Irl n'est autre chose que le mot 'Philistin' hellenise: hebr. Pelimti, egypt. Purasati; assyr. Palastu," is false: there is no doubt whatever that -ino- in ethnic names is an Illyrian, and not a Greek suffix: see Krahe Geogr. Namen, pp. 45; 70; 103; Personenn., p. 145; Schulze, Eigenn., p. 36; Peder- sen, Gnomon 3, p. 295; Jacobsohn, KZ. 57, 1929-30, pp. 111 ff.; Schwyzer, Griech. Gramm., p. 491. The "Greek" ethnic names ending in -ivos in Sicily and Southern Italy ('AKpawyacvr'os, Tapavrivos, 'Pwy~vos, M

e•rarowPivos, etc.) are Illyrian, as the names of the

towns themselves: see Krahe Geogr. Namen, p. 45; Dittenberger, Hermes 42, p. 230 and Schachermeyr, E.F., p. 76, n. 2; Kretschmer, Glotta 14, 1925, pp. 87 ff.; 314; Baumgartner, Theol. Literaturzeit. 1922, p. 390.

251



252 G. BONFANTE

It must also be observed that Herodotus, who is the oldest source for the Greek form of the name, always employs IaXaLatrivos (with this accent!) as an adjective; he writes 7

IIaXauir'vf lvpLf, or 7tvpLl IIaXaLtaoivf (1, 105; 2, 106; 3, 91; 4, 39; when he writes 2bpLOL

oi eLp ,

rt IIaXa•riLyr)

L 2, 104; 7, 89, we must understand llaXaL•r7ivyf L vpflL ), as do all older

authors (see Pape-Benseler s.v.). Ovid and the Latin authors likewise have Palaestinus, -a, -um. This evidently corresponds to the function of -ino- in Illyrian, which surely originally formed adjectives, and not nouns (cf. also Lat. Palaestinas arenas, Lucan 5, 460; Tergestinus, -a, -um, Pliny 3, 18, 29, ? 127; Atestinus, -a, -um, Mart. 10, 93; Praenestinus, -a, -um often)."

IIaXaLtorvos was also the old name of the upper part of the Strymon: Plutarch, Flum., 11, 1, says that it was so called from a IIaXato-r-vos, son of Poseidon and brother of 'AXLtdK/COV. The Strymon in its upper course passed through Illyrian lands, and in its lower course through Macedonia, which is, linguistically, at least, an Illyrian region. Cf. Jacobsohn, Arier und Ugrofinnen, p. 236, n. 3.

It seldom happens, in the difficult field of toponymy and ethnic names, that one finds an etymology linguistically so impeccable as that which Jacobsohn has given us for the name of the Philistines. But this is not all. The customs of the Philistines (they are not circumcised), their physical aspect, the incineration of the dead, their chariots, their arms, their migrations on chariots with wives and children, their boastful challenges to single combat, remind us of Indo-European folk,4 and particularly of the Homeric heroes5 (cf. Stiihelin, Die Philister, pp. 27; 38 f.; Macalister, The Philistines, p. 43; Eissfeldt, RE. s.v. Philister; Ventris, AJA. 44, 1940, pp. 496 ff.) who, on the side of the Trojans, at least, were chiefly of Illyrian stock. The close cultural relations (particularly in architecture, ceramics and arms) between Crete and Palestine' reinforce these arguments, since the Philistines

a The name Praeneste is Illyrian; see Krahe, Geogr. Namen, pp. 70 f.; Die Welt als Geschichte 3, 1937, p. 131.

4 StKhelin, Die Philister, p. 32 f., writes: "Religiisser Fanatismus aber ist den Philistern zu keiner Zeit nachgesagt worden, auch nicht von ihren schlimmsten Feinden, den Israeliten. So haben sie unbefangen die Kulte der alteren Bewohner des Landes adoptiert." He cites Dagon, Astarte, Baalzebub, Derketo. This is precisely, as is well known, a typical Indo-European characteristic, to such an extent that it is very difficult for us to reconstruct the Indo-European religion. On Philistine moral qualities see also StAhelin, op. cit., pp. 36 ff.; Macalister,, op cit., p. 51; Abel, G6ographie de la Palestine i, 1923, p. 267. See also Beer, Die Bedeutung des Ariertums fiir die isr.-jiid. Kultur, Heidelberg, 1922, known to me only through Baum- gartner, op. cit., pp. 390 ff. I was unable to see Noordtzij, De Filistijnen, 1905, who (I know through Bilabel, Geschichte Vorderasiens, p. 949, n. 4) was the first to propose the Indo-European origin of the Philistines.

r I find very interesting, in this connection, the remark of Stiihelin, Die Philister, p. 27: "Staunen erregte auch ihre [der Philister] treffliche Bewaffnung: Goliath trigt einen Helm von Erz, einen schweren ehernen Schuppenpanzer, ein groszes Schwert und

einen Wurfspiesz aus Erz mit eiserner Spitze 'gleich einem Weberbaum.' Aus den Bildern von Medinet- Habu diirfen wir erganzend noch den runden Schild hinzuftigen [... ]. Es ist genau die Bewaffung, die uns von den Hopliten des griechischen Helden zeit- altersher vertraut ist. Und an die homerischen Helden erinnert bei den philistiiischen Recken auch das Herausfordern zum Zweikampf und ihr prablerisches Auftreten vor und in der Schlacht." Cf. also H. R. Hall in CAH. 2, pp. 292 ff.; Macalister, The Philistines, p. 125; Abel, op. cit. i, p. 266.

6 About the cultural relations of the Philistines with Crete and the Aegean world, see Ed. Meyer, GdA.2, 2, 1, p. 560; W. Max Miiller, MVAG. 5, 1, 1900, pp. 1 ff.; Schachermeyr, EF., pp. 44 ff.; AM. 41, 1916, p. 421; Wirter und Sachen 20, 1939, p. 127 (with more references); Sttihelin, Die Philister, pp. 30 ff.; W. F. Albright, JPOS. 1, 1921, pp. 57 if., 193; 4, 1994, pp. 184 ff., 142 ff.; Eissfeldt, Der alte Orient 34, 1936, pp. 9 f., 34; D. Fimmen, Die kretisch-mykenische Kultur, 1991, pp. 194 ff.; E. Sellin, Gesch. des Israel.-jiid. Volkes i, pp. 116 ff.; Galling, RV. s.v. Philister, p. 133, 1; H. R. Hall in CAH. 2, p. 294 ("this [Philistine] pot- tery, indeed, would by itself be sufficient to prove the Aegean origin of the Philistines"); Lichtenberger, MVAG. 1911; Macalister, op. cit., pp. 13 if.; Thomsen RV. i, pp. 44 ff. (with bibl.); C. L. Woolley, Syria 2,



WHO WERE THE PHILISTINES? 253

(called Palastu or Pilista in Assyrian and Paleste7 in Egyptian inscriptions) came from the island of Crete (called Kaphthor in the Bible, Kaptara in Assyrian and Kftyw in Egyptians). I attempted to demonstrate in an earlier paper, presented at the meeting of December 1939, of the Linguistic Society of America, that a period of Minoan civilization corresponds to an epoch in which the leading element in the population of the island was Illyrian (or rather Proto-Illyrian), i.e. made up of invaders from the North, called Pelasgians.9

In particular, the great Philistine palace of Gaza, described in Judges 16 (Samson), has been compared to the type of construction called megaron, a building which is common in Aegean regions and is surely of northern origin.'0 (See Macalister, op. cit., pp. 23 if.; Eiss-

1921, pp. 189 ff.; Abel, op. cit. i, 1933, p. 266; Evans, Scripta Minoa, pp. 77 ff. (with older bibl.); Black and Cheyne, Encyclopedia Biblica, s.v. Philistines; J. Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, s.v. Philistines; G. L. Della Vida, Enciclopedia Italiana, s.v. Filistei; Brandenstein, RE. Supplbd. vi, p. 202; Bilabel, Geschichte Vorderasiens, pp. 241 ff., with bibliog.

The Kretim of the Bible (1 Sam. 30, 14), closely connected with the Philistines, have been identified with the Kp?ries of Kp'tlrl; cf. e.g. W. M. Miller, Asien und Europa, pp. 363, 387; Bork, AFO. 13, 1940, p. 226. Tacitus, who writes (Hist. 5, 2): Iudaeos Cretd insuld profugos novissima Libyae insedisse memorant, qud tempestate Saturnus vi Iovis pulsus cesserit regnis, evidently mixes up the Jews with the Philistines (see Macalister, op. cit., p. 15; Bossert, AK. p. 283, n. 23; Wainwright, JEA. 17, 1931, pp. 26 ff.; JHS. 51, 1931, pp. 1 ff.; LAAA. 6, 1913, pp. 24 if.; A. H. Sayce, JHS. 51, 1931, pp. 1 ff.).

7 The Egyptian name Paleste (Peleste, Palaste? the vocalization in Egyptian is always uncertain) does not represent, of course, the proper name of the people (HaXaLtarivot), but the name of the land (Palaeste), as is the rule in Egyptian: so Kftyw (or Keftiu) means both the land and the people of Crete. I do not pre- tend, naturally, that the Philistines came directly or indirectly from Palaeste in Epirus, or that they nec- essarily came from Epirus at all: the name Palaeste, being Illyrian, can have existed in other Illyrian lands. I may mention the numerous occurrences of Novio- dunum in different Celtic regions of Europe. The name IIaXautrZos of the Strymon shows that such a name probably once was used in Macedonia, or in a neighboring region.

8 See Eissfeldt, RE., s.v. Philister, col. 2389 f. and "Philister und Phdinizier," Der Alte Orient 34, 1936, p. 9 f.; Macalister, The Philistines, pp. 5 if.; Abel, Gdographie de la Palestine i, 1933, pp. 261 if.; Schacher- meyr, AM. 41, 1916, p. 421. I will not insist on the Indo-European etymology hesitatingly proposed for the word Kapht&r by H. R. Hall in CAH. 2, 290: "Caphtor, meaning a crown or chaplet and so a pillar- capital, recalls caput, capital."

9 I later published part of my material in an article

"The Name of the Phoenicians," CP. 36, 1941, pp. 1-20. To the authors (mentioned on p. 1) who admit an IllyrianA, Pre-Greek population in Greece, I would add L. Bieler (Wiener Studien 49, 1932, pp. 122 f.), H. Krahe (ibid. 51, 1934, pp. 141 ff.) and Ventris (AJA. 44, 1940, pp. 496 ff.). Cf. also Brandenstein, RE., Supplbd. vi, 2, who connects "Apabos in Crete with 'Apa66s in Phoenicia, and points at Mtvcha in Syria, stating that these names are anterior to the Philistine invasion. The conclusions of my article on "The Name of the Phoenicians" (the name is Aegean and anterior to any relation with the Semitic folks) are now brilliantly confirmed by Sterling Dow, AJA. 46, 1942, pp. 69 if. Cf. also Sapir, JAOS. 56, 1936, p. 279: "For us it is enough to state that they are known from a variety of sources to belong to the Anatolian- Aegean area, that they gradually worked their way south through Syria into Palestine circa 1100 B.c., and that they spoke a language that was completely at variance with any of those spoken in Palestine before their arrival. Too little is known of Philistine to enable us to place it linguistically with any confidence, but what little we know points clearly to an Anatolian- Aegean environment. It is entirely possible, and even probable, that the Anatolian-Aegean linguistic group of which Philistine is an offshoot is an Indo-European group (of 'pre-Greek' type?)."

Lichtenberger, MVAG. 16, 1911, 2, p. 28, quotes with approval HUilsing (oral communication), who identified the Philistines with the Pelasgians. More recently, Albright expressed exactly the same opinion in JPOS. 1, 1921-22, p. 193 (cf. p. 57, n. 2): "I have shown philological reason for identifying the Philistines with the Pelasgians; the historical and archeological argument has convinced many, despite the philological difficulty" of identifying phonetically the two names (p. 57, n. 2), which is of course impossible. On the same page, he also connects the language of the "Chaphtorim" or "Cheretites" with that of the Pelas- gians and the Messapians, who were surely Illyrian.

10 1 should like to insist on the assertion of Doro Levi, a distinguished authority in this particular field. He writes in Enciclopedia Italiana, s.v. Megaron: "gli scavi vanno sempre pifi mettendo in evidenza la



254 G. BONFANTE

feldt, op. cit., p. 34; Seger, RV. 7, 251, ? 4; Kiekebusch, ibid. 2, 197; Behn, ibid. 14, p. 216; M. P. Nilsson, Homer and Mycenae, p. 75; Poisson, Les Aryens, p. 164.) It reappears in the so-called "Lusatian culture" in central Germany, which most archaeologists now attribute to the Illyrians (see e.g. Poisson, Les Aryens, p. 21 f.; Seger, RV. 7, p. 255, ? 15, with bibl.). The Mycenaean culture, including Troy, was also Illyrian in the same period, and perhaps even a century earlier than the Minoan.

Little is known of Philistine personal names, but the little we know seems to confirm Jacobsohn's Illyrian hypothesis." 'AyXla-ns was the Philistine name of the warrior Goliath. This name is the same as that of the famous Trojan prince"2-and the Trojan kings and princes, as Kretschmer and Krahe have demonstrated (see chiefly Die Welt als Geschichte, 3, 1937, p. 287), had almost in every case Illyrian names. This name 'AYxtia7sl3 is most probably identical with Akis, name of a Philistine king (see Eissefeldt, RE. s.v. Philister, col. 2393 f.). The same name is also found in a list of names in Egypt.14

"Ayx•aos was a town near

Dodona, where Anchises was said to be buried (Procopius Goth. 4. 22); 'AyXLtaLa, a hill in Ar- cadia (Pausanias 8, 12; 8, 131); "Oxraouos (now Santi Quaranta), in Chaonia, was called Xktu)v 'Ayx'oaov (cf. RE. s.v.). The last name recalls to us

'O•yXcrbr6s, a river in Thessaly and

a town in Boeotia, which is surely Illyrian (-st-); (see also RE. s.v., col. 413 and Fick, Vorgriech. Ortsnamen, p. 83, who compares also the mountain 'AeyXeo6bs in Attica). The change 5> ' is well known in Illyrian (cf. e.g. Jokl in RLV. s.v. Illyrier, p. 43).

In the Assyrian royal annals the name Mitinti appears as the name of a Philistine king

derivazione del megaron da un tipo di casa importato in varie parti della Grecia preistorica dal nord, da regioni di clima freddo [!], e del tutto contrapposto alla casa cretese, di tipo mediterraneo, creata per un clima caldo, con i numerosi ambienti disposti attorno al cortile centrale. A Creta il megaron e introdotto solo nell' ultima fase del tardominoico, a Hagia Triada, Gournia e Cnosso." In a private conversation, Prof. Levi kindly informed me that new -and not yet published -studies on this subject completely confirm, and add new proofs to, the northern origin of the building called by the archaeologists "megaron." Cf. also Lichtenberger, MVAG. 16, 1911, p. 27 and now E. Baldwin Smith in AJA. 46, 1942, pp. 99 ff.

11 See now also J. Hempel, Zeitschriftfiir Alttesta- mentliche Wissenschaft N.F., 6, 1929, p. 65; Alt, ibid. pp. 250 f.; Cook, PEF. 1928, p. 211 (but also Lohr, OLZ. 32, 1929, Sp. 349 f.!). In the two names rlyk and drymb, if the reading is correct and if they are really Philistine names (they are surely not Hebrew), we may see (because of the -k- and -m- respectively in the last syllable) two Illyrian names, the first of the type Ferualocus, Clangocus, Mariocus (see below, note 28), the second of the type TEr/ragos (about which I will deal soon; cf. for the moment Brandenstein ZNF. 11, 1935, p. 75 and cf. note 28). The first one, preceded by the Semitic preposition 1-, is perhaps an Indo- Eur. dative ending in a vowel - -6 or -i - (not expressed in writing); the second, ending in -s, is an Indo-Eur. nominative.

12 This connection has already been presented as a

fact by H. R. Hall in CAH.2, 1994, p. 287: " In the Septuagint, Achish (sic) is 'Ayxobs, and the name is no doubt the same as that of the famous Trojan Anchises." Of course he says nothing precise as to the ethnographical attribution or the linguistic connection of the name. Cf. now also F. Bork, AfO. 13, 1940, p. 226, who connects 'Ayxoi's with 'Axawto "unter der Voraussetzung dass eines der PhilisterviSlker oder alle der pralhellenischen Schichte angehlirt hatten." See also M. Muller, MVAG. 1, 1900, p. 9.

13 The ending -is(s)a-, -is(s)o- of 'A'yxLos, "AyXt•os is found in personal and place-names in Illyrian lands: cf. the river Nat-is-o in Venetia (Jokl, RV. 6, p. 45); aquae Balissae in Pannonia (Jokl, ibid. 5, p. 37); Titurisa, personal name in Dalmatia; it is frequent in Thrace, where it is probably due to an Illyrian substratum: see on this subject Jokl, RV. 13, pp. 9.80, 284 ff.; Von Scala, Histor. Zeitschr. 108, 1912, p. 9; W. Brandenstein, ZNF. 11, 1935, p. 72.

14 "Auf nahe Beziehungen zu den Kafti [Cretans] weist hin dass in einer Liste von Kaftunamen, die ein ~gyptischer Schreiber auf einer Holztafel verzeich- net hat, ein Name Akasen vorkommt, der dem des

Philisterktinigs Akis (LXX 'Ayxobs) von Gat (Sam. 1, 21, 11) zur Zeit Davids und dem des Ikausu von Aqqaron zur Zeit Assarhaddons und Assurbanipals entspricht (Spiegelberg, Z. f. Ass. 8, p. 384; cf. W. M.

MUiller, ibid. 9, pp. 391 ff.)." Ed. Meyer, GdA.2 2, 1, p. 560. See also Fimmen, Die kretisch-mykenische Kul- tur, p. 194; Bossert, Mitteil. der altorient. Gesell. 4, 1929, p. 284 f.




in Askalon and Asdod in the seventh and eighth centuries B.c. (cf. the passages in D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria 1, 779, 801; 2, 239, 940, 876; there also Ikausu, Padi). Now, Bossert (OLZ. 1931, p. 307), in his study of a disease conjuration in Cretan (Kftyw) language and Egyptian writing,"4" dealing with the word minti, connects this and the Philistine Mitinti with the Pre-Hellenic -vOo- suffix, which is in my opinion an Illyrian element, as I hope to demonstrate soon."5

Padi is a personal name which is found several times in Assyrian texts. It is, among others, the name of the king of Ekron (Amgarruna), whom Sennacherib (705-681) freed from captivity in Jerusalem in the year 701 and re-established on his throne. His successor was Akhis-'Ayx1tr-s (see above). It is very likely that this Padi is a Philistine name."6 This name is identified by Bossert (Mitteil. der altor. Gesell. 4, 1999, pp. 274 if.) with the pati which he reads on a Cretan name-list and on a Cypriote cylinder, both in linear Minoan writing, applying to these texts the values of the Cypriote syllabic writing. This Padi has been connected with the Indo-Aryan pdti-s "master," and it has been thought that it was one of the Indo-Aryan elements which have been recently discovered in the languages of Asia Minor. But this hypothesis cannot be maintained, it seems to me, if we accept Bossert's connection with the Cretan pati, for the presence of Indo-Aryan elements in Crete seems really somewhat fantastic. On the contrary, I can see no difficulty whatever, if we admit the Illyrian hypothesis: Illyrian changes 0 to a, as we have seen, and pati is then the correct correspondence of Goth. fafs, Gr. r6-t-s, Lith. patis, Indo-Aryan pdti-s, Lat. potis (est). I will remark in passing that the passage 6 > is not Greek (nor Latin), and that padi or pati cannot, therefore, be Greek, if the relation with Indo-European *p6ti-s must be maintained. Cf. also Sapir, JAOS. 56, 1936, p. 279, n. 23.16a

14a On this text see also Hall, Aegean Archaeology, 1915, p. 230; Brandenstein, Festschrift Hirt i, pp. 33 ff.; J. Friedrich, Kleinasiatische Sprachdenkmiiler, 1932, pp. 145 ff.; A. H. Sayce, "The Home of the Keftiu," JHS. 51, 1931, pp. 286 ff.; G. A. Wain- wright, "Keftiu," JEA. 17, 1931, p. 29: E. Spann- Rheinisch, Anthropos, 25, 1930, pp. 1003 if. (rather fantastic); Bossert, "Santa' und Kupapa," MAOG. 6, 3, pp. 5 if.; 86; Kretschmer, Glotta 22, 1933-34, pp. 198 if.; A. W. Persson, Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, 1930, Progr. 3, pp. 94 if. (who connects the language with Albanian, "Altillyrisch" and Messapian; see also pp. 27 if. on Kpbvos); G. A. Wainwright, op. cit. pp. 27 ff. (if his reading Sandokos pp. 28 if. is right, we have here a name with the well-known Illyrian suffix -oko-; see note 28). -The word piva 'to drink" (A. Persson, E. Spann-Rheinisch) certainly looks Indo- European.

15 See for the moment Kretschmer, Einleitung, pp. 293; 402 ff.; Glotta 14, pp. 106 if.; 28, p. 115; Krahe, Die alten Balkanillyr. geogr. Namen, pp. 51 ff.; Bran- denstein, ZNF. 11, 1935, pp. 69 f.; Blumental, ibid. 13, 1938, pp. 254 ff. The stems of the -VOos- names are in several cases clearly Indo-European, and indicate a language of the centum-type.

16 Cf. Bossert, p. 277: "Padt ist also ein bei den Philistern gebraiuchlicher Name. Dass er der Phi-

listaischen Sprache angehdrt, ist wahrscheinlich, weil sich die Ktnigsfamilie seiner bedient, weil sein Ver- breitungsgebiet mit dem der verschiedenen Philister- vtlker zusammenfallt und weil der Nachfolger Padis auf den Throne von Ekron, Ikausu (about 681-669), einen geradezu typischen Philisternamen fuihrt. Bran- denstein (Hirt-Festschrift, ii, p. 41) says that padi is a "Philistertitel." Bossert, who seems to be Branden- stein's source, says nothing of the kind, although, of course, it is not at all impossible. In this case, we could perhaps recall the fact that the name of the Illyrian queen, Teuta or Teutana, seems simply to be the Illyrian name for "queen" (Krahe, Glotta 17, p. 93 f.; IF. 47, p. 327). I owe the information about Bos- sert's work to the kindness of Prof. Albrecht Goetze, of Yale University, whom I wish to thank here most cordially for his help. Cf. also Budimir, Rev. internat. des Etudes Balkan. 3, 1936, p. 200.

16a "There is no reason to derive Philistine padi from an Indic source. The word is, of course, common IE property (cf. Greek rbo6os <*p6tsis <p6tis; hith. -pati-s, -pats;) and is more likely than not to be a native word. It shares with *argaz two phonetic changes posited in the text for Philistine: IE. o > Phi- listine a; and voicing (or becoming unvoiced lenis) of IE medial p, t, k, to Philistine b, d, g."



956 G. BONFANTE

Ed. Meyer (GdA.2, I, 2, p. 800) in this connection also compares the name of the Titan 'Iarer6s ("ganz isoliert") with laphet,

'Iarerr6s in the Septuagint (Genesis 9, 27; 10, 2);17

he observes further that it occurs in a Cilician list of goods in Stephanus of Byzantium s.v.

"ASava. The Biblical laphet is, according to some scholars, the representative of the Philistines. I have pointed out in a paper presented at the Linguistic Congress of Brussels the great importance of the Illyrian element in Greek mythology.

In his work, Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstdmme, Halle, 1906, p. 220 f., Ed. Meyer writes: "Neben Sem. Israel und Kanaan muss auch Japhet ein reales Volk sein [...] Andererseits kann Iaphet von dem griechischen Titanen Iapetos, demVater des Prometheus, unmiiglich getrennt werden, da dieser Name sicher nicht griechisch und eben nichts weiter als ein Name ist, den die Ueberlieferung bewahrt und fUir die GOittergenealogie verwendet hat -irgend eine Sage von Japetos gibt es nicht. Ein Name, der sich bei Griechen und Hebraiern findet, fiihrt eben wieder auf die zwischenliegenden maritimen Gebiete, die Inseln und Stidwestktisten Kleinasiens. - Ist diese Deutung richtig, so ist Japhet zwar nicht direkt Philister, wie Wellhausen vermutet hat, dem ich friiher gefolgt bin; wohl aber sind die Phi- lister mit Japhet begriffen, und der Segen denkt in erster Linie an sie. Er nimmt dann die durch David geschaffene Abgrenzung zwischen Israeliten und Philistern als gegeben hin," etc. In his Geschichte des Altertums3 2, p. 798, ? 522, the same author expresses himself again on the subject: "Der Name Kafti ist wahrscheinlich identisch einerseits mit Kapt6r, ander- seits [sic!] mit dem verschollenen Volksnamen Japhet, von dem die Hebraeische Sage als von einem weit ausgebreiteten Volk, das auch nach Palaestina gekommen ist, eine dunkle Kunde bewahrt hat. Bei den Griechen hat sich lediglich der Name Iapetos erhalten, als der eines uralten Daimonen (Titanen) und Gegners des Zeus, von dem man weiter keine Kunde besass."

Gundel (RE. s.v. Iapetos) writes on this subject: "Was der Name [Iapetos], der der vor- hellenischen Spracheepoche und Religion angehtirt, ursprunglich bedeutet hat, liaszt sich nicht mit der Gewissheit angeben [...]. Dagegen sucht E. Meyer, Gd.A.2, I3, 2, p. 702, aus dem Worte den Bestand Kaft, den alten ?igyptischen Namen der Insel Kreta, festzustellen; danach wiirde urspriinglich der Name eines Inselvolkes dahinter stecken, das friihzeitig mit den semitischen V*ilkern in Beziehungen stand.... Wahrscheinlich steckt in dem biblischen laphet dieser Name, den die Israeliten als einen Stammvater der Nord- und

Westviilker aus deren Sagen entnommen haben werden. ... Sicher ist nur, dass [Iapetos] in der friiheren griechischen Religion eine besondere Bedeutung gehabt haben muss. Er gehairt zu den alten Titanengottheiten, die vor der olympischen G-tterdynastie als Schiipfer der Menschen und G*itter galten (Hom. Hymn. auf Apoll. 335)."

It is clear and has been hinted at by other scholars, that the Titans, to which 'Ia'rer6bss

17The identity of the Greek 'Iarer'6s and the Hebrew laphet is also admitted by several other scholars, e.g. Welcker, Buttmann, Schoemann, H. Lewy and Weizsacker, although all of them (with the ex- ception of the last) consider the Greek name to be Semitic (see RE. s.v., col. 722 and Roscher Myth. Lex. s.v., 56). But Welcker (Griech. Gdtterlehre, p. 744), remarks correctly: "Andere Gttter bedingen auch ein anderes Menschengeschlecht, darum musste auch lapetos als Representant des friiheren Ordnung, eines abgelaufenen Weltalter, untergehen. Bedeutsam genug ist, dass nur er, der Stammvater der Menschen,

neben Kronos, dem der Gatter, namhaft gemacht wird." And Weizsacker (Roscher, Myth. Lex. s.v.) adds: "Bedeutsam ist aber auch, und spricht mit fuir die Richtigkeit von Welckers Auffassung, dass die Griechen schon frtihzeitig durch eine abweichende Genealogie ihr Geschlecht statt auf Titanen vielmehr auf Zeus zuriickzufiihren bestrebt sind, S. Deukalion (Sp. 997, 26 ff.), Hes. frgm. 5, Goettling 24, Rzach, Apollod. i, 7, 3. Cf. also A. Dillman, Genesis, Edin- burgh, 1897 i, p. 318.

is According to Hesiod, Theog. 507, the Greek 'IaerbxEs is the son of Uranos and Gaia, the husband of




belongs, represent the old, Pre-Greek inhabitants of Greece; the struggle and the victory of the new Olympian gods, coming from the North, is the symbol and, so to speak, the mytho- logical projection of the Greek invasion. The character of the old, of the bygone, of be- longing to a past world, stuck so strangely to the name of 'Iarirrbs, that it became proverbial, as we see in expressions like srpeapBhrEpos

'Iar•'roD, b brp ry

'I7Jarer6•. In comedy, decrepit old

men are called 'Iairerot (material in RE. s.v. at the end, and in Pape-Benseler s.v.). Cf. also Roscher Lexikon s.v. Titanen, col. 988, 11. 24 ff.: "Gemeinsam ist den eigentlichen Titanen als Erdstihnen der Charakter des Uralt-Ehrwtirdigen"; W. R. HIalliday in CAH. 2, p. 617: "It has been thought that the story of the dethronement of Kronos (the chief of the Titans) may reflect a religious change consequent upon secular conquest";19 E. Wiist, RE. s.v. Titanes, 1937, 1496: "Die beste Deutung der T[itanen] sieht in ihnen die friihere Go-tter- generation, die die einwandernden Griechen bei der Vorbevailkerung antrafen und die durch die Olympier verdraingt wurde," etc., with full bibliography.

TLvraPES could perhaps be the name itself of this old, half-mythical, indigenous folk of Greece, whom I consider (as I indicated in a preceding paper) of Illyrian or Proto-Illyrian stock. The ending -a;es is found only in the names of Illyrian peoples: 'A Kappaves, 'AnvrTapEs,

EiVpvraEps, 'A~a~pves, 'YXEXhavES, Alvpa-Es, etc. (material e.g. in RIGI. 19, 1935, pp. 56, n. 3; 57).20 The element 'IJa- of 'Iar-er6s, on the other hand, can be found perhaps in the two well known Illyrian ethnic names of the lap-odes and 'Ir-v-yes, the endings of which can by no means be identified with each other and leave consequently free a stem lap-.

The god Kronos, the king-god of the "Titanic" era, and a Titan himself, was considered in old legends as the father of Marnas, the national god of Gaza, who was identified with the Cretan Zeus,

KptraHyeP?"s: see Abel, Gdographie de la Palestine i, p. 263.201

the Ocean nymph Klymene (or of Asia, Asopis, An- chiale or Thornax, according to other sources) and the father of Atlas, Menoitios, Prometheus and Epi- metheus (of these, at least Atlas seems to have an Il- lyrian name). He is the only Titan mentioned by Homer with Kronos in the Iliad (8, 479). All these facts give an idea of the great r6le he once played in Pre-Greek mythology. Iaphet in the Biblical folk-table (Genesis 10, 2-5) is the representative of the Northern and Western folk (a part of them dwell on the islands, Gen. 10, 5). Most of these were Indo-Europeans, in speech at least: cf. Dillmann, Genesis, i, p. 320; Eiss- feldt, RE. s.v. Philister, col. 2392; Dhorme, "Les peuples issus de Japhet d'apre's le chap. X de la Ge- nese," Syria 13, 1932, pp. 28 ff. (according to him, at least the Gomgr = Cimmerians, Maday =Medians, Yawan =Ionians, Mshdc =Mustu =Mboxot, Askenaz =Scythians, Riphath, Raddnim =Rhodians [Greeks]

are Indo-Europeans; for the others the same is likely. Of course, the Philistines are mentioned as descend- ing from Ham in Genesis 10, 14; but this mention is an interpolated gloss, according to Macalister, Philis- tines, p. 5).

19 The words of Tacitus, Hist. 5, 2 (quoted in full above) seem also to connect the change of people in Crete with a change of gods (qud tempestate Saturnus [=Kpb6osj vi lovis pulsus cesserit regnis).

20 The similarity between TLri•ve and 'AKapv'ves,

'A0apaves, 'ArL7ra-es, etc. has been noticed by Kretsch- mer, Glotta 14, 1925, p. 310, who writes: "So ergibt sich die M6iglichkeit, dass die Titanen die Lichtgtstter [note 1] oder auch schlechthin die Gtitter der vor- griechischen Bevtilkerung waren [...]." This Pre- Greek population is the "protoindogermanische Schicht" which he identified with the Pelasgians in the same article, p. 308, and about which he wrote later (Glotta 27, 1939, p. ?): "Ich habe wiederholt (Gl[otta] 14, p. 308; 24, 1935, pp. 35 ff.) Bertihrungen dieser Schicht mit dem Illyrischen festgestellt."

20a A. W. Persson (Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift 1930, Progr. 3, pp. 27 ff.) reads the name Kpbvos in the ku-ro-ro-no of a steatite vase from Palaikastro. There is no doubt that

Kpb•,os, a god closely connected with

the island of Crete (cf. the story of the Kopbfavares with the Illyrian suffix -ant-!) was a god, or even the chief god of the island; cf. especially Pohlenz, RE. s.v. Kronos, 1986 ff.; NJ. 37, 1916, pp. 549 ff. (especially pp. 588 ff.); Eitrem, Festskrift H. Falk, p. 149; Wilamowitz, Kronos und die Titanen, SPAW., 1929, pp. 35 ff. In the words of Tacitus, Hist. 5, 2 (Iudaeos Cretd insuld novissima Libyae insedisse memorant, qud tempestate Saturnus vi lovis pulsus cesserit regnis) -an echo is perhaps preserved of an ancient connection of

Kpb',os (=Saturnus) with the Philistines who, starting

from Crete, conquered Palestine.



258 G. BONFANTE

Kittel, Geschichte des Volkes Israel2, 1912, p. 52, and more recently, Borne, Die alten Ortsnamen Paldstinas, 1930, pp. 112 ff., observe that many of the place-names in Palestine are not Semitic; whether some of them may be Illyrian or not, remains an open question.

Only three words of the Philistine language are known, as far as I know (apart from laphet and from the personal [?] names Padi and Akis): these are srdntm (with the Hebrew plural), *kauba'- and *argaz.

About esrdntm,21 Sapir, JAOS. 56, 1936, p. 279, n. 23, writes thus: "I refer particularly to Hebrew (<Philistine) fsrdnim, construct state sarn-j 'lords' (of Philistines only), whose s- (sdmek) points to earlier ts-: tsarn- 'lord,' cf. Greek (pre-Greek) r-bpavvos, Etruscan (loanword?) turan 'lady.' This group of words is generally taken to be pre-IE but we are begin- ning to see more clearly that, quite aside from Achaean and from Hittite-Luwian, IE dialects were spoken in the Anatolian-Aegean area at a very early time. In another connection I hope to show that turan- is a pre-Greek but IE term for 'lord,' 'despot,' and that Philistine belongs to that as yet ill-defined group of IE 'pre-Greek' dialects in which this word was at home." Unfortunately, I do not think that Sapir ever published his views on this word (at least, not that I know). All this leads us, however, to the Aegean basin. I would remark, in any case, that, if we abstract the Hebrew ending -im, we isolate a suffix -an-, which different Indo-European languages present in nouns having the meaning "king," "queen," "princess," "chief": Gothic piudans, Illyrian Teutana, Greek KOLp-vos (from *koryo-, Goth. harjis, German Heer "army," cf. Old Norse Herjann): see Specht, KZ. 60, 1933, pp. 130 ff.; Neckel, ibidem, pp. 282 ff. As for me, I strongly suspect Greek Kolpavos of being of Illyrian origin, with d for 6; for the Germanic and Illyrian words have surely IE -on-, not -an- (Specht, p. 130), and therefore the Greek a cannot be old. Moreover, this stem *koryo- is found only in Greek personal names, and is no Greek word. In this way the difficulty which Specht (p. 130) finds in the identification of Greek

Ko'pavos and Old Norse Herjann

smoothly disappears. -See also Bork, AfO. 13, 1940, p. 228; Walde-Hofmann, Wb., s.v. dominus, with bibliography.21l

The word *kauba'- is the Philistine word for "helmet," reconstructed by Sapir, JAOS. 57, 1937, pp. 73 ff. ("Hebrew 'helmet,' a loanword," etc.) on the basis of Hebrew kabd', qdb6d' and of other Semitic words, all of which seem to derive from the same Philistine source: both the correspondence of the Hebrew k, q with an Indo-European (Greek or Hittite) k and of Hebrew 5 with an Indo-European au are quite regular, says Sapir.22 The etymology which he proposes (Hitt. k ipahi-s "hat," "cap"23) is by no means contrary to my thesis, since it is now admitted by most scholars that Hittite is an Indo-European language of the centum-group, as is Illyrian, and that, therefore, this Hittite word can have existed in Illyrian as well. But I would rather, or more directly, connect with this Philistine *kauba' (IE *kitpd-) the German Haube "cap," "hood," "helmet,"24 OHG hfiba, which is, of

21 The Egyptian etymology proposed by Eitan (Revue des Ntudes juives 82, 1926, pp. 223 ff.) for sarni (p'ligtim) is far from being convincing.

21a Cuneiform Hittite kwirwanas (Forrer) is "ein Phantasieprodukt" (J. Friedrich, Hethitisch und "Kleinasiatische" Sprachen, p. 40 with bibl.). Likewise, the alleged Hieroglyphic Hittite kwirwanas does not exist. My friend I. Gelb wrote me (5-3-1943): "There is no kwirwanas in Hieroglyphic Hittite. This reading was first proposed by Meriggi (with Kotpavos, etc.) who,

however, gave it up later in favor of his trawanis or trawannis."

22 1 cannot examine here what Sapir says about Hittite t and its correspondences, which would be out of place in this article. I have expressed in other papers my criticism of the so-called "laryngeal" theory, which, in my opinion, is far from being proved.

23 The sense of the Hittite word is, however, doubt- ful; cf. Sturtevant, Hittite Glossary2, 1936, p. 83.

24The most frequent meaning of this word in




course, related with OHG houbit, Haupt, Eng. head, Goth. haubif, IE *kouput6- or *kauput6- (and also with Lat. caput, but not so closely, because of the a instead of au); cf. Feist, Vgl. Wb. der got. Spr.3, p. 248, s.v. haubifi; Kluge, Etym. Wb. der deutschen Sprache'o, pp. 205 ff. s.v. Haube and Haupt; Walde-Hofmann, Lat. etym. Wb., p. 163, s.v. caput; Walde-IPokorny, Vgl. Wb. der idg. Sprachen i, p. 347, s.v. gap-ut; p. 375, s.v. geubh-. This connection of the two Germanic words with the Philistine *kauba'- seems the more interesting to me, as the very close parentship of Illyrian with Germanic has been demonstrated by other scholars (cf. chiefly Sommer, IF. 42, 1924, pp. 90-132; H. Krahe, IF. 47, 1929, pp. 321-398; Hirt-Festschrift ii, pp. 565-578), and can be considered as certain; indeed, Illyrian and Germanic can be considered as two dialects of the same language, and even more.

As for *argaz "box of a cart," "box," "chest," "casket," "receptacle," Sapir studied carefully this word in JAOS. 56, 1936, pp. 272 ff., Hebrew 'argaz, a Philistine word, and arrived at the conclusion (pp. 279 ff.) that it is a Philistine noun and at the same time an Indo-European one: he connects it with Lat. arca, arce6, Arm. argel "obstacle," Hititte ark- "to shut in," "to ward off," Gr. apK&rc, etc.; Philistine argaz would be therefore, he says, a "Pre-Greek Anatolian-Aegean" word, identical with Gr. apKos, "protection," "remedy." Philistine, therefore, according to Sapir, shows in the two words padi= w60rs and argaz= apKos, thesame passage IE 0 >Phil. ' which he therefore posits as a Philistine phenomenon.25

I may recall in this connection that another famous ancient folk, the Teucrians (TEi Kpos), are most probably the same as the Tekray, one of the "sea-peoples" mentioned in the in- scription of Ramses III (see e.g. MUiller, Asien und Europa, pp. 362, 388). They settled north of the Philistines in Dor (Schachermeyr, EF., p. 46 f.). The fact that the Teucrians are so closely connected with the Troad, and that the other "peoples of the sea" seem to come from Illyria (see below), makes it very probable that the Teucrians also have the same origin (see also Kretschmer, Einleit., pp. 189 ff.; Ed. Meyer, GdA.2 2, 1, pp. 569, 574). The epic hero Tev Kpos settled at Salamis in Cyprus; this points to the fact that Teucrians also occupied that land, almost in front of Dor.26 The barbarian, non-Greek character of the

M.H.G. (according to Kluge, Etymol. Wb.1o) is "kriegerische Kopfbedeckung von Metall oder Leder." (Grimm, Wb., s.v.); this meaning is also the basis of many proverbial expressions (see Grimm, 2, p. 563). Wieland uses Haube as a synonym of Helm (18, 60). Cf. also Pickelhaube "spiked helmet," Sturmhaube "steel-cap," Blechhaube "morion." Haube is even used metonymically for "warrior":

dem komen wol zwelf hundert hauben durch der wirde schaw zu hilf von dem von Mantaw (Suchenwirt).

25 It is also possible that the Hebrew word pileges should be Philistine: it penetrated perhaps through the Aegean Proto-Illyrian substratum into Greek

(rakXXads). It can be perhaps connected with OHG folo, German Fohlen, Engl. foal. Protogermanic *palon- (see Kluge s.v.; Boisacq s.v. -raXXaK1s). The form which is the basis of 7raXXaKis was perhaps something like *paln-ak-; the passage *-ln- > *-ll- was Germanic (Streitberg, Urg., p. 140), Albanese (pel' E < *plnd "mare," cf. Meyer, Alb. St. 3, 38), Greek (`XXv~/t

<*bXh-vyt) and probably also Illyrian. Walde-Pok- orny, Wb. 2, p. 7 gives another, likewise Indo-Euro- pean etymology of Greek 7rakaKLs. Cf. also Bork, AfO. 13, 1940, p. 228 (who compares also Lat. paelex, pellex).

26 Another point is worth mentioning concerning Cyprus. Bossert writes (p. 282): "Als im 5. Jahre Ramses XII, also um 1100, der Agypter Wen-Amon durch einen Sturm nach Cypern verschlagen wurde, herrschte kein Kdnig, sondern die FUrstin Heteb

tiber die Insel, bzw. die Hafenstadt. Dieses fUr griechische Verhaltnisse unmagliche Hervortreten der Frau im politischen wird nur dann verstaindlich, wenn wir uns erinnern, was fUr eine bedeutende Rolle die Frau im kretischen Kulturkreise gespielt hat, dem die Philistervblker angeharten." Now, exactly the same is the case with the Illyrians: during their great war against the Romans, the Illyrians were led by a queen, Teuta or Teutana (see RE. s.v. Teuta), and Skylax, el writes that the Liburnians, an Illyrian tribe, 'yvvacLKoKpa-ro7vra (see RE. Supplementband 5,



260 G. BONFANTE

Homeric hero TedKpOS seems to be indicated by his preferred weapon, the bow (Iliad 8, 296 ff.; 12, 363, 372 ff.; 13, 313 f., 15, 442 ff., 460; 23, 862 fif.), which is no proper Greek armor,27 and perhaps also in some way by his quality as a "bastard," v600o (cf. chiefly Iliad 8, 284; 12, 371 and Viirtheim, Teukros, p. 29 f.). The material on the hero Te vKpos and the Teucrians will be found in RE. s.v. Teukros and Teukroi and in the excellent pamphlet of J. J. G. Viirtheim, Teukros und die Teukrer, Rotterdam, 1913.

Finally, I shall mention the interesting attempt of A. Blumenthal (ZNF. 1938, pp. 241 ff.) to interpret two of the Eteocyprian inscriptions in the Cyprian syllabic writing (one of them, the bilingual of Amathus). The language, according to Blumenthal, is Indo- European: the third person of the verbs ends in -ti (nosoti, kailipoti, munoti, ekijanoti); the first person in -mi (pakimi); the acc. fem. sing. of the demonstrat. pronoun is tana, cf. Gr.

7ra, Skr. t1m; ailo, alo, alio "and" is related to Lat. aliud, Gr. &XXos, 4XXA, Engl. else, also; the conjunction "until" is ranu, cf. Gr. 'a and vv, Bdvv; ktou is "eight," cf. Gr. 6KTCW', Skr.

astazt; vitile means "dowry," from root *wedh- cf. Engl. wed, Greek rFEeva, etc. While all these elements are common Indo-European (ktou "8" points only to a centumilanguage as Illyrian seems to have been), two words find a direct connection in Messapian, an Illyrian dialect. One is okoos(e) meaning "son": Ar(s)tovanax-okos(e)28 translates the Greek genitive 'ApLrTwva KTro in patronymic function on the bilingual of Amathus: it consequently means "the son of Aristonax." Blumenthal cites for comparison Messapian kohiha "daughter," where the h is merely graphical. The other word is ana in ana matori umiesai mukulai, cor- responding to 1A-rpL 'TlIALrr/i 'A/.tVKXaLat in the same bilingual; ana is used in Messapian for dedications, as it is here, whereas it never has this function in Greek (although Blumenthal seems to think so, for he translates Ava '1rplP!).

The last word, mukulai, a place-name, also seems to indicate something Illyrian, for it is transcribed M K L in Phoenician and "A/tvKXa in Greek. There is, consequently, a prothetic a-, the function of which -if it had any function at all - is not very clear: but we know that it is frequent in Illyrian place- and ethnical names (see Krahe, ZNF. 7, 1931, p. 11, and above). We find it also in Anatolian place-names, which I hold to be of Illyrian origin.29

s.v. Illyrioi, col. 339 f.). That the population of Cyp- rus was composed of different peoples is attested by Herodotus 7, 90.

27 See on this subject E. Bulanda, "Bogen und Pfeil bei den Vilkern des Altertums," Vienna and Leipzig, Abh. des arch iol.-epigr. Seminars der Univ. Wien, xv, N.F., II Heft 1913, pp. 68 ff.; Benveniste, M61.

Boisacq (=Ann. de l'Inst. de Philol. et d'Hist. Or. et Si. 5, 1937), pp. 38 ff. In the Lusatian civilization, which is generally attributed to the IBlyrians, the most frequent weapon is the bow; see Leopold, Enciclopedia italiana, s.v. Danubiane, civilitti, p. 353.

28 Kretschmer, Glotta 15, 1927, p. 168 (on KZ. 52, 194-202), for his part connects Cyprian Astratono- koose with the Illyrian gentilicia like Ferualocus, Clangocus, Mariocus (Schulze, Lat. Eigenn., p. 41), formed with the suffix -oko-; see also W. Brandenstein, RE. s.v. Kypros, Sprache, Suppl. 6, col. 215. The "Eteocyprian" panamo could perhaps be compared with Illyrian Tebrragos, IHplapo, "J'Ilpagos, Lubiama,

etc. (on the stem pan-, see K. Ker6nyi, Glotta 9., 1933, pp. 31 ff.); on the presence of the Illyrian suffix -amo- in Crete, see Brandenstein, RE. Supplbd. 6, p. 902. See also note 11 above.

29 Moreover, about 1200, the time when the "peoples of the sea" conquered Alasia and attacked Egypt, the culture of the island changed brusquely and thor- oughly: incineration, a Philistine and Indo-European rite, was substituted for inhumation: see C. L. Wool- ley, LAAA. 9, 1929, 50, who remarks: "after the great migrations of 1197, the whole Near East takes on a different aspect.... Carchemish takes on a new lease of life, and a Mycenaean civilization spreads over the whole of Syria. These Philistines introduced into South Syria a sub-Mycenaean culture, which at once invites comparison with Cyprus." About Carchemish and Phoenicia, see pp. 51 f. See also Schaeffer, Jdl. 52, 1937, p. 156; Casson, Ancient Cyprus, London, 1939; D. Levi, CVA. Italia, fasc. 8 (=Florence fasc. 1); Picard, Journal des Savants, 1935, pp. 947 ff.




It may be worth noticing that of the "peoples of the sea," mentioned in the Egyptian records, and of which the Philistines were by far the strongest and most important (see Schachermeyr, EF., pp. 44 ff.; Gtitze, Kulturgeschichte, p. 18 f.; Macalister, pp. 22 ff.), the Prit (Paleste), _Tkry (Tekray?), Try, S kr.k (Sikelds?), Srdn (Sardana?), Dynyw (Danawa), WV's (Wasasasa), four are probably Illyrians: the Prft= IIaXaurrivot; the Skr? = Sikel6s, 24 K6EXO (see on this point von Scala, Umrisse der dltesten Geschichte Europas, pp. 49 f.; Krahe, Geographische Namen, p. 105); the Tkry = TEviKpOL; the Tr? = Tpo3es <Tpoaes;30 perhaps also originally the 9rdn (2apbtavol, from the town p2~p&es) and the Dynyw = Aavaol, a name drawn from the name of the Danube, according to Kretschmer (Glotta 24, pp. 15 ff., 28), possibly with the Illyrian suffix -awo- (see Krahe, Personenn. p. 150), and which passed later to the Greeks (cf. French, Norman, Lombard, etc.)."31 Cf. also Schachermeyr EF. pp. 46 ff. Other probably Illyrian folk mentioned in Egyptian documents are the Lycians (Rk, Rwkw, Luki= AbKLOL) and the Dardanians (Drdny= Aap3avot),32 perhaps also the Ms (Moesi = Mvaol?), the Krks (KRXLKEC?), and the Lwna (Iliuna, Ilunena, 'IXX-vpLot?),33 a name which has been read by others Ywn ('IiFoves?) or (less likely) Mwn (Ma ovEs?). (Cf. W. M. MUiller, Asien und Europa, 1893, pp. 370 ff.; Macalister, The Philistines, pp. 22 ff.; H. R. Hall, CAH. 2, p. 281; Wainwright, JEA. 25, 1939, pp. 148 ff.; Bilabel, Geschichte Vorderasiens 1927, pp. 231 ff.).

These peoples, most probably closely akin to the Philistines, began to push West and South much before the Philistines themselves: the Luki (AbKLoL), the Sardana (lap&tavo') and the Danawa or Danauna (Aavaol) are mentioned in the letters of Tell el-Amarna, about the year 1370; in the years 1312 to 1246 B.c., under the reign of Ramses II, the Luki and the Sardana appear again, together with new peoples, the Dardanay (Drdny), the Masa (MA), the Iliuna or Yawana, the Pidasa (Pds), KeSkeS and Kezeweden (Kdwdn); inl300 B.c., in the time of Merneptah, we find the Luki and the Sardana, in company with the Akhaiwas ('Axat- Fol?), the Tr? (TpCEs?) and the Sikel5s; between 1246 and 1939 B.c., here at last, in the eighth

30 I prefer this interpretation, never proposed before, of the Egyptian word Tr? to the usual one Tursa = Tvpo-qvo (which is not accepted by all scholars, however).

31 Of these, the Tekray and the Wasasa came from Crete, like the Philistines: see H. R. Hall, CAH. 2, p. 288. The TcE'Kpot, whom most scholars hold to be identical with the Tekray, migrated from Crete to Troy, according to Callinus and "many other" Greek authors (Strabo 13, 604:

"ros ydp 'K ris Kp?IrFs

&At/E'vOLt TEbKpotL, oi) rpcoos 7rap.bCOKE KaXXWiOS KAX.; see on the whole subject J. J. G. Vtirtheim, Teukros und Teukrer, pp. 4 ff.). The hero Teukros settled in Cyprus (Viirtheim, pp. 11 ff.). The archaeological relations between Crete and Cyprus completely justify the ancient legends.

The Wasasa have been connected with "Oafos or

Fa'os in Crete. The Danawa, if they are the AavaFol, came, of course, from the Greek mainland. They are also probably identical with the Danuna of Northern Syria, mentioned in Amarna letters (Bossert, p. 281 f.). They also settled on Cyprus, which is called in

Assyrian texts of the first millennium Ya-dnana, "island (ya-) of the Danaans" (Luckenbill, Zeitschr. f. Assyriol. 28, 1914, pp. 92 ff.). Cf. also Cauer, Grund- ziige der Homerkrit. 2, p. 220 f. A close ethnographical connection between the "peoples of the sea," and particularly between the Paleste, the Tekray and the Danawa cannot be denied (Bossert, p. 279 f.). This points to a common origin. Cyprus was also colonized by the Cretans in the Minoan age; see Macalister, p. 18; Hall, CAH. 2, p. 286.

32 The archaeological connections between Troy (where we find Teucrians and Dardanians) on one side, Illyria and Macedonia on the other, are well known. In any case, some good bibliographical indica- tions may be found in A. Gditze, Kulturgeschichte des Alten Orients (Handbuch of Iwan Muller, 3, 1, 3, Munich 1933), p. 186, n. 1; 188; Fr. Geyer, Makedon- ien, p. 20.

1* The usual connection of this name with "IXtov is not possible, because "IXtov surely had a digamma in Homer (FXLtov) and the Egyptian form has no initial w.



962 G. BONFANTE

year of Pharaoh Ramses III, the biggest invasion of all,34 guided by the Philistines, took place (a useful survey may be found in Macalister, p. 24 and in Bilabel, p. 235). All of these peoples are probably more or less cognate with each other, and the Philistines are mentioned only in the last group. I hope to examine the whole problem of these ethnic names in connection with other questions, in another paper.

The presence, at least, of Illyrian elements in the "Aegean migration" is admitted by Schachermeyr, (EF., pp. 29 n. 1, 50: "so muss man als wahrscheinlich annehmen, dass auch illyrische Schwairme an der aigaiischen Wanderung in bedeutungsvoller Weise teil- genommen haben"). I wish to point out the fact that Schachermeyr is not a linguist, and that he is consequently not in a position to give excessive value to linguistic arguments; his whole book is based much more upon archaeological and historical than linguistic facts. His hypothesis is, of course, different from that which I have defended in my preceding paper (although there is no contradiction at all between the two); but with the one, as well as with the other, the Illyrian nationality of the Philistines is made very likely.35 The Philis- tines are an Indo-European folk, coming from Crete, but not indigenous in Crete, according to the same author (p. 45 f.). They belong to the Thraco-Phrygian group (Troy VII, 2), according to W. Brandenstein (RE. Suppl. 6, s.v. Kleinasiatische Ursprachen, p. 179). He considers as self-evident the equation Egyptian Tekray = Greek Tef-KpoL.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY G. BONFANTE

34 The statement of Winckler, Altorient. Forsch. 1, 1893, p. 458, is still worth reading, I think: "Der Angriff gegen Aegypten, den Merenptah [sic] im 13. Jahrhundert zurtickwies, bedeutet ihren [dieser Viil- ker] letzten grossen vorstoss, die Hochflut der ganzen Bewegung ... Dass die Philister ein Teil jener Volker waren, der einzige (?), dem es gelang, sich im baby- lonisch-igyptischen Machtbereich festzusetzen, ist jetzt wol aligemein angenommen." Instead of Meren- ptah we must, of course, read Ramses III.

*3 Cf. also what Goetze (Kulturgeschichte des alten Orient 3, 1, p. 186, n. 1) says about the "Aegean migration," of which the Philistines were the most important element: "FUir eine Nord-Stid Bewegung in der fraglichen Zeit gibt es mehrere starke Indizien: einmal das Auftreten von Riefenkeramik [sic] in Vardaroftsa (s.v. Childe, Mannus, Erg.-Bd. 6, 1928, pp. 236-9). Dann die Buckelkeramik in Troja VII b (Katalog 3565-3647). Beide Keramiken fihren auf die Lausitzische Kultur ziiruck (vgl. RV. 7, 1926, pp. 251-58). Als deren Triger pflegen die Priihistoriker die Illyrer anzusehen. Auch die Historiker (Ed. Meyer, GdA. 1, 2, p. 567; Fr. Schachermeyr, EF, 1929, p. 28 f.) glauben, gerade dieses Volk in den Ausgangs- punkt der grossen Bewegung stellen zu kainnen." Cf. also Festschrift Hirt i, p. 43.

The Muska, another important people of the Ae- gean migration, have been identified with the Mysians (MvaoL) or Moesians (Moesi), south of the Danube, in

modern Servia and Bulgaria (Goetze, op. cit. p. 187, with n. 8).

In the revision of this paper I am indebted to a num- ber of scholars for most useful advice and biographical suggestions, but especially to my respected friend and Professor, Dr. George L. Della Vida of the University of Pennsylvania, formerly of Rome. My thanks are a poor compensation for all I owe to him.

In the transcription of the Egyptian names I re- ceived invaluable help from Professor W. F. Edgerton and J. A. Wilson, of the University of Chicago.

I had already sent this article to the editor of the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, and it had already been accepted and prepared for printing, when I discovered the article of F. Bork, Philistaische Namen und Vokabeln, AFO. 13, 1940, pp. 226 ff. I found, however, nothing to change in my paper after the reading of Bork's article. With quite insufficient proofs, as it seems to me, he holds the Philistines to have been neither Indo-Europeans nor Semites, but "Caucasians." The work of Beer, Die Bedeutung des Ariertums fiir die israelitisch-jiidische Kultur, Heidel- berg, 1922, was known to me only through the review of Baumgartner, Theologische Literaturzeitung, 199~, pp. 390 ff. Harit Krishna's article, "Vedic India and Minoan Men" (Studia indo-iranica, Ehrengabe fiir W. Geiger, Leipzig, 1931, pp. 177 ff. seemed rather fantastic to me.



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Who Were the Philistines