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Chemical markers for sea salt in IMPROVE aerosol data. Why study sea salt? It plays an important global role in tropospheric chemistry and the radiation balance. EPA is planning to add it to the Regional Haze Rule accounting scheme. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Why study sea salt?
It plays an important global role in tropospheric chemistry and the radiation balance.
EPA is planning to add it to the Regional Haze Rule accounting scheme.
It can be viewed as a “standard reference material” in ambient air, useful for system QA/QC.
Chemical markers for sea salt in IMPROVE aerosol data
15
25
35
45
55
65
-165 -155 -145 -135 -125 -115 -105 -95 -85 -75 -65
SIME
REDW
PORE
VIIS
CACO, MAVI
Areas of filled circles are proportional to numbers of “marine days”
( 1 ug/m3) during 2004. Size of open circles corresponds
to 10 days (out of 122 total sampling days).
saltCla
Cl
.
][
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
Cl Na Br S N C K Ca Sr Si Fe
ma
ss fr
act
ion
sea salt crustal material
0
63
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0x-ray energy, KeV
squa
re r
oot
of c
ount
sPIXE
XRF
Na
Cl
PIXE XRF
RM
Na P
Point Reyes
RM
Cl P
0.01
0.1
1
10
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
0.01
0.1
1
10
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
][][][1
][8.1 43,
SONOFea
CFMRMcrustFe
Module APM2.5
Teflon
Module DPM10
Teflon
Controller
Module CPM2.5
quartz
Module BPM2.5
nylon
denuder
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
all network field blanks
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
chlo
ride
ion,
ug
/filte
rPoint Reyes total sample
25mm 37mm filters
new filter supplier
0.01
0.1
1
10
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
PIXE XRF
RM
Na P
RM
Cl
Point Reyes
0.01
0.1
1
10
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Jan-99
Jan-00
Jan-01
Jan-02
Jan-03
Jan-04
Jan-05
saltCla
Cl
,
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15 20fresh sea salt, ug/m3
RM
, u
g/m
3
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
][][][1
][8.1 43,
SONOFea
CFMRMcrustFe
RM/Cl- PORE REDW SIME CACO MAVI VIIS
mg/seawater 1.08 1.16 1.17 1.10 1.20 1.45
ln sg 0.23 0.23 0.16 0.31 0.22 0.34
"marine" samples 197 91 129 49 43 69
all valid samples 337 345 372 353 217 174
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
[Cl-] (Nylon), nmol/m3
[Cl] p
(T
eflo
n),
nm
ol/m
3 Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
[Cl-] (Nylon), nmol/m3
[Cl] p (
Teflo
n) +
[NO
3- ] p (Ny
lon)
, nm
ol/m
3
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
[Cl-] (Nylon), nmol/m3
[Cl] p (
Teflo
n) +
2[S
O4= ] ns
s (Ny
lon)
, nm
ol/m
3
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
1
10
100
1 10 1002[SO4
=]+[NO3-] (Nylon), nmol/m3
[Cl-]
(N
ylon
) -
[Cl]p
(T
eflo
n),
nm
ol/m
3
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
aNa+
2bNa+
cNa+
2dNH4+
eNH4+
2fH+
aCl-
bSO4=
cNO3-
dSO4=
eNO3-
fSO4=
gHNO3
hHCl
(a+2b+c)Na(2d+e)NH4
(a-2f-g)Cl(c+e+g)NO3
(b+d+f)SO4
(2f+g+h)HCl(g)
aNa+
2bNa+
cNa+
2dNH4+
eNH4+
2fH+
aCl-
bSO4=
cNO3-
dSO4=
eNO3-
fSO4=
aCl(c+e)NO3
(b+d+f)SO4
gHNO3
hHCl
Teflon Nylon
aq aq
RM
denuder
------ --------------
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8
chloride ion, ug/m3
non-
crus
tal K
, ug
/m3
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
seawater
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
seawater
"Rumsey" fire
"July 4"holiday
C = 13.2 ug/m3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8
chloride ion, ug/m3
non-
crus
tal K
, ug
/m3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
seawater
"Rumsey" fire
"July 4"holiday
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
seawater
"Rumsey" fire
"July 4"holiday
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 2 4 6 8
chloride ion, ug/m3
non-
crus
tal K
, ug
/m3
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0 2 4 6 8
chloride ion, ug/m3
non-
crus
tal K
, ug
/m3
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
seawater
"July 4"holiday
1 ug/m3][8.1 C
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0 2 4 6 8
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
seawater
"July 4"holiday
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0 2 4 6 8
chloride ion, ug/m3
non-
crus
tal S
r, u
g/m
3
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0 2 4 6 8
chloride ion, ug/m3
non-
crus
tal S
r, u
g/m
3
Point Reyes
Redwood
Simeonoff
seawater
"July 4"holiday
][][,
, Fea
aXX
crustFe
crustXcn
ratio modules PORE REDW SIME CACO MAVI VIIS
Srn-c/Cl- A / B 1.08 1.23 0.97 1.20 1.18 1.17
Kn-c/Cl- A / B 0.96 1.23 0.96 1.31 1.17 1.20
Can-c/Cl- A / B 0.99 1.18 0.99 1.18 1.24 1.08
Can-c/Srn-c A / A 0.92 1.00 1.03 0.96 1.07 0.93
mg/seawater
SW NWW
Point Reyes
