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IBP Institut | 1 / 28 Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen von IBP IBP Wirksamkeitsforschung Schriftenreihe Schweizer Charta für Psychotherapie, 2015, Band 4, ISSN: 1664-395X Abschlussbericht Praxisstudie Ambulante Psychotherapie Schweiz (PAP-S) der Institute der Schweizer Charta für Psychotherapie sowie Abschlussbericht Praxisstudie Ambulante Psychotherapie Schweiz (PAP-S) der Institute der Schweizer Charta für Psychotherapie für Institut für Integrative Körperpsychotherapie (IBP), Teil 1 (2013) und Teil 2 (2014) Tschuschke V., Crameri A., Koemeda-Lutz M., Schulthess P., von Wyl A. Das IBP Institut hat sich vom März 2007 bis Dezember 2012 mit neun anderen Psychotherapieinstitu- ten an der empirischen Psychotherapiestudie „Praxisstudie ambulante Psychotherapie – Schweiz“ (PAP-S) beteiligt. Die Studie untersuchte mit einem naturalistischen Design die relevanten Prozess- Merkmale ambulanter Psychotherapien in Bezug auf das Therapieergebnis. IBP brachte durch 20 TherapeutInnen mit 84 Behandlungen 24 Prozent aller Fälle in die Studie ein. Dass IBP am meisten Fälle untersuchte und die IBP TherapeutInnen gleichzeitig durchschnittlich eine relative geringe Praxiserfahrung von 4.7 Jahren aufwiesen, mag damit zu tun haben, dass ein Gross- teil der untersuchten Therapien am IBP Ambulatorium durchgeführt wurden. Überwiegend gute bis sehr gute Therapieerfolge Für 78 PatientInnen wurden Störungsbilder diagnostiziert. Davon gehören 67 (85.9%) überwiegend zu den affektiven (F 3) oder neurotischen / Anpassungsstören (F 4) und 11 (14.1%) zu den Persönlich- keitsstörungen. Die PatientInnen tendierten zu Behandlungsbeginn leicht zu einer schwereren psy- chischen Belastung. Aufgrund fehlender Werte waren nur 55 Fälle beurteilbar. Bei 34 davon konnte ein „guter“ bis „sehr guter Therapieerfolg“ gemessen werden, was sehr guten 61,8% entspricht. 14 Behandlungen blieben unverändert (25.5%) und 7 (12.7%) zeigten ein gemischtes Ergebnis (in ein- zelnen Bereichen verbessert in anderen verschlechtert). Die PatientInnen erlebten die therapeutische Beziehung durchschnittlich auf sehr hohem Niveau und die Behandlungszufriedenheit war gross. Zwei Drittel aller Behandlungen dauerten zwischen 2 und 84 Sitzungen, 10% aller Sitzungen waren nach 8 Sitzungen, knapp 50% aller Behandlungen nach 32 Sitzungen abgeschlossen. 10% aller The- rapien dauerten über 94 Sitzungen. IBP mit durchschnittlich sehr hohen Therapieeffekten Die Therapieeffekte vergleichen Messwerte vor und nach der Behandlung. Sie sind mit einer durch- schnittlichen Effektstärke von 1.13 als sehr hoch einzustufen. Die besten Ergebnisse weist das Glo- balrating für das allgemeine psychische Funktionsniveau GAF auf (1.64). Sehr grosse bis grosse Effekte wurden für die depressive Belastung im BDI (1.07) und die soziale und symptomatische Be- lastung im OQ45 (0.99) und im BSI (0.80) gemessen. Für die Diagnosegruppe der affektiven Störungen (depressiver Formenkreis) liegt die durchschnittli- che Effektstärke bei sehr hohen 1.47, für die Angst- und Anpassungsstörungen bei hohen 1.12 und bei den gemischt depressiv-ängstlichen Störungsbildern etwas tiefer bei 0.90. Keine verlässlichen Aussagen liessen sich für die zu kleine Gruppe mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen treffen. Während dort unabhängige Assessoren sehr gute Verbesserungen im globalen Funktionsniveau erkennen wollten, zeigten die psychometrischen Tests nur geringe Symptomminderungen.

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IBP Institut | 1 / 28

Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen von IBP

IBP Wirksamkeitsforschung

Schriftenreihe Schweizer Charta für Psychotherapie, 2015, Band 4, ISSN: 1664-395X

Abschlussbericht Praxisstudie Ambulante Psychotherapie Schweiz (PAP-S) der Institute der

Schweizer Charta für Psychotherapie

sowie

Abschlussbericht Praxisstudie Ambulante Psychotherapie Schweiz (PAP-S) der Institute der

Schweizer Charta für Psychotherapie für Institut für Integrative Körperpsychotherapie

(IBP), Teil 1 (2013) und Teil 2 (2014)

Tschuschke V., Crameri A., Koemeda-Lutz M., Schulthess P., von Wyl A.

Das IBP Institut hat sich vom März 2007 bis Dezember 2012 mit neun anderen Psychotherapieinstitu-

ten an der empirischen Psychotherapiestudie „Praxisstudie ambulante Psychotherapie – Schweiz“

(PAP-S) beteiligt. Die Studie untersuchte mit einem naturalistischen Design die relevanten Prozess-

Merkmale ambulanter Psychotherapien in Bezug auf das Therapieergebnis.

IBP brachte durch 20 TherapeutInnen mit 84 Behandlungen 24 Prozent aller Fälle in die Studie ein.

Dass IBP am meisten Fälle untersuchte und die IBP TherapeutInnen gleichzeitig durchschnittlich eine

relative geringe Praxiserfahrung von 4.7 Jahren aufwiesen, mag damit zu tun haben, dass ein Gross-

teil der untersuchten Therapien am IBP Ambulatorium durchgeführt wurden.

Überwiegend gute bis sehr gute Therapieerfolge

Für 78 PatientInnen wurden Störungsbilder diagnostiziert. Davon gehören 67 (85.9%) überwiegend zu

den affektiven (F 3) oder neurotischen / Anpassungsstören (F 4) und 11 (14.1%) zu den Persönlich-

keitsstörungen. Die PatientInnen tendierten zu Behandlungsbeginn leicht zu einer schwereren psy-

chischen Belastung. Aufgrund fehlender Werte waren nur 55 Fälle beurteilbar. Bei 34 davon konnte

ein „guter“ bis „sehr guter Therapieerfolg“ gemessen werden, was sehr guten 61,8% entspricht. 14

Behandlungen blieben unverändert (25.5%) und 7 (12.7%) zeigten ein gemischtes Ergebnis (in ein-

zelnen Bereichen verbessert in anderen verschlechtert). Die PatientInnen erlebten die therapeutische

Beziehung durchschnittlich auf sehr hohem Niveau und die Behandlungszufriedenheit war gross.

Zwei Drittel aller Behandlungen dauerten zwischen 2 und 84 Sitzungen, 10% aller Sitzungen waren

nach 8 Sitzungen, knapp 50% aller Behandlungen nach 32 Sitzungen abgeschlossen. 10% aller The-

rapien dauerten über 94 Sitzungen.

IBP mit durchschnittlich sehr hohen Therapieeffekten

Die Therapieeffekte vergleichen Messwerte vor und nach der Behandlung. Sie sind mit einer durch-

schnittlichen Effektstärke von 1.13 als sehr hoch einzustufen. Die besten Ergebnisse weist das Glo-

balrating für das allgemeine psychische Funktionsniveau GAF auf (1.64). Sehr grosse bis grosse

Effekte wurden für die depressive Belastung im BDI (1.07) und die soziale und symptomatische Be-

lastung im OQ45 (0.99) und im BSI (0.80) gemessen.

Für die Diagnosegruppe der affektiven Störungen (depressiver Formenkreis) liegt die durchschnittl i-

che Effektstärke bei sehr hohen 1.47, für die Angst- und Anpassungsstörungen bei hohen 1.12 und

bei den gemischt depressiv-ängstlichen Störungsbildern etwas tiefer bei 0.90. Keine verlässlichen

Aussagen liessen sich für die zu kleine Gruppe mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen treffen. Während dort

unabhängige Assessoren sehr gute Verbesserungen im globalen Funktionsniveau erkennen wollten,

zeigten die psychometrischen Tests nur geringe Symptomminderungen.

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IBP Institut | Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen_161031.docx 2 / 28

PatientInnen mit einem gemischt depressiv-ängstlichen Störungsbild zeigten ein deutlich schlechteres

therapeutisches Arbeitsbündnis als diejenigen mit einem alleinigen depressiven oder ängstlichen

Störungsbild. Solche Mischstörungen waren also schwieriger zu behandeln, was sich auch in geringe-

ren Effektstärken bezüglich Therapierfolg zeigte.

Hohe Professionalität der IBP TherapeutInnen

Insgesamt lässt sich sagen, je grösser die psychische Belastung zu Therapiebeginn und je höher die

patientenseitige Zufriedenheit während der Behandlungszeit, desto wahrscheinlicher war auch der

spätere Therapieerfolg. Dabei spielten Geschlechtsaspekte der PatientInnen wie der TherapeutInnen

ebenso wenig eine Rolle wie die therapeutische Berufserfahrung oder über die IBP Ausbildung hin-

ausgehende weitere psychotherapeutische Qualifikationen. Die Autoren des Schlussberichts heben

die hohe Professionalität der IBP Therapeutinnen hervor, „die es nachweislich schaffen, für Patienten

mit grösserer psychischer Belastung ein Arbeitsklima zu schaffen, das seinerseits förderlich ist für

psychotherapeutische Veränderung“ (S.17).

Katamnese der IBP Behandlungen

Für 41 bzw. 42 von 55 in die Studie eingebrachten Behandlungsfällen lässt sich festhalten, dass die

erzielten Therapieeffekte der IBP-Behandlungen sehr stabil sind und sich sogar noch weiter verbes-

sern, selbst nach Behandlungsende (vorausgesetzt, die Patienten haben keine weitere psy-

chotherapeutische Behandlung erhalten).

Damit lässt sich für die betrachteten Behandlungen abschließend feststellen, dass die Therapien

durch IBP-Psychotherapeuten im Durchschnitt hoch effektiv waren und mit einer Effektstärke in Höhe

von im Schnitt 1,28 deutlich über den mehrheitlich in der Forschungsliteratur berichteten Effektstärken

liegen. Die durchschnittliche Effektstärke des reinen katamnestischen Zeitraums zwischen Therapie-

ende und Nachuntersuchung ein Jahr nach Beendigung der Therapie liegt im Durschnitt für einen

Zeitraum ohne Behandlung mit 0,26 immer noch vergleichsweise hoch. IBP-Therapien scheinen

demnach Wirkungen zu erzielen, die über den reinen Behandlungszeitraum hinausgehen, d.h. sich

auch noch nach dem Ende der psychotherapeutischen Behandlung einstellen und somit eindeutig auf

dauerhafte Effekte durch die Behandlungen verweisen.

Therapeutische Interventionen und Konzepttreue

Die an der Studie beteiligten Therapeuten verwendeten zu 27,3% IBP-spezifische Interventionstech-

niken. Zu 52,5% wurden unspezifische, allgemeine Interventionstechniken eingesetzt. Wenn IBP-

Therapeuten fremdschulische Interventionstechniken verwenden, dann setzen sie vorwiegend psy-

chodynamische Interventionsstrategien ein. Aber rund 50% aller fremdschulischen Interventionstech-

niken betreffen Therapieverfahren, die ebenfalls körperorientierte Techniken verwenden (Bioenergeti-

sche Analyse, Gestalttherapie). Rund 20% der Interventionen sind der Trias Klientenzentrierte Ge-

sprächspsychotherapie, Verhaltenstherapie und Systemischer Therapie zuzuordnen.

Die an der Studie teilnehmenden Therapeuten verwendeten also 27,3% eigene, IBP-spezifische In-

terventionen, ca. 20% fremdschulische Interventionen (darunter ca. 50%, also absolut zu 10% eben-

falls Techniken mit körperorientierten Interventionstechniken) und in überwiegendem Ausmaß (zu

52,5%) unspezifische, allgemeine Interventionen, die sich alle Psychotherapieschulen teilen.

Somit lässt sich insgesamt feststellen, dass die sieben Therapeuten der 31 untersuchten Behand-

lungsfälle zu insgesamt ungefähr 37% körperbezogene Techniken einsetzten, darunter 27,3% des

eigenen Konzepts und 10% verwandter Verfahren wie Bioenergetische Analyse und Gestalttherapie.

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Psychotherapie-Wissenschaft, 2014, 2, S. 96-107

Ergebnisqualität ambulanter Psychotherapie: Ergebnisse aus der Grundversorgung in der

Schweiz

Aureliano Crameri, Margit Koemeda, Volker Tschuschke, Peter Schulthess, Agnes von Wyl

Die Ergebnisqualität von ambulanten Psychotherapien aus der Grundversorgung in der Schweiz wur-

de überprüft. Die untersuchte Stichprobe umfasste 300 Patienten, welche mehrheitlich mit einem

tiefenpsychologischen oder humanistischen Therapieverfahren behandelt wurden. Die häufigsten

Hauptdiagnosen waren affektive Störungen und Angststörungen; zwei Drittel der Patienten hatten

eine oder mehrere komorbide Störungen. Fehlende Outcome-Werte wurden mit der multiplen Imputa-

tion behandelt. Die Analyse der Prä-post-Veränderungen zeigte grosse signifikante Effektstärken bei

den globalen Massen der psychosozialen Beeinträchtigung und der Symptombelastung. Die Ergeb-

nisse der vorliegenden Stichprobe wurden mit denen aus Effectiveness-Studien verglichen, in wel-

chen das Outcome von kognitiv-behavioralen Behandlungsansätzen evaluiert wurde. Der Vergleich

zeigte, dass die Effektivität von humanistischen und tiefenpsychologischen Therapien vergleichbar

mit der von evidenzbasierten kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Verfahren ist.

Celebrating a Master Psychotherapist, Jack Lee Rosenberg, 2002, ibp-books St. Gallen, S. 263-266

Interdisciplinary Therapy of Bruxism: The Application of Rosenberg’s Concept in the

Treatment of a Psychosomatic Disorder

Thomas Meyer

There is evidence to view Bruxism (clenching or grinding of the teeth mostly during

sleep) as a disease with a multicausal pathogenesis. According to Glaros and Rao

(1977) the etiological theories are divided into mechanical/local,

neurophysiological/systemical and psychological sub-theories. Those sub-theories refer

to the sub-systems of the human organism.

The methods of treatment correspond to the etiological factors mentioned above:

1. dental interventions

2. physiotherapeutical interventions

3. psychotherapeutical interventions

A psychosomatic integrating view of these sub-theories (according to v.Uexküll &

Wesiak, 1988) along with the corresponding scientific results propose the necessity of

additional

4. cognitive therapy.

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Wirksamkeitsforschung Körperpsychotherapie allgemein

Journal of Body, Movement & Dance in Psychotherapy, 2009, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 135-156

Body oriented psychotherapy. The state of the art in empirical research and evidence-based

practice: A clinical perspective.

Frank Röhricht

The heterogeneous field of body oriented psychotherapy (BOP) provides a range of unique contribu-

tions for the treatment of mental disorders. Practice based clinical evidence and a few empirical stu-

dies point towards good efficacy of these non-verbal intervention strategies. This is particularly rele-

vant for those disorders with body image aberration and other body-related psychopathology, but also

for mental disorders with limited treatment response to traditional talking therapies, e.g. somatoform

disorders/medically unexplained syndromes, PTSD, anorexia nervosa or chronic schizophrenia.

However, the evidence base is not yet sufficiently developed in order to get BOP recognised as sui-

table mainstream treatment by national health services and their commissioning bodies. Strong

academic links are urgently required in order to support practitioners in their efforts to evaluate the

clinical work in systematic research. The field would greatly benefit from the development of interna-

tional higher education training in integrated clinical body psychotherapy, enabling practitioners to

obtain a master's degree. From a scientific perspective, projects on the interface between neuros-

cience and psychotherapy research should be conducted in order to understand more fully the thera-

peutic processes in BOP, particularly with regard to emotional processing, movement behaviour and

body/self perception. Qualitative research is needed to further investigate the specific interactive the-

rapeutic relationship, the dynamics of touch in psychotherapy and the additional self-helping potential

of creative/arts therapy components. Provided that these requirements will be fulfilled, BOP could be

established as one of the main psychotherapeutic modalities in clinical care, alongside other mains-

tream schools such as psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural and systemic.

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IBP Institut | Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen_161031.docx 5 / 28

Aktuelle Publikationen zu Lehrinhalten des IBP Psychothera-pie-Curriculums

Körperpsychotherapie allgemein

Journal of Body, Movement & Dance in Psychotherapy, 2016, Vol.11, No. 4, pp 220-234

Body identity development: definitions and discussions

Christine M. Caldwell

As the fields of body psychotherapy and dance/movement therapy mature, they tend to create their

own theoretical models. This article articulates a theory of body identity that may provide conceptual

resources for these fields, both theoretically and clinically. The historical and developmental roots of

body identity are discussed and contextualised, both socioculturally and psychologically. Body identity

development is mapped onto a current developmental theory called narrative identity, resulting in a

more inclusive discourse of multiple selves and non-conforming identities. The concept of body narra-

tive is introduced, and is seen as the mechanism for the development of body identity. Clinical impl i-

cations are discussed, though further work is needed to ‘flesh out’ how body identity is navigated in

body-centred psychotherapies.

Journal of Body, Movement & Dance in Psychotherapy, 2016, published online 20.7.2016,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17432979.2016.1203356

Affective core consciousness and the instroke

Will Davis

Solms and Panksepp have revolutionised concepts of consciousness and unconsciousness. Cons-

ciousness is generated by the id, in the brainstem, arises endogenously and is affective. Subjectivity

is not corticocentric but located in the upper brainstem. Cortical consciousness is built upon this sub-

jectivity and could not exist without brainstem consciousness. But the reverse is possible. The class i-

cal body representation in the cortex is an object representation located in brain areas that create all

representations but an internal subjective body exists in the brainstem as the subject of perception.

The author reviews 35 years of working with the instroke of the pulsation, which leads to two further

developments: the endo self-state and the understanding that the relationship with the self is the most

primary relationship. Solms and Panksepp’s work supports both developments grounding these in the

functioning of a brainstem subjectivity. In addition, there is encouragement for Reich’s model of the

importance of the body, the vegetative system and working with primary emotions.

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Front psychol, 2014; 5: 472. Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00472

The mind-body relationship in psychotherapy: grounded cognition as an explanatory frame-

work

Nuwan D. Leitan and Greg Murray*

As a discipline, psychology is defined by its location in the ambiguous space between mind and body,

but theories underpinning the application of psychology in psychotherapy are largely silent on this

fundamental metaphysical issue. This is a remarkable state of affairs, given that psychotherapy is

typically a real-time meeting between two embodied agents, with the goal of facilitating behavior

change in one party. The overarching aim of this paper is to problematize the mind–body relationship

in psychotherapy in the service of encouraging advances in theory and practice. The paper briefly

explores various psychotherapeutic approaches to help explicate relationships between mind and

body from these perspectives. Themes arising from this analysis include a tendency toward dualism

(separation of mind and body from the conceptualization of human functioning), exclusivism (elimina-

tion of either mind or body from the conceptualization of human functioning), or mind–body monism

(conceptualization of mind and body as a single, holistic system). We conclude that the literature, as a

whole, does not demonstrate consensus, regarding the relationship between mind and body in psy-

chotherapy. We then introduce a contemporary, holistic, psychological conceptualization of the rela-

tionship between mind and body, and argue for its potential utility as an organizing framework for

psychotherapeutic theory and practice. The holistic approach we explore, “grounded cognition,” arises

from a long philosophical tradition, is influential in current cognitive science, and presents a coherent

empirically testable framework integrating subjective and objective perspectives. Finally, we demons-

trate how this “grounded cognition” perspective might lead to advances in the theory and practice of

psychotherapy.

Perspectives in psychiatric care, 2008, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2008.00165.xView

Integrative Perspectives : The Role of Body Movement in Psychotherapy

Mary Anne La Torre

Most therapists believe that psychotherapy can be a vehicle for finding and learning to express

ourselves authentically. But where is the true self, and how can we gain access to it?

Block and Kissell (2001) would say we must begin in the mind because it knows and relates and

is able to process the experiences of life. The mind also directs our bodies. But is that a fair assump-

tion? Does that ignore the integrated “power network of the total person” (Block & Kissell, p. 6), the

impulses, memory, and perception found throughout our body? What if our body plays a more impor-

tant role in decision-making and healing? Viewed from this angle the body becomes an important

integral part of the therapeutic process, and engaging the body becomes a deeper way to access

memories and create change. Is it possible for the body to be included in the therapeutic process so

that all aspects of the individual can speak, not just those filtered through the verbal process? How

can therapy become a deeper mind/body experience? There are many different answers to that ques-

tion and many different approaches that can be taken. This column will explore only one approach:

body movement. The concept of moving the body as a means of enhancing the healing process and

integrating the body experience into a therapeutic whole will be explored using tai chi and dance. Both

of these modalities can give some ideas of how movement can be incorporated into the therapeutic

setting because they provide a range of possibilities, and they can be replicated and used in

many different settings (Cotter, 1999). Research is available that supports the use of these ap-

proaches in the therapeutic setting, providing validation for their effectiveness (Holyoake & Reyner,

2005; Jeong et al., 2005; Sandel et al., 2005).

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Gewahrsein

BioMed Research International, Volume 2015, Article ID 670724,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/670724

Mindful Emotion Regulation: Exploring the Neurocognitive Mechanisms behind Mindfulness

Alessandro Grecucci, Edoardo Pappaianni, Roma Siugzdaite, Anthony Theuninck and Remo Job

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the psychological and neural mechanisms behind

mindfulness practice in order to explore the unique factors that account for its positive impact on emo-

tional regulation and health. After reviewing the mechanisms of mindfulness and its effects on clinical

populations we will consider how the practice of mindfulness contributes to the regulation of emotions.

We argue that mindfulness has achieved effective outcomes in the treatment of anxiety, depression,

and other psychopathologies through the contribution of mindfulness to emotional regulation. We

consider the unique factors that mindfulness meditation brings to the process of emotion regulation

that may account for its effectiveness. We review experimental evidence that points towards the

unique effects of mindfulness specifically operating over and above the regulatory effects of cognitive

reappraisal mechanisms. A neuroanatomical circuit that leads to mindful emotion regulation is also

suggested. This paper thereby aims to contribute to proposed models of mindfulness for research and

theory building by proposing a specific model for the unique psychological and neural processes in-

volved in mindful detachment that account for the effects of mindfulness over and above the effects

accounted for by other well-established emotional regulation processes such as cognitive reappraisal.

Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2014, 40, 96-107

Rapid changes in histone deacetylases and inflammatory gene expression in expert medita-

tors

Kaliman P, Alvarez-Lopez M, Cosin-Tomas M, Rosenkranz M, Lutz A, Davidson R

Cli BACKGROUND:

A growing body of research shows that mindfulness meditation can alter neural, behavioral and bio-

chemical processes. However, the mechanisms responsible for such clinically relevant effects remain

elusive.

METHODS:

Here we explored the impact of a day of intensive practice of mindfulness meditation in experienced

subjects (n=19) on the expression of circadian, chromatin modulatory and inflammatory genes in

peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In parallel, we analyzed a control group of subjects with

no meditation experience who engaged in leisure activities in the same environment (n=21). PBMC

from all participants were obtained before (t1) and after (t2) the intervention (t2-t1=8h) and gene ex-

pression was analyzed using custom pathway focused quantitative-real time PCR assays. Both

groups were also presented with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST).

RESULTS:

Core clock gene expression at baseline (t1) was similar between groups and their rhythmicity was not

influenced in meditators by the intensive day of practice. Similarly, we found that all the epigenetic

regulatory enzymes and inflammatory genes analyzed exhibited similar basal expression levels in the

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two groups. In contrast, after the brief intervention we detected reduced expression of histone

deacetylase genes (HDAC 2, 3 and 9), alterations in global modification of histones (H4ac; H3K4me3)

and decreased expression of pro-inflammatory genes (RIPK2 and COX2) in meditators compared

with controls. We found that the expression of RIPK2 and HDAC2 genes was associated with a faster

cortisol recovery to the TSST in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

The regulation of HDACs and inflammatory pathways may represent some of the mechanisms un-

derlying the therapeutic potential of mindfulness-based interventions. Our findings set the foundation

for future studies to further assess meditation strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory

conditions.

Clinn psychol rev, 2013 Aug;33(6):763-71. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005. Epub 2013 Jun 7.

Mindfulness-based therapy: a comprehensive meta-analysis.

Khoury B, Lecomte T, Fortin G, Masse M, Therien P, Bouchard V, Chapleau MA, Paquin K, Hofmann

SG.

BACKGROUND:

Mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) has become a popular form of intervention. However, the existing

reviews report inconsistent findings.

OBJECTIVE:

To clarify these inconsistencies in the literature, we conducted a comprehensive effect-size analysis

to evaluate the efficacy of MBT.

DATA SOURCES:

A systematic review of studies published in journals or in dissertations in PubMED or PsycINFO from

the first available date until May 10, 2013.

REVIEW METHODS:

A total of 209 studies (n=12,145) were included.

RESULTS:

Effect-size estimates suggested that MBT is moderately effective in pre-post comparisons (n=72;

Hedge's g=.55), in comparisons with waitlist controls (n=67; Hedge's g=.53), and when compared with

other active treatments (n=68; Hedge's g=.33), including other psychological treatments (n=35;

Hedge's g=.22). MBT did not differ from traditional CBT or behavioral therapies (n=9; Hedge's g=-.07)

or pharmacological treatments (n=3; Hedge's g=.13).

CONCLUSION:

MBT is an effective treatment for a variety of psychological problems, and is especially effective for

reducing anxiety, depression, and stress.

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26(3):270-280, August 2012

Mechanisms of Change in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: Self-Compassion and

Mindfulness as Mediators of Intervention Outcomes

By Keng, Shian-Ling; Smoski, Moria J.; Robins, Clive J.; Ekblad, Andrew G.; Brantley, Jeffrey G.

Research has demonstrated support for the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in

alleviating psychological distress and symptoms. Less is known, however, about the mechanisms

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through which MBSR achieves its outcomes. This study examined mindfulness and self-compassion

as potential mediators of MBSR's effects on several processes and behaviors related to emotion

regulation, using data from a randomized trial of MBSR versus waitlist (WL), in which MBSR partic i-

pants demonstrated significantly greater improvements in worry, fear of emotion, difficulties in emo-

tion regulation, suppression of anger, and aggressive anger expression. Mediation analysis using

bootstrap resampling indicated that increases in self-compassion mediated MBSR's effects on worry,

controlling for change in mindfulness. Increases in mindfulness mediated the intervention's effects on

difficulties in emotion regulation, controlling for change in self-compassion. Both variables mediated

MBSR's effects on fear of emotion. These findings highlight the importance of mindfulness and self-

compassion as key processes of change that underlie MBSR's outcomes.

Psychotherapy, 2011, Vol. 48, No. 2, 198–208

What Are the Benefits of Mindfulness? A Practice Review of Psychotherapy-Related Research

Daphne M. Davis and Jeffrey A. Hayes

Research suggests that mindfulness practices offer psychotherapists a way to positively affect as-

pects of therapy that account for successful treatment. This paper provides psychotherapists with a

synthesis of the empirically supported advantages of mindfulness. Definitions of mindfulness and

evidence-based interpersonal, affective, and intrapersonal benefits of mindfulness are presented.

Research on therapists who meditate and client outcomes of therapists who meditate are reviewed.

Implications for practice, research, and training are discussed.

J Altern Complement Med, 16. Jg., 5, S. 531-8

Enhanced psychosocial well-being following participation in a MBSR program is associated

with increased natural killer cell activity.

Fang CY, Reibel DK, Longacre ML, Rosenzweig S, Campbell DE, Douglas SD.

BACKGROUND:

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) programs have consistently been shown to enhance the

psychosocial well-being of participants. Given the well-established association between psychosocial

factors and immunologic functioning, it has been hypothesized that enhanced psychosocial well -being

among MBSR participants would be associated with corresponding changes in markers of immune

activity.

OBJECTIVES:

The objectives of this study were to examine changes in psychosocial and immunologic measures in

a heterogeneous patient sample following participation in a MBSR program.

DESIGN:

A single-group, pretest/post-test design was utilized.

SETTING:

The intervention was conducted at an academic health center.

SUBJECTS:

This pilot study involved 24 participants (aged 28-72 years). Inclusion criteria were as follows: > or

=18 years of age, English-speaking, and no known autoimmune disorder.

INTERVENTION:

The intervention was an 8-week MBSR program.

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OUTCOME MEASURES:

Distress and quality of life (QOL) measures included the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 and the Medical

Outcomes Survey Short-Form Health Survey, respectively. Immunologic measures included natural

killer (NK) cell cytolytic activity and C-reactive protein (CRP).

RESULTS:

Patients completed psychosocial assessments and provided a blood sample at baseline (pre-MBSR)

and within 2 weeks post-MBSR. Significant improvements in anxiety and overall distress as well as

across multiple domains of QOL were observed from baseline to post-MBSR. Reductions in anxiety

and overall distress were associated with reductions in CRP. Patients who reported improvement in

overall mental well-being also showed increased NK cytolytic activity from pre- to post-MBSR, whe-

reas patients who reported no improvement in mental well-being showed no change in NK cytolytic

activity.

CONCLUSIONS:

Positive improvement in psychologic well-being following MBSR was associated with increased NK

cytolytic activity and decreased levels of CRP.

Journal of Body, Movement & Dance in Psychotherapy, 2009, Vol. 4, No. 1, S. 5-16

The use of mindfulness in psychodynamic and body oriented psychotherapy

Halko Weiss

This article summarizes some of the ways that ‘mindfulness’ starts to appear in Western psychothe-

rapy and medicine, showing that it has become a legitimate area of scientific inquiry and that it shares

common objectives with Western treatment approaches. It then explores its origin in Buddhism as

well as the meaning of the concept and aspects of its practice.

Claiming that the use of mindfulness can move psychodynamic therapy from a ‘thinking’ to an ‘obser-

ving’ mode, the role and power of the Buddhist concept of an ‘internal observer’ is explained and

discussed. Then the author outlines the reasons why body psychotherapy is particularly predisposed

to embrace mindfulness as a core concept and shows how, using the example of the Hakomi Method,

it would have a deep impact on the way psychodynamic therapy is conducted. He argues that the

therapeutic relationship would have to be shaped according to a radical understanding of ‘acceptance’

and an ‘experimental’ attitude.

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Körperarbeit

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2013, 39(10) :1373-1385

Touch as an Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Process in Couples’ Daily Lives : The Mediating

Role of Psychological Intimacy

Anik Debrot, Dominik Schoebi, Meinrad Perrez, Andrea B. Horn

Interpersonal touch seems to promote physical health through its effects on stress-sensitive parame-

ters. However, less is known about the psychological effects of touch. The present study investigates

associations between touch and romantic partners’ affective state in daily life. We hypothesized that

this association is established by promoting the recipient’s experience of intimacy. Both partners of

102 dating couples completed an electronic diary 4 times a day during 1 week. Multilevel analyses

revealed that touch was associated with enhanced affect in the partner. This association was

mediated by the partner’s psychological intimacy. Touch was also associated with intimacy and pos i-

tive affect in the actor. Finally, participants who were touched more often during the diary study week

reported better psychological well-being 6 months later. This study provides evidence that intimate

partners benefit from touch on a psychological level, conveying a sense of strengthened bonds bet-

ween them that enhances affect and well-being.

Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Medizin des Fachbereiches Medi-

zin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, 2010

Effekte lang anhaltender, willkürlicher Hyperventilation auf Blutgase, Hirnperfusion und Be-

wusstsein: Eine funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie-Studie mit Arterial-Spin-Labeling-

Technik

Torsten Hendrik Sassinek

Hyperventilation, von dem griechisch Begriff ύπέρ „über“ sowie dem lateinischen Ausdruck ventilare

„fächeln“, bedeutet vereinfacht eine „über die Stoffwechselbedürfnisse gesteigerte Atmung“ (Klinke &

Silbernagl, 2003) mit charakteristischen Auswirkungen auf die biochemische Zusammensetzung des

Blutes. Dabei liegt besonderer Schwerpunkt auf einem Sinken des Kohlendioxidpartialdruckes unter

den normalen Wert (Stocchetti, 2005). Diese vermehrte Atmung führt zu mehreren Symptomen, die in

der Literatur der drei Bereiche Medizin, Psychologie und Psychotherapie zu finden sind (vgl. Meuret,

2005, Morschitzky, 2000). Dabei tritt die Hyperventilation in der medizinischen Literatur meist als

sekundäres Zeichen eines anderen Körperprozesses, und somit als Symptom, auf. Ein Einsatz einer

induzierten Hyperventilation im Rahmen der Therapie der Schädel-Hirn-Trauma-Patienten wird disku-

tiert (Stocchetti, 2005).

In der Psychologie wird die Position der übersteigerten Atmung als bidirektional verstanden (Ley,

1999). So führen akute Stressoren wie Angst, Panik oder Stress zu einer unwillkürlichen Hypervent i-

lation. Umgekehrt kann eine willentlich gesteigerte Atmung eine Panik auslösen (vgl. Comer & Sarto-

ry, 2001).

In der Psychotherapie gewann die Hyperventilation als Methode in den Siebziger Jahren an Bedeu-

tung. Mehrere voneinander unabhängige Formen wie das Holotrope Atmen oder das Rebirthing nach

Orr wurden entwickelt. In diesem Kontext führt eine übersteigerte Atmung zu einem veränderten Be-

wusstseinszustand. Diese Verfahren sind wissenschaftlich kaum erforscht, die Effekte auf das Be-

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wusstsein dagegen wurden z.B. von Grof (1987) detailliert beschrieben und eingeordnet. Wissen-

schaftlich etwas besser untersucht, sind die Folgen von Hyperventilation im Rahmen von Yoga-

Übungen (Brown & Gerbarg, 2005a).

Die Erfahrungen von Panikpatienten und freiwillig hyperventilierenden Klienten unterscheiden sich

dabei grundlegend. Während die Panikpatienten die Überatmung als unangenehm empfinden und in

Panik geraten können (Comer & Sartory, 2001), machen die freiwilligen Klienten häufig ekstatische

Erfahrungen mit z.T. religiösem Charakter. Zudem werden Zustände tiefster Entspannung und Trans-

zendenz beschrieben. Die ursächlich gleichen biochemischen Verschiebungen führen demnach zu

unterschiedlichen Erfahrungen, was an Vorerfahrungen, Erwartungen, Bewertungen und dem Setting

liegen kann (Grof, 1987).

Die erlebten Effekte der Hyperventilation stehen wahrscheinlich in Zusammenhang mit einer Verände-

rung der Hirnaktivität (Naga Venkatesha Murthy, Janakiramaiah, Gangadhar, & Subbakrishna, 1998,

Naganawa, 2002). Diese ist durch eine hyperventilationsassoziierte Veränderung der Gehirndurchblu-

tung, namentlich der Vasokonstriktion durch Kohlendioxidverlust, bedingt (Poeck, Hacke, & Poeck-

Hacke, 2001). Als Folge der Durchblutungsminderung kann eine Minderung der Aktivität entstehen

(Klinke & Silbernagl, 2003, Morschitzky, 2000). Besonders betroffen scheinen Frontalhirn und Teile

des Parietallappens zu sein (Posse, 1997). Die Aktivitätsminderung des Frontalhirns geht nach Vaitl

et al. (2005) und Dietrich (2003) mit dem Auftreten veränderter Bewusstseinszustände einher.

Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, Bewusstseinsveränderungen und ihre Zusammenhänge mit quan-

titativen Veränderungen der Hirndurchblutung während willkürlicher, lang anhaltender Hyperventilat i-

on mittels der ASL-MRT-Technik (Arterial Spin Labeling, zu deutsch Blutbolusmarkierung) zu unter-

suchen. Damit knüpft diese Arbeit an eine Studie der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (MHH) an,

in der der Zusammenhang zwischen Hyperventilation, biologischen Effekten und psychologischen

Erfahrungen untersucht wurde (Passie, in Vorbereitung). Es soll untersucht werden, ob im MRT Be-

wusstseinsveränderungen auftreten, und wie sich biologische Parameter und die Durchblutung des

Gehirns verändern. Zudem soll geprüft werden, ob bestimmte Hirnareale stärker auf eine Hypervent i-

lation reagieren als andere.

European Journal of Social Psychology, 2009, 39, 1053-1064

Body posture effects on self-evaluation: A self-validation approach

Pablo Briñol, Richard E. Petty, Benjamin Wagner

Building on the notion of embodied attitudes, we examined how body postures can influence self -

evaluations by affecting thought confidence, a meta-cognitive process. Specifically, participants were

asked to think about and write down their best or worse qualities while they were sitting down with

their back erect and pushing their chest out (confident posture) or slouched forward with their back

curved (doubtful posture). Then, participants completed a number of measures and reported their

self-evaluations. In line with the self-validation hypothesis, we predicted and found that the effect of

the direction of thoughts (positive/negative) on self-related attitudes was significantly greater when

participants wrote their thoughts in the confident than in the doubtful posture. These postures did not

influence the number or quality of thoughts listed, but did have an impact on the confidence with

which people held their thoughts.

Cognition, 2007 Jan;102(1):139-49.

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Body posture facilitates retrieval of autobiographical memories.

Dijkstra K, Kaschak MP, Zwaan RA.

We assessed potential facilitation of congruent body posture on access to and retention of autobio-

graphical memories in younger and older adults. Response times were shorter when body positions

during prompted retrieval of autobiographical events were similar to the body positions in the original

events than when body position was incongruent. Free recall of the autobiographical events two

weeks later was also better for congruent-posture than for incongruent-posture memories. The fin-

dings were similar for younger and older adults, except for the finding that free recal l was more accu-

rate in younger adults than in older adults in the congruent condition. We discuss these findings in the

context of theories of embodied cognition.

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Bindung

Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 2015, Vol 10, Nr. 4, S. 211-226

Dances of connection: Neuroaffective development in clinical work with attachment

Marianne Bentzen

This article offers a brief outline of key principles of developmental attachment theory, followed by an

overview of infant interaction development and the neuroaffective compass model. This model is then

used to consider two cases.

It is proposed that assessing the client’s developmental level of neuroaffective maturity is useful in

choosing the intervention level for inviting now-moments and cycles of attunement central to building

the interpersonal trust and autonomy inherent in secure attachment.

Psychother Psych Med 2014; 64(05): 171-180

Psychoneuroimmunologie des Lebenslaufs: Einfluss von Stress in der Kindheit auf Immun-

funktionsstörung und entzündliche Erkrankung im weiteren Leben

Christian Schubert

Es ist klar belegt, dass Missbrauch, Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung von Kindern mit schweren

Entzündungserkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter (u. a. Krebs, Herz-Kreislauferkrankung, Autoimmun-

krankheiten) und geringerer Lebenserwartung verbunden ist. Diese Übersichtsarbeit thematisiert die

psychoneuroimmunologischen Wirkwege dieses Zusammenhangs. Chronische Stressoren interferie-

ren sehr früh mit jenen protektiven Mechanismen des biologischen Stresssystems, mittels derer nor-

malerweise potentiell schädliche Entzündungsprozesse zurückreguliert werden. Langfristige Folgen

können schwerwiegende Entzündungskrankheiten sein, deren pathogenetische Verbindungen zu

frühkindlichem Stress und dysfunktionalem Stresssystem am Beispiel des allergischen Asthmas dar-

gestellt werden. Mit zunehmendem Verständnis der dysfunktionalen psychosomatischen Mechanis-

men von Entzündungserkrankungen kann Psychodiagnostik und -therapie in Zukunft spezifischer als

bisher gegen körperliche Erkrankungen eingesetzt werden.

Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2014; 8: 166.

Effects of early life adverse experiences on the brain: implications from maternal separation

models in rodents

Mayumi Nishi, Noriko Horii-Hayashi, and Takayo Sasagawa

During postnatal development, adverse early life experiences affect the formation of neuronal net-

works and exert long-lasting effects on neural function. Many studies have shown that daily repeated

maternal separation (MS), an animal model of early life stress, can regulate the hypothalamic-

pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and affect subsequent brain function and behavior during adulthood.

However, the molecular basis of the long-lasting effects of early life stress on brain function has not

been fully elucidated. In this mini review, we present various cases of MS in rodents and illustrate the

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alterations in HPA axis activity by focusing on corticosterone (CORT). We then show a characteriza-

tion of the brain regions affected by various patterns of MS, including repeated MS and single time

MS at various stages before weaning, by investigating c-Fos expression. These CORT and c-Fos

studies suggest that repeated early life stress may affect neuronal function in region- and temporal-

specific manners, indicating a critical period for habituation to early life stress. Next, we introduce how

early life stress can impact behavior, namely by inducing depression, anxiety or eating disorders, and

alterations in gene expression in adult mice subjected to MS.

Brain, Behavior an Immunity, 34, 2013, 31-38

Childhood socioeconomic status, telomere length, and susceptibility to upper respiratory in-

fection.

Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB, Marsland AL, Casselbrant ML, Li-Korotky HS, Epel ES,

Doyle WJ.

Low socioeconomic status (SES) during childhood and adolescence has been found to predict greater

susceptibility to common cold viruses in adults. Here, we test whether low childhood SES is asso-

ciated with shorter leukocyte telomere length in adulthood, and whether telomere length mediates the

association between childhood SES and susceptibility to acute upper respiratory disease in adu l-

thood. At baseline, 196 healthy volunteers reported whether they currently owned their home and, for

each year of their childhood, whether their parents owned the family home. Volunteers also had blood

drawn for assessment of specific antibody to the challenge virus, and for CD8+ CD28- T-lymphocyte

telomere length (in a subset, n=135). They were subsequently quarantined in a hotel, exposed to a

virus (rhinovirus [RV] 39) that causes a common cold and followed for infection and illness (clinical

cold) over five post-exposure days. Lower childhood SES as measured by fewer years of parental

home ownership was associated with shorter adult CD8+ CD28- telomere length and with an increa-

sed probability of developing infection and clinical illness when exposed to a common cold virus in

adulthood. These associations were independent of adult SES, age, sex, race, body mass, neurot i-

cism, and childhood family characteristics. Associations with infections and colds were also indepen-

dent of pre-challenge viral-specific antibody and season. Further analyses do not support mediating

roles for smoking, alcohol consumption or physical activity but suggest that CD8+ CD28- cell telomere

length may act as a partial mediator of the associations between childhood SES and infection and

childhood SES and colds.

Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 162(8), 2011, 326-337

Fibromyalgia syndrome – a disorder of stress coping

Egle U. et. al.

Setting out from a view of fibromyalgia as a rheumatological disease, it is shown, on the basis of a

careful compilation of neurobiological, psychologicodevelopmental and clinical research results that

this is a disorder of coping with stress and a pathogenetic model is developed. Against this back-

ground diagnostic subgroups are differentiated and the resultant consequences for causative

treatment outlined.

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Nature Neuroscience 2009 Mar;12(3):342-8.

Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood

abuse.

McGowan PO1, Sasaki A, D'Alessio AC, Dymov S, Labonté B, Szyf M, Turecki G, Meaney MJ.

Maternal care influences hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function in the rat through epigenetic

programming of glucocorticoid receptor expression. In humans, childhood abuse alters HPA stress

responses and increases the risk of suicide. We examined epigenetic differences in a neuron-specific

glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) promoter between postmortem hippocampus obtained from suicide

victims with a history of childhood abuse and those from either suicide victims with no childhood

abuse or controls. We found decreased levels of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA, as well as mRNA

transcripts bearing the glucocorticoid receptor 1F splice variant and increased cytosine methylation of

an NR3C1 promoter. Patch-methylated NR3C1 promoter constructs that mimicked the methylation

state in samples from abused suicide victims showed decreased NGFI-A transcription factor binding

and NGFI-A-inducible gene transcription. These findings translate previous results from rat to humans

and suggest a common effect of parental care on the epigenetic regulation of hippocampal glucocort i-

coid receptor expression.

Nature Neuroscience, 2009 May 19;160(3):629-38.

Juvenile separation stress induces rapid region- and layer-specific changes in S100ss- and

glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactivity in astrocytes of the rodent medial prefrontal

cortex.

Braun K, Antemano R, Helmeke C, Büchner M, Poeggel G.

The impact of juvenile stress exposure on astrocyte plasticity was assessed in the precocious rodent

Octodon degus. Astrocytes expressing S100ss and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were quant i-

fied in the limbic medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), including the anterior cingulate (ACd), precentral

medial (PrCm), infra- (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortex and in the "non-limbic" somatosensory cortex

(SSC). At the age of 21 days we compared (i) controls (C), (ii) stressed animals (SSR: separation

stress/short reunion), which were exposed to 6 h separation from the family, followed by 1 h reunion

with the family and (iii) stressed animals (SER: separation stress/extended reunion), which were

stressed like group SSR but exposed to 48 h reunion. The observed glia response was already

measurable 7 h after the onset of the stress exposure. Compared to controls SER and SSR animals

showed elevated densities of S100ss-IR astrocytes in layers II/III and V-VI of the ACd, IL and PrCm,

whereas no significant group differences were observed in the PL and SSC. The SSR group showed

significantly decreased density of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in all mPFC subregions. Only in

the ACd the stress-induced changes in glia density were still evident after 48 h reunion with the fa-

mily. Compared to controls, the length of GFAP-IR processes and the number of ramification points

were significantly reduced in all mPFC subregions and in the SSC of the SSR group. In the SSC the

stress-evoked changes in GFAP-glia density were opposite compared to the changes seen in the

medial prefrontal cortical subregions, whereas the changes in GFAP-labeled processes were compa-

rable to those observed in the mPFC. In summary, these results demonstrate that a single stress

episode induces rapid and quite complex region- and cell-specific changes in glial cells, reflected by

an upregulation of cytoplasmic (S100ss) and downregulation of cytoskeletal (GFAP) glial protein.

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Biological Psychology 2006 Jul;73(1):72-89

Maternal programming of defensive responses through sustained effects on gene expression.

Zhang TY1, Bagot R, Parent C, Nesbitt C, Bredy TW, Caldji C, Fish E, Anisman H, Szyf M, Meaney

MJ.

There are profound maternal effects on individual differences in defensive responses and reproduc-

tive strategies in species ranging literally from plants to insects to birds. Maternal effects commonly

reflect the quality of the environment and are most likely mediated by the quality of the maternal pro-

vision (egg, propagule, etc.), which in turn determines growth rates and adult phenotype. In this paper

we review data from the rat that suggest comparable forms of maternal effects on defensive res-

ponses stress, which are mediated by the effects of variations in maternal behavior on gene expres-

sion. Under conditions of environmental adversity maternal effects enhance the capacity for defensive

responses in the offspring. In mammals, these effects appear to 'program' emotional, cognitive and

endocrine systems towards increased sensitivity to adversity. In environments with an increased level

of adversity, such effects can be considered adaptive, enhancing the probability of offspring survival

to sexual maturity; the cost is that of an increased risk for multiple forms of pathology in later life.

Nature Neuroscience 7, 847 - 854 (2004)

Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior

Weaver ICG, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Mea-

ney MJ

Here we report that increased pup licking and grooming (LG) and arched-back nursing (ABN) by rat

mothers altered the offspring epigenome at a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene promoter in the hip-

pocampus. Offspring of mothers that showed high levels of LG and ABN were found to have diffe-

rences in DNA methylation, as compared to offspring of 'low-LG-ABN' mothers. These differences

emerged over the first week of life, were reversed with cross-fostering, persisted into adulthood and

were associated with altered histone acetylation and transcription factor (NGFI-A) binding to the GR

promoter. Central infusion of a histone deacetylase inhibitor removed the group differences in histone

acetylation, DNA methylation, NGFI-A binding, GR expression and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

(HPA) responses to stress, suggesting a causal relation among epigenomic state, GR expression and

the maternal effect on stress responses in the offspring. Thus we show that an epigenomic state of a

gene can be established through behavioral programming, and it is potentially reversible.

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Therapeutische Beziehung

Psychotherapie Wissenschaft, 2013, 2, 90-102

Die Evolution der Empathie

Mario Schlegel

Befunde aus der Verhaltensforschung und Entwicklungspsychologie zeigen, dass die menschliche

Fähigkeit des wechselseitigen Verständnisses und der Kooperation auf den empathischen Fähigkei-

ten der Säugetiere aufbaut. Innerhalb der Primaten nehmen diese Fähigkeiten mit steigender Intell i-

genz zu und ermöglichen immer komplexere Formen sozialer Interaktionen. Im Vergleich zu Men-

schenaffen kommt beim Menschen eine besondere Form sozialer Kognition hinzu, die seine spezielle

Art zu lernen, zu lehren und zu kooperieren ermöglicht. Während Empathie ausschliesslich auf den

anderen gerichtet ist, geht es auf dieser höchsten Stufe auch darum, sich über den eigenen psychi-

schen Zustand Klarheit zu verschaffen, um, von sich selbst auf den anderen schliessend, in Bezie-

hung zu treten. Diese Fähigkeit, zu mentalisieren, bildet die Grundlage für das menschliche Sozialle-

ben und die daraus entstandene Kultur. Ein sich auf Ergebnisse der Evolutions- und Verhaltensbiolo-

gie stützendes Verständnis der Empathie eröffnet wichtige Erkenntnisse für den psychotherapeut i-

schen Prozess, die im Bereich der Gegenübertragung und der Supervision zum Tragen kommen.

Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 2011, Vol 6, Nr. 1, S. 17-29

Physical touch in psychotherapy: Why are we not touching more?

Gill Westland

This article discusses the issue of using touch in psychotherapy and addresses the difficulties en-

countered in discussing the topic. These difficulties include confusion about the purpose of touch, lack

of experience among psychotherapists in the use of touch, and misunderstandings about who actually

uses touch in psychotherapy. The article then addresses the anxiety psychotherapists feel about

using touch such as fears of sexual provocation or physical aggression. The importance of touch in

emotional development and everyday life is emphasised and the benefits of using touch in psychothe-

rapy is detailed. Two cases of the beneficial use of touch are presented with comments from the

clients, and the concept of ‘contactful touch’ introduced. Finally, based on the author’s experience

as a body psychotherapist, trainer, and supervisor, some guidelines are suggested for how touch can

be introduced into psychotherapy.

Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 2011, Vol 6, Nr. 4, S. 233-243

Stirring the depths: transference, countertransference and touch

Tom Warnecke

The author explores transferential dynamics arising in the context of touch and tactile contact in the

therapeutic relationship. The paper sets out with a brief review of transference phenomena and theory

followed by considerations of the reciprocal nature of touch and of inter-personal dynamics evoked by

touch. Relational perspectives of touch are used to contextualise some common challenges arising

when we either consider or use touch in psychotherapy. Composite case vignettes from the author’s

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practice provide clinical examples and evaluations to illustrate how psychodynamic and biodynamic

aspects of the therapeutic relationship may interact with one another. The paper also highlights the

crucial importance for therapists to remain anchored in their own bodies and personalities to navigate

the depths stirred by touch safely.

Psychotherapy, 2011 Mar;48(1):9-16.

Alliance in individual psychotherapy.

Horvath AO, Del Re AC, Flückiger C, Symonds D.

This article reports on a research synthesis of the relation between alliance and the outcomes of ind i-

vidual psychotherapy. Included were over 200 research reports based on 190 independent data

sources, covering more than 14,000 treatments. Research involving 5 or more adult participants re-

ceiving genuine (as opposed to analogue) treatments, where the author(s) referred to one of the in-

dependent variables as "alliance," "therapeutic alliance," "helping alliance," or "working alliance" were

the inclusion criteria. All analyses were done using the assumptions of a random model. The overall

aggregate relation between the alliance and treatment outcome (adjusted for sample size and non

independence of outcome measures) was r = .275 (k = 190); the 95% confidence interval for this

value was .25-.30. The statistical probability associated with the aggregated relation between alliance

and outcome is p < .0001. The data collected for this meta-analysis were quite variable (hetero-

geneous). Potential variables such as assessment perspectives (client, therapist, observer), publica-

tion source, types of assessment methods and time of assessment were explored.

Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2009 Dec;14(6):689-94

The effect of a practitioner's touch on a patient's medication compliance.

Guéguen N, Vion M.

Although the positive effect of touch on compliance has been widely found in the literature, a new

evaluation has been carried out in a health setting. Four general practitioners were instructed to sligh-

tly touch (or not) their adult patients who suffered from a pharyngitis when they asked them for a ver-

bal promise to take the prescribed antibiotic medication. One week later, patients were solicited at

home to evaluate the number of tablets that were taken. Greater medication compliance was found in

the touch condition.

Psychotherapy Research 14(3) 271–288, 2004

The embodied pychotherapist: An exploration oft he therapists’ somatic phenomena within the

therapeutic encounter

Robert Shaw

This study explores psychotherapists’ somatic experiences during the therapeutic encounter, linking

these to ideas from the phenomenological school of philosophy, in particular the notion of the lived-

body paradigm in relation to therapists’ physical reactions to clients. The methodology for this rese-

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arch evolved from 3 discussion groups, which led to a series of 14 in-depth interviews and 2 professi-

onal scrutiny discussion groups.

All the participants were experienced psychotherapists. A grounded-theory analysis generated a set

of first-order themes that were clustered into the second-order themes of body empathy, body as

receiver, and body management. The final grounded theory of psychotherapist embodiment

emerged after an analysis of the permeative themes of professional and personal discourse and re-

searchers’ bodily responses. The grounded theory of psychotherapist embodiment has revealed the

importance of the therapist’s body within the therapeutic encounter.

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Stress und Trauma

Ann New York Academy of Sciences, 2016 Jun;1373(1):56-64.

In pursuit of resilience: stress, epigenetics, and brain plasticity.

McEwen BS

The brain is the central organ for adaptation to experiences, including stressors, which are capable of

changing brain architecture as well as altering systemic function through neuroendocrine, autonomic,

immune, and metabolic systems. Because the brain is the master regulator of these systems, as well

as of behavior, alterations in brain function by chronic stress can have direct and indirect effects on

cumulative allostatic overload, which refers to the cost of adaptation. There is much new knowledge

on the neural control of systemic physiology and the feedback actions of physiologic mediators on

brain regions regulating higher cognitive function, emotional regulation, and self -regulation. The

healthy brain has a considerable capacity for resilience, based upon its ability to respond to interven-

tions designed to open "windows of plasticity" and redirect its function toward better health. As a re-

sult, plasticity-facilitating treatments should be given within the framework of a positive behavioral

intervention; negative experiences during this window may even make matters worse. Indeed, there

are no magic bullets and drugs cannot substitute for targeted interventions that help an individual

become resilient, of which mindfulness-based stress reduction and meditation are emerging as useful

tools.

Neuropsychopharmacology, 16 June 2015), doi:10.1038/npp.2015.171

Stress Effects on Neuronal Structure: Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Prefrontal Cortex

Bruce S McEwen, Carla Nasca and Jason D Gray

The hippocampus provided the gateway into much of what we have learned about stress and brain

structural and functional plasticity, and this initial focus has expanded to other interconnected brain

regions, such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Starting with the discovery of adrenal steroid,

and later, estrogen receptors in the hippocampal formation, and subsequent discovery of dendritic

and spine synapse remodeling and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, mechanistic studies have

revealed both genomic and rapid non-genomic actions of circulating steroid hormones in the brain.

Many of these actions occur epigenetically and result in ever-changing patterns of gene expression, in

which there are important sex differences that need further exploration. Moreover, glucocorticoid and

estrogen actions occur synergistically with an increasing number of cellular mediators that help de-

termine the qualitative nature of the response. The hippocampus has also been a gateway to under-

standing lasting epigenetic effects of early-life experiences. These findings in animal models have

resulted in translation to the human brain and have helped change thinking about the nature of brain

malfunction in psychiatric disorders and during aging, as well as the mechanisms of the effects of

early-life adversity on the brain and the body.

Dissertation am Somatic Experiencing® Trauma Institut, 2014

Egaging Touch & Movement in Somatic Experiencing® Trauma resolution approach

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Sônia Maria Gomes Silva

Physiological Reviews, 2007 Jul;87(3):873-904.

Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain.

McEwen BS

The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is threatening and,

therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral responses which can be

either adaptive or damaging. Stress involves two-way communication between the brain and the car-

diovascular, immune, and other systems via neural and endocrine mechanisms. Beyond the "flight -or-

fight" response to acute stress, there are events in daily life that produce a type of chronic stress and

lead over time to wear and tear on the body ("allostatic load"). Yet, hormones associated with stress

protect the body in the short-run and promote adaptation ("allostasis"). The brain is a target of stress,

and the hippocampus was the first brain region, besides the hypothalamus, to be recognized as a

target of glucocorticoids. Stress and stress hormones produce both adaptive and maladaptive effects

on this brain region throughout the life course. Early life events influence life-long patterns of emo-

tionality and stress responsiveness and alter the rate of brain and body aging. The hippocampus,

amygdala, and prefrontal cortex undergo stress-induced structural remodeling, which alters behavio-

ral and physiological responses. As an adjunct to pharmaceutical therapy, social and behavioral inter-

ventions such as regular physical activity and social support reduce the chronic stress burden and

benefit brain and body health and resilience.

Hippocampus, 2005;15(6):798-807.

Bilateral hippocampal volume reduction in adults with post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-

analysis of structural MRI studies.

Smith ME

Over the last decade a significant number of studies have reported smaller hippocampal volume in

individuals with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relative to control groups, and in

some cases hemispheric asymmetries in this effect have been noted. However these reported asym-

metries have not been in a consistent direction, and other well-controlled studies have failed to ob-

serve any hippocampal volume difference. This paper reports a systematic review and meta-analysis

of studies in which hippocampal volume was estimated from magnetic resonance images in adult

patients with PTSD. After applying a variety of selection criteria intended to minimize potential con-

founds in pooled effect-size estimates, the meta-analysis included 13 studies of adult patients with

PTSD that compared the patients to well-matched control groups, for a total of 215 patients and 325

control subjects. The studies varied with respect to participant age, gender distribution, source of

trauma, severity of symptoms, duration of disorder, the nature of the control groups, and the methods

employed for volumetric quantification. Despite these differences, pooled effect size calculations

across the studies indicated significant volume differences in both hemispheres. On average PTSD

patients had a 6.9% smaller left hippocampal volume and a 6.6% smaller right hippocampal volume

compared with control subjects. These volume differences were smaller when comparing PTSD pa-

tients with control subjects exposed to similar levels of trauma, and larger when comparing PTSD

patients to control subjects without significant trauma exposure. Such differences are consistent with

the notion that exposure to stressful experiences can lead to hippocampal atrophy, although prospec-

tive studies would be necessary to unambiguously establish such a relationship.

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Aktuelle Publikationen zu störungsspezifischen Anwendun-gen

Complicated Grief

JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(7):685-694.

Optimizing Treatment of Complicated Grief: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Shear MK, Reynolds CF, Simon NM, Zisook S, Wang Y, Mauro C, Duan N, Lebowitz B, Skritskaya N.

IMPORTANCE:

To our knowledge, this is the first placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy

of antidepressant pharmacotherapy, with and without complicated grief psychotherapy, in the

treatment of complicated grief.

OBJECTIVE:

To confirm the efficacy of a targeted complicated grief treatment (CGT), determine whether citalopram

(CIT) enhances CGT outcome, and examine CIT efficacy without CGT.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:

Included in the study were 395 bereaved adults who met criteria for CG recruited from March 2010 to

September 2014 from academic medical centers in Boston, Massachusetts; New York, New York;

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and San Diego, California. Co-occurring substance abuse, psychosis, ma-

nia, and cognitive impairment were exclusionary. Study participants were randomized using site-

specific permuted blocks stratified by major depression into groups prescribed CIT (n = 101), placebo

(PLA; n = 99), CGT with CIT (n = 99), and CGT with PLA (n = 96). Independent evaluators conducted

monthly assessments for 20 weeks. Response rates were compared under the intention-to-treat prin-

ciple, including all randomized participants in a logistic regression with inverse probability weighting.

INTERVENTIONS:

All participants received protocolized pharmacotherapy optimized by flexible dosing, psychoeduca-

tion, grief monitoring, and encouragement to engage in activities. Half were also randomized to re-

ceive manualized CGT in 16 concurrent weekly sessions.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:

Complicated grief-anchored Clinical Global Impression scale measurments every 4 weeks. Response

was measured as a rating of "much improved" or "very much improved."

RESULTS:

Of the 395 study participants, 308 (78.0%) were female and 325 (82.3%) were white. Participants'

response to CGT with PLA vs PLA (82.5% vs 54.8%; relative risk [RR], 1.51; 95% CI, 1.16-1.95;

P = .002; number needed to treat [NNT], 3.6) suggested the efficacy of CGT, and the addition of CIT

did not significantly improve CGT outcome (CGT with CIT vs CGT with PLA: 83.7% vs 82.5%; RR,

1.01; 95% CI, 0.88-1.17; P = .84; NNT, 84). However, depressive symptoms decreased significantly

more when CIT was added to treatment (CGT with CIT vs CGT with PLA: model-based adjusted

mean [standard error] difference, -2.06 [1.00]; 95% CI, -4.02 to -0.11; P = .04). By contrast, adding

CGT improved CIT outcome (CIT vs CGT with CIT: 69.3% vs 83.7%; RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.00-1.46;

P = .05; NNT, 6.9). Last, participant response to CIT was not significantly different from PLA at week

12 (45.9% vs 37.9%; RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.82-1.81; P = .35; NNT, 12.4) or at week 20 (69.3% vs

54.8%; RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.95-1.68; P = .11; NNT, 6.9). Rates of suicidal ideation diminished to a

substantially greater extent among participants receiving CGT than among those who did not.

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CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:

Complicated grief treatment is the treatment of choice for CG, and the addition of CIT optimizes the

treatment of co-occurring depressive symptoms.

Depression

Lancet, 2016; 388: 871–80

Cost and Outcome of Behavioural Activation versus Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for De-

pression (COBRA): a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial

Prof David A Richards, David Ekers, PhD, Dean McMillan, PhD, Prof Rod S Taylor, PhD, Prof Sarah

Byford, PhD, Fiona C Warren, PhD, Barbara Barrett, PhD, Paul A Farrand, PhD, Prof Simon Gilbody,

DPhil, Prof Willem Kuyken, PhD, Heather O'Mahen, PhD, Prof Ed R Watkins, PhD, Kim A Wright,

PhD, Prof Steven D Hollon, PhD, Nigel Reed, BSc, Shelley Rhodes, PhD, Emily Fletcher, MSc, Katie

Finning, BSc

Background

Depression is a common, debilitating, and costly disorder. Many patients request psychological the-

rapy, but the best-evidenced therapy—cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)—is complex and costly. A

simpler therapy—behavioural activation (BA)—might be as effective and cheaper than is CBT. We

aimed to establish the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of BA compared with CBT for adults

with depression.

Methods

In this randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial, we recruited adults aged 18 years or older meeting

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria for major depressive disorder from

primary care and psychological therapy services in Devon, Durham, and Leeds (UK). We excluded

people who were receiving psychological therapy, were alcohol or drug dependent, were acutely sui-

cidal or had attempted suicide in the previous 2 months, or were cognitively impaired, or who had

bipolar disorder or psychosis or psychotic symptoms. We randomly assigned participants (1:1) remo-

tely using computer-generated allocation (minimisation used; stratified by depression severity [Patient

Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) score of <19 vs ≥19], antidepressant use, and recruitment site) to BA

from junior mental health workers or CBT from psychological therapists. Randomisation done at the

Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit was concealed from investigators. Treatment was given open label, but

outcome assessors were masked. The primary outcome was depression symptoms according to the

PHQ-9 at 12 months. We analysed all those who were randomly allocated and had complete data

(modified intention to treat [mITT]) and also all those who were randomly allocated, had complete

data, and received at least eight treatment sessions (per protocol [PP]). We analysed safety in the

mITT population. The non-inferiority margin was 1·9 PHQ-9 points. This trial is registered with the

ISCRTN registry, number ISRCTN27473954.

Findings

Between Sept 26, 2012, and April 3, 2014, we randomly allocated 221 (50%) participants to BA and

219 (50%) to CBT. 175 (79%) participants were assessable for the primary outcome in the mITT po-

pulation in the BA group compared with 189 (86%) in the CBT group, whereas 135 (61%) were as-

sessable in the PP population in the BA group compared with 151 (69%) in the CBT group. BA was

non-inferior to CBT (mITT: CBT 8·4 PHQ-9 points [SD 7·5], BA 8·4 PHQ-9 points [7·0], mean diffe-

rence 0·1 PHQ-9 points [95% CI −1·3 to 1·5], p=0·89; PP: CBT 7·9 PHQ-9 points [7·3]; BA 7·8 [6·5],

mean difference 0·0 PHQ-9 points [–1·5 to 1·6], p=0·99). Two (1%) non-trial-related deaths (one [1%]

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multidrug toxicity in the BA group and one [1%] cancer in the CBT group) and 15 depression-related,

but not treatment-related, serious adverse events (three in the BA group and 12 in the CBT group)

occurred in three [2%] participants in the BA group (two [1%] patients who overdosed and one [1%]

who self-harmed) and eight (4%) participants in the CBT group (seven [4%] who overdosed and one

[1%] who self-harmed).

Interpretation

We found that BA, a simpler psychological treatment than CBT, can be delivered by junior mental

health workers with less intensive and costly training, with no lesser effect than CBT. Effective psy-

chological therapy for depression can be delivered without the need for costly and highly trained pro-

fessionals.

Journal of Affective Disorders, 2013, 151, 85-91

An exploratory randomized controlled trial of body psychotherapy for patients with chronic

depression

Frank Röhricht, Nina Papadopoulos, Stefan Priebe

Background:

Chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymia are associated with a high burden and

substantial care costs. New and more effective treatments are required. This is the first randomized

controlled trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Body Psychotherapy (BPT) in patients with

chronic depression.

Methods:

Patients with chronic depressive syndromes (more than 2 years symptomatic) and a total score

of ≥20 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) were randomly allocated to either

immediate BPT or a waiting group which received BPT 12 weeks later. BPT was manualized, deliver-

ed in small groups in 20 sessions over a 10 weeks period, and provided in addition to treatment as

usual. In an intention to treat analysis, primary outcome were depressive symptoms at the end of

treatment adjusted for baseline symptom levels. Secondary outcomes were self-esteem and subjec-

tive quality of life.

Results:

Thirty-one patients were included and twenty-one received the intervention. At the end of treatment

patients in the immediate BPT group had significantly lower depressive symptom scores than the

waiting group (mean difference 8.7, 95% confidence interval 1.0–16.7). Secondary outcomes did not

show statistically significant differences. When the scores of the waiting group before and after BPT

(as offered after the waiting period) were also considered in the analysis, the differences with the

initial waiting group remained significant.

Conclusions:

The results suggest that BPT may be an effective treatment option for patients with chronic

depression. Difficulty recruiting and subsequent attrition was one of the limitations, but the findings

merit further trials with larger samples and process studies to identify the precise therapeutic

mechanisms.

Somatische Erkrankungen

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Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 12:235, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-

6882/12/235

Mindfulness-and body-psychotherapy-based group treatment of chronic tinnitus: a rando-

mized controlled pilot study

Peter M Kreuzer, Monika Goetz, Maria Holl, Martin Schecklmann, Michael Landgrebe, Susanne Stau-

dinger and Berthold Langguth

Background:

Tinnitus, the perception of sound in absence of an external acoustic source, impairs the quality of life

in 2% of the population. Since in most cases causal treatment is not possible, the majority of thera-

peutic attempts aim at developing and strengthening individual coping and habituation strategies.

Therapeutic interventions that incorporate training in mindfulness meditation have become increa-

singly popular in the treatment of stress-related disorders. Here we conducted a randomized, control-

led clinical study to investigate the efficacy of a specific mindfulness- and body-psychotherapy based

program in patients suffering from chronic tinnitus.

Methods:

Thirty-six patients were enrolled in this pilot study. The treatment was specifically developed for tinni-

tus patients and is based on mindfulness and body psychotherapy. Treatment was performed as roup

therapy at two training weekends that were separated by an interval of 7 weeks (eleven

hours/weekend) and in four further two-hour sessions (week 2, 9, 18 and 22). Patients were rando-

mized to receive treatment either immediately or after waiting time, which served as a control conditi-

on. The primary study outcome was the change in tinnitus complaints as measured by the German

Version of the Tinnitus Questionnaire (TQ).

Results:

ANOVA testing for the primary outcome showed a significant interaction effect time by group (F = 7.4;

df = 1,33; p = 0.010). Post hoc t-tests indicated an amelioration of TQ scores from baseline to week 9

in both groups (intervention group: t = 6.2; df = 17; p < 0.001; control group: t = 2.5; df = 16; p =

0.023), but the intervention group improved more than the control group. Groups differed at week 7

and 9, but not at week 24 as far as the TQ score was concerned.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that this mindfulness- and body-psychotherapy-based approach is feasible in the

treatment of tinnitus and merits further evaluation in clinical studies with larger sample sizes. The

study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01540357).

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Diplom-, Lizentiats- und Masterarbeiten zu IBP

Anderegg, J. (in Vorb.). Gestalttherapeutische Konzepte und Methoden in IBP. Diplomarbeit, Institut

für Integrative Körperpsychotherapie IBP, Winterthur.

Elmer G. (2003). Das Integrative Modell (IBP) als Hilfsmittel im Coaching-Prozess. Diplomarbeit,

Institut für Integrative Körperpsychotherapie IBP, Winterthur.

Fischer, N. (2012). Sexuelle Liebesfähigkeit und Beziehungskompetenz - ein lebenslanger Lern- und

Reifeprozess. Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Dipl. Erwachsenenbildner HF, SELF, Höhere Fach-

schule für Erwachsenenbildung, Bern.

Flury Kleubler, P. (2012). Berufliche Umsetzung von IBP-Coaching- und -Beratungs-Ausbildungen.

Diplomarbeit, Institut für Körperpsychotherapie IBP, Winterthur.

Froesch, M. (2001a). Lebensqualität und Psychotherapie. Unveröffentlichte Studienarbeit, Psycholo-

gisches Institut, Universität Zürich.

Froesch, M. (2001b). Jeder Traum enthält alles Material, das wir brauchen. Gestaltarbeit mit Träu-

men

in der Integrativen Körperpsychotherapie. Unveröffentlichte Projektarbeit und Posterpräsentation,

Psychologisches Institut, Universität Zürich.

Froesch, M. (2003). Stress und Grenzenziehen: Psychologische Effekte einer körperorientierten

Intervention auf akuten sozialen Stress. Unveröff. Lizentiatsarbeit, Psychologisches Institut, Universi-

tät

Zürich.

Greuter, F. (2011). Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Psychotherapie Einflüsse des Geschlechts auf

das Verhalten von Patientinnen und Patienten und Therapeutinnen und Therapeuten. Lizentiatsarbeit,

Philosophische Fakultät I, Universität Zürich

Hüttenmoser S. (2006). Die Beendigung von Psychotherapie, Diplomarbeit, Institut für Integrative

Körperpsychotherapie IBP, Winterthur.

Legler J. (2007). Yoga und Psychotherapie, Wege zu persönlichem Wachstum. Diplomarbeit Hoch-

schule für angewandte Psychologie, Zürich

Németh-Häuptle, B. (2002). Die narzisstische Persönlichkeitsstörung in der Integrativen Körperpsy-

chotherapie IBP. Diplomarbeit, Institut für Integrative Körperpsychotherapie IBP, Winterthur.

Peterka, B. (2011). Fragebogen zur Selbsteinschätzung des Schutz-/Charakterstils. Eine Reliabili-

täts-

und Validitätsprüfung. Masterarbeit, Angewandter Psychologie, ZHAW Zürich.

Rusterholz Mirja (2014). Kinder-Körperpsychotherapie. Master Thesis zur Erlangung des akademi-

schen Grades Master of Science (MSc.) im Universitätslehrgang Psychotherapeutische Psychologie,

Donau-Universität Krems

Schlumpf, Y. (in Vorb.): Stress und Grenzenziehen. Protektive Effekte einer körperorientierten Inter-

vention auf die Herzratenaktivität unter akutem psychosozialem Stress. Unveröff. Lizentiatsarbeit,

Universität Zürich, Psychologisches Institut, Abt. Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie.

Schneider, E.-C. (2014). Herleitung störungsorientierten Vorgehens in der Integrativen Körperpsy-

chotherapie (IBP) anhand des Energiemodells. Masterthese zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades

Master of Science (MSc.) in Psychotherapeutischer Psychologie Donau-Universität Krems.

Schwager, B. (1994). Die Wahrnehmung der Grenze. Körperliche und emotionale Veränderungen bei

der Bewusstmachung des Eigenraumes. Eine qualitative Untersuchung anhand von Bildern und Text-

protokollen. Lizentiatsarbeit, Universität Zürich.

Siegrist, Michael (2014). MIT LEIB UND SEELE IN DER SEELSORGE?! Die Grundelemente der

Integrativen Körperpsychotherapie IBP – Selbstgrenze, Selbstkontakt und Präsenz – als wesentliche

Elemente für einen Einbezug des Körpers in der Seelsorge. Masterarbeit im Fach Seelsorge und

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Religionspsychologie, Departement für Evangelische Theologie der Theologischen Fakultät, Universi-

tät Bern.

Tscharner, L. (2004): Effekte einer körperorientierten Intervention auf die psychoendokrine Stressre-

aktivität in einer akuten sozialen Stresssituation. Unveröff. Lizentiatsarbeit, Psychologisches Institut,

Universität Zürich.

Völger, E. (2014): Diagnostik in der psychosomatischen Rehabilitation. Klinische Bedeutsamkeit des

IBP Charakterstils für die Patienten-Therapeuten Beziehung. Masterthese zur Erlangung des akade-

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