WK8 Agenda

• Project 8 per group: members by Jan 18, 2009

• Pick one topic for multiple comparison project: religion, music, art, language and literature

• Discussion

• Byzantine Lecture

• Homework (-2 per week for late work)

• Amazing points

• Fishbone

• Exam Result

Byzantine Discussion

• What do you think of Byzantine?

• Where is it?

• When was it?

• Who do you know?

• Why should we know about it? Better Thai than Byzantine?

• How did we know about it?

Byzantine, Medieval World

• Roman influenced: The Byzantine, Islamic, and Early-Medieval Western Worlds

• No clear beginning date: successors of the Roman empire, Constantine vs. Diocletian or Justinian

Byzantine

• Geography Reasons for moving:– Political stability

– Economic advantage: cross roads of Europe and Asia

• Who moved the capital city to here?

• How many church?

• What other cities do you think of?

Early Byzantine

• Capital city at Constantinople

• Constantine granted Decree of Milan 313 AD.– Equal rights between

Christian and Roman– Christian could be

government official– Christian could own asset– Christian could practice

religious activities

• Official religion of empire in 391 AD.

Early Byzantine

• Early Christian art:

– Mosaic

– archivolt

• Sant-Apollinare Nuovo

• St. John Studios

• Marble transenna or screen

• Copied Greek literature

What’s the official language?

Byzantine, 1st Golden Age• Justinian 527-565 AD.

– Theodora– Justinian fought hard to win

back the West (largest empire)

– Active role in religion: “One God, one empire, one religion”

– Justinian Code: Corpus JurisCivilis• Foundation for most

European law– Goal was to centralize

government• Impose legal and

doctrinal conformity

Byzantine, 1st Golden Age• Volts, Dome Basilica• Pendentive architecture:

-Cathedral of Saint Sophia(Holy Wisdom)– Symbolize the inward and

spiritual character of the Christian religion

– Little appearance on the outside– Beautiful mosaics and marble

columns inside– Lighting/windows : floating– Dome in square

• Ivory carving: Justinian as Conqueror: Barberini Ivory

• Jewelry making: gold• Silk

Byzantine, 1st Golden Age

• Heraclius: 610-641 AD.–Much greater Eastern influence

–Challenged by the Persian armies which already won all the Asian territories

Iconoclastic Controversy• Leo the Isaurian

(Iconoclastic emperor) 717-741 AD.– Defeated the Arab troop with

Greek fire: a mixture of sulfur, naphtha and quicklime

– Enforced ban on images in Eastern churches (Today survival art works come from Italy and Palestine)

• Result?– East and West religious

disputes (patriarch vs. pope)

– Images and Icons

• Education of women– Tutoring at home

Second Golden Age

• Icon pictures• Paris Psalter(Psalms of

David)

• St. Mark in Venice– 4 square domes at the

corners– More space

• Agriculture, Industrial• International trade

– Import:• Luxurious goods from the

East

– Export: • Raw material

Second Golden Age• 1054 AD:Greek Orthodox Separation• 1060 AD: The holy land was under Muslim.• 1071 AD Seljuks invasion: Battle of Manzikurt• Byzantine asked help from Western Europe (Pope

Urban II)

• 1096-1099 AD: First Crusade– France, German, andItaly traveled 3 years toJerusalem and theOutremer

• Saladin Muslim leaderfought back at Edessa (2nd Crusade)

Late Byzantine

• 1189-1192 AD: 3rd Crusade: Richard the lion heart of England battled at Acre

• 1204-1261 AD: 4th Crusade: Crusaders invaded Constantinople and governed for 60 years– Templar, Teutonic, Hospitaller

• 1453 AD: End of the empire, Sultan Mehmet II renovated the city and renamed it to Istanbul

Stability of the Byzantine

• Occasional able rulers• Efficient bureaucratic government:

– Support education(opposite of the Latin West): literate laity– Support religion– Support economic: regulated prices and wages, maintained

system of licensingWhat organization in the government will benefit from this kind of structure?

• Firm economic base: – Import:

• Far Eastern luxurious

– Export• Silk, gold and silver coinage

Western Debt to Byzantine

• Acted as a wall for Europe against Islam

• Helped preserve classical Greek learning

• Influence western art: St. Mark’s basilica in Venice, Giotto and El Greco works

ByzantineTime Politic, Economic,

SocietyKnowledge,Philosophy, ReligionTechnology

Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture

Literature, Drama

395 ADEast and West Roman Empire476 AD. End of the Western Empire

Capital city at Byzantium or ConstantinopleBureaucratic government: Byzantine: behind the scene, complexity

Edict of Milan, Spread of Christianity, Council of Nicea, active role from the emperor

Christian art: Mosaic, archivoltSant-Aplollinare NuovoSt. John StudiosMarble transenna or screen

Greek literature

527-565 AD.1st Golden Age

610-641 AD.

Justinian

Heraclius

Largest empire, Justinian Code

Greek fire,

Volts, Dome BasilicaPendentive architecture:Cathedral of Saint Sophia

Silk, Ivory carving: BarberiniIvory, jewelry making,

726-843 AD.Iconoclastic Controversy

Emperor Leo the Isaurian: Persian threat,

Educated woman

900-1200 AD.Second Golden Age

Agriculture, Industrial, International trade, 1071 AD. Seljuks invasion: Battle of Manzikurt

1096-1099 AD.First Crusade

Official language: Greek, Religion: Greek Orthodox Church, Patriarch 1054 AD :Greek Orthodox Separation

St. Mark in VeniceIcon pictureParis Psalter(Psalms of David)

1200-1 453 AD.Ottoman Turk invasion

1204-1261 AD.Crusade invasion

1453 AD: End of the empire, Sultan Mehmet II renovated the city and renamed it to Istanbul

Homwork

• Table for high and later middle ages (10th to 15th century)

Exam Amazing Points

• How do geography affect civilization? Location effect to your business? Already talked about this many times even in the review lecture!

• Know the countries and sea but wrong river? Nile river is in Europe?

– Greek and pyramid?

– Indus and Parthenon? We already mentioned Parthenon in the multiple choice and you wrote with Indus civilization?

– Know Parthenon in short answer but answered incorrectly in multiple choice?

• Are you Buddhist?

• Basilicas instead of ziggurats? Shouldn’t you confuse between ziggurat and pyramid?

• Logical reasoning:– Blank?

– It’s old? Long time?

– Medicine? Then…what civilization is the father of medicine?