Workshop on GHG calculation and calculation tools · fossil fuel based on a functional unit Principles of LCAs 1 Principles of GHG calculation . Author: Susanne Köppen 15. – 16.04.2014

1 15. – 16.04.2014 Author: Susanne Köppen

ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH

Susanne Köppen

15 – 16 April 2014 / Indonesia susanne.kö[email protected]

Workshop on

GHG calculation and

calculation tools



1. Introduction to GHG

calculations



Content

1 Principles of GHG calculation

2 GHG calculation under the EU RED

3 Overview on GHG calculation tools

4 Introduction to BioGrace



Important driver for bioenergy implementation: saving of

greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy carriers

save emissions by replacing fossil fuels and producing co-products

cause emissions during production and use

Impact of bioenergy project can be assessed with life

cycle assessment (LCA) methodology

internationally standardized (ISO 14040 / 14044)

Introduction

Principles of GHG calculation 1



takes into account the whole life cycle of a product

(„cradle-to-grave“)

takes into account all inputs into the system and all

outputs

compares the emissions of a biofuel with those from a

fossil fuel based on a functional unit

Principles of LCAs




Raw material

Biofuel

Fertiliser

Diesel Pesticides

Cultivation

Co-products

Fallow / land

use change

Production

raw material

Use

Transport

Production


Fossil fuel



Outputs

Inputs

Natural gas

Raw oil

Lignite

Hard coal

Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide

(N2O)

Conversion into CO2 equivalents (GWPs)

Raw material

Biofuel

Fertilizer

Diesel Pesticides

Cultivation

Co-products

Fallow / land

use change

Production

raw material

Use

Transport

Production

Fossil fuel

Inventory analysis




Data from the

process

(e.g. yields, fertiliser)

Data for conversion

(e.g. heating values,

emission factors)

X Greenhouse gas

emissions =

Direct emissions: occur during the use of a product

(e.g. combustion of a fossil fuel)

Indirect emissions: occur during the production of a

product (e.g. production of a fossil fuel)

Also called ‚upstream emissions‘

How to calculate GHG emissions




FIELD WORK &

HARVEST Diesel fuel

[l diesel per ha per year]

Diesel [g CO2eq per l diesel]

PESTICIDES Pesticides

[l pesticides per ha per year] Pesticides

[g CO2eq per l pesticides]

IRRIGATION &

FEEDSTOCK

DRYING

Diesel fuel or electricity [l diesel per ha per year] or [kWh

electricity per ha per year]

Organic and mineral

fertiliser [kg fertiliser per ha per year]

Diesel or electricity [g CO2eq per l diesel] or

[g CO2eq per kWh electricity]

Fertiliser production [g CO2eq per kg fertilizer]

FERTILISER

Nitrogen fertiliser

field emissions [g CO2eq per kg fertiliser]

Total annual GHG

emissions [g CO2eq per ha per

year]

Background data

Provided by the GHG

calculator

Annual amount of Emission factor for

Total greenhouse

gas emissions

Feedstock yield [kg feedstock per ha

per year]

Annual GHG

emissions from

cultivation [g CO2eq per kg

feedstock]

=

÷

x

x

x

x

x

Data from

process

Data for

conversion Emissions




-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Rapeseed biodiesel

Fossil diesel

Saldo (biodiesel minus diesel)

g CO2 equ. / MJ fuel

Rapeseed biodiesel emits less greenhouse gases than fossil

diesel

Results for rapeseed biodiesel




Example palm oil biodiesel

Introduction to GHG calculation 1


ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH Introdcution to GHG calculation 1

Palm oil

Utilisation in passenger car

Diesel PME

Oil palm plantation

Transport

Ferti - liser

Pesti - cides

Seed - lings

Diesel fuel

Product Process

Extraction , Refining

Natural forest Alternative land use

Palm kernel oil

Press cake

Tensides Tensides

Fodder Soy meal

Fibres & Shells Power Power mix

Empty fruit bunches

Mulch Min.

fertiliser

Reference system

Waste water Biogas Power mix

Utilisation in passenger car

Transport

Convent . Diesel

Refining

Crude oil extraction and

processing

Trans - esterification

Raw Glycerine Chemicals

Palm oil biodiesel

Glycerine



IFEU 2007


Greenhouse effect

** Natural forest + typical cultivation

** PME = Palm oil methyl ester = Palm oil biodiesel

-10 -5 0 5 10 15

Convent. diesel

Palm oil biodiesel*

t CO2 equiv. / (ha*a)

Credits Expenditures

Advantage Disadvantage for PME**

Greenhouse effect

Balance

Expenditures: Credits: Fossil equivalent:

Biomass tractor + power

Biomass seedlings

Biomass N-fertiliser

Biomass other auxiliaries

Transport kernels

Credit soy meal

Credit tensides Transport ocean

Process refining

Process transesterification

Foss. equivalent provision

Transport palm oil

Credit chemicals

Foss. equivalent usage

Reference system

N2O field emissions

POME CH4 emissions

Utilisation palm oil


ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH Introduction to GHG calculation 1

Source: IFEU 2007

Greenhouse effect

Greenhouse effect



-10 -5 0 5 10 15

Convent. diesel

Palm oil biodiesel*


Credits Expenditures

Advantage Disadvantage for PME**

Balance



Biomass seedlings



Transport kernels

Credit soy meal

Credit tensidesTransport ocean

Process refining



Transport palm oil

Credit chemicals


Reference system

N2O field emissions

POME CH4 emissions


Greenhouse effect



-10 -5 0 5 10 15

Convent. diesel

Palm oil biodiesel*


Credits Credits Expenditures Expenditures

Advantage Advantage Disadvantage for PME** Disadvantage for PME**

Balance



Biomass seedlings



Transport kernels

Credit soy meal

Credit tensidesTransport ocean

Process refining



Transport palm oil

Credit chemicals


Reference system

N2O field emissions

POME CH4 emissions



Biomass tractor + powerBiomass tractor + power

Biomass seedlingsBiomass seedlings

Biomass N-fertiliserBiomass N-fertiliser

Biomass other auxiliariesBiomass other auxiliaries

Transport kernelsTransport kernels

Credit soy mealCredit soy meal

Credit tensidesCredit tensidesTransport oceanTransport ocean

Process refiningProcess refining

Process transesterificationProcess transesterification

Foss. equivalent provisionFoss. equivalent provision

Transport palm oilTransport palm oil

Credit chemicalsCredit chemicals

Foss. equivalent usageFoss. equivalent usage

Reference systemReference system

N2O field emissionsN2O field emissions

POME CH4 emissionsPOME CH4 emissions

Utilisation palm oilUtilisation palm oil

CO2

CH4

Large influence of land use change and palm oil

production (plantation / palm oil mill management)



Advantages Disadvan-

tages

Large bandwidths of

results:

Different production

systems

Different methods

GHG balances of

different biofuels




Basis for the comparison of bioenergy and fossil energy

carrier

Different units are possible:

One hectare; tonne biomass; MJ energy carrier

Choice depends on the research goal

E.g. optimised use of land ( hectare)

Optimised use of biomass (e.g. waste; t biomass)

Specifications – functional unit




RED suggests to take into account: CO2, N2O, CH4

However, many more greenhouse gases exist

(e.g. HFCs, PFCs,..)

Greenhouse gases are converted into CO2 equivalents

based on the global warming potentials (GWPs)

different GWPs suggested by IPCC:

IPCC 2001: 296 (N2O), 23 (CH4)

IPCC 1995: 310 (N2O), 21 (CH4)

IPCC 2007: 298 (N2O), 25 (CH4)

Specifications – greenhouse gases to be considered




Technical

System to be studied

Specification of main products, co-products, waste

Cut off criteria (e.g. infrastructure)

Geographical

National production versus imports

Global effects of carbon emissions

Time horizon

Reference year for emission balancing

Specifications – system boundaries




It has to be differentiated between waste and

co- / by-product!

No consistent definition worldwide

Most bioenergy pathways produce by-products:

Rapeseed meal

Palm kernels; palm kernel meal

Molasse

Surplus electricity

Co-/by-products have to be taken into account in LCAs

Specifications – dealing with by-products



ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH Principles of GHG calculation 1

Raw oil

production

Use

Biodiesel

Use

Diesel

Fertiliser

Fuel Pestici.

Cultivation

Transport Extraction

Raffination Processing Glycerine

Convent.

products

Substitution

Chemicals

Rape meal Soy meal

Fallow

Honey

Chem.

glycerine

Thermal

use

Raw oil Rape oil

Diesel Biodiesel

Glycerine

Honey

Allocation

Rapeseed

Rape oil

Biodiesel

Raps -

schrot

Rape meal

%

%

%

Product Equivalent

system Process

Substitution versus allocation



Use of by-products replaces other products and thus save

GHG emissions

E.g. rapeseed meal replaces soy meal; glycerine replaces

chemicals

By-products can be used in different ways and thus lead

to different savings:

Rapeseed meal as animal feed (replaces soy beans) or for

electricity production (replaces fossil grid electricity)

Interesting from a scientific point of view as it shows the

influences on system

Difficult to use for regulatory purpose as hard to

supervise and leads to very different results

Substitution method




GHG emissions are divided between the main product and

co-products

Part of the emissions „leave“ the system

Different references possible: lower heating value, prices,

mass

Easier to be implemented in regulatory purposes

Allocation




Example on allocation


Cultivation

Product 1

Processing

Product

2

Co-

product

1 g CO2eq

5 g CO2eq

Processing

Final

product

Co-

product 6 g CO2eq

2 MJ/kg = 67%

1 MJ/kg = 33 %

2 MJ/kg =33%

4 MJ/kg = 67 %

2 g CO2eq

4 g CO2eq

3.31 g CO2eq

6.71g CO2eq

6 g

10 g CO2eq



-3,5 -3,0 -2,5 -2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0

Substitution

- Techn. glycerine

- Chemicals

- Thermal use

Allocation

- Lower heating value

- Mass

- Market price

t CO2 equ / (ha*a)

Advantages for biodiesel

Bandwidth

IFEU 2007

Allocation versus substitution


Greenhouse effect



Content







Entered into force in 2009

Renewable energy objectives until 2020:

20 % overall share of renewable energy

10 % renewable energy in transport sector

Objectives:

Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions

Security of energy supply

Promoting technological development and innovation

Providing opportunities for employment and regional development

Includes sustainability requirements for liquid biofuels

The EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED)

GHG calculation under the EU RED 2



Mandatory for biofuels / bioliquids used for compliance

with 2020 target and benefiting from national support

schemes

Apply to ALL feedstocks entering the EU market (produced

inside and outside the Community)

Mainly covering environmental aspects

Implementation:

Independent auditors must check information

Can be part of voluntary certification schemes (to be approved by

Commission)

The RED sustainability requirements






Mandatory criteria

- Greenhouse gas emission

saving shall be at least 35 %

(50 % after 2017)

- Not from areas with high

biodiversity value (e.g.

grassland, primary forests)

- Not from areas with high

carbon stocks (forests,

peatland)

Criteria to be reported

- Availability of food at

affordable prices (in

particular in developing

countries)

- Land use rights

- Implementation of ILO criteria

- Cartagena Protocol on

Biosafety

- Convention on International

Trade in Endangered Species

of Wild Fauna and Flora



RED Annex V provides

default values (overall and disaggregated) and

methodological rules for own calculations

(„actual values“)

Economic operators may use

default values or

actual values calculated according to Annex V or

the sum of actual value and disaggregated default values.

Rules on whether default values may be used

e.g. land use change




ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH GHG calculation under the EU RED 2

Rules for using

actual and

default values



For making actual GHG calculations, you need:

1. A methodology / rules

2. Data from the process,

such as yield of feedstock, input of fertilisers, efficiency of

conversion plant, natural gas and electricity input etc. etc.

3. Numbers/coefficients to convert data into GHG emissions

4. Data/numbers for the reference process

Important to understand:

LCA studies can be complicated and time-consuming

GHG calculations under RED are to some extend pragmatic, a

number of assumptions have been made

Making actual calculations




eee: combined with ep

1. The methodology (Annex V.C)

GHG calculations under the EU RED 2

eu: zero for biofuels and bioliquids (V.C.13)

eec, ep, etd = basic „disaggregated default values“

el and esca : following the decision 2010/335/EU

eeccs/ccr: very scarcely applied



Cultivation

Processing step 1

Transport raw material

Direct land-use change

Processing step 2

Transport intermediate product

Filling station

Transport biofuel

el

eec

eep

eep

etd

etd

etd

etd

eep

etd

el

eec

esca





Functional unit: gram CO2eq per MJbiofuel

Emissions from cultivation (eec) include emissions from

Cultivation, collection of raw material, waste / leakages

Production of chemicals or products used in extraction or

cultivation

Gives an approach how to calculate el

Application of a bonus (29 g CO2eq /MJ ) if production took

place on degraded or contaminated land

Up to now no criteria / definitions for this type of land usually

not applied in practice


GHG calculations under the EU RED

2




Emissions from processing (ep) include emissions from

Processing itself, waste / leakages

Production of chemicals or products used in processing

GHG emission intensity for external electricity has to be

taken into account

Emissions from infrastructure is not taken into account

Emissions from transport (etd) include emissions from

Transport and storage of semi-finished material

Storage and distribution of final material

Emissions from fuel in use (eu) shall be zero for biofuels /

bioliquids


2




Emission savings from excess electricity from

cogeneration (eee)

When co-products occur (e.g. palm kernels), allocation

based on lower heating value shall be applied

Wastes and residues are assumed to have zero GHG

emissions up to their point of collection

Provides GWPs for N2O (296) and CH4 (23)

Fossil fuel comparators:

83.8 g CO2eq / MJ for transport fuels

91 / 77 g CO2eq / MJ for electricity / heat production


2



For making GHG calculations, you need:

1. A methodology / rules

2. Data from the process,

such as yield of feedstock, input of fertilisers, efficiency of

conversion plant, natural gas and electricity input etc. etc.

3. Numbers/coefficients to convert data into GHG emissions


Important to understand:

LCA studies can be complicated and time-consuming

GHG calculations under RED are to some extend pragmatic, a

number of assumptions have been made

Making actual calculations




Data for actual calculation

Data from process


Data for conversion


emission factors)

X Greenhouse gas

emissions =


2



2. Data from the process

In this workshop further called “input data”

For example

amount of natural gas and electricity consumed in a biofuel

production plant over a given time span

Yield of a crop and input of fertilisers, pesticides etc over a given

time span


2



3. Numbers/coefficients to convert data into GHG

emissions

For instance:

Emission coefficients (eg gram CO2/CH4/N2O per MJ natural gas)

Lower heating values (MJ/kg)

Densities (kg/litre)

Transport efficiencies (MJ fuel per ton per km)

Emissions of CH4 and N2O for boilers, CHP’s (gram per

MJ steam), trucks and ships (gram per ton per km)

In GHG calculation tools these numbers/coefficients

are assumed to be “fixed” or “standard”

In this workshop further called “standard values”


2




Are defined in RED Annex V.C.19

83.8 g CO2eq / MJ for transport fuels

91 / 77 g CO2eq / MJ for electricity / heat production

Reference values will change when the RED Annex is

updated (in the course of 2014)


2



Content







Must lead to transparent and unambiguous results

RED provides methodology

But:

RED methodology leaves room for interpretation

No background data

Functional unit is difficult to be put into practice

Biofuel operators are no scientists!

GHG calculations for regulative purpose

Overview on GHG calculation tools

3



Lack of background data


3

Input data


Standard values


emission factors)

X Greenhouse gas

emissions =

Different factors may lead to different results!

This causes a problem using actual GHG values

Auditors can not check if standard values are correct

Economic operations can enhance the GHG performance of their

biofuel without decreasing actual GHG emissions



Calculations with two different tools (BioGrace, RSB) Both apply the RED methodology

Calculation of 4 pathways Ethanol from wheat

Ethanol from sugar cane

Biodiesel from rapeseed

Biodiesel from pam oil

Same input data have been used in both tools

Biofuel greenhouse gas calculations under the European Renewable Energy Directive – A comparison of the BioGrace tool vs. the tool of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels Applied Energy, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 12 May 2012 Anna M. Hennecke, Mireille Faist, Jürgen Reinhardt, Victoria Junquera, John Neeft, Horst Fehrenbach

Comparison of GHG calculations


3



Hennecke et al. 2012

Comparison of GHG calculation


3

Reason for

deviation:

• Different emission

factors

• Different

methodologies (N2O

field emissions)

• Different

interpretation of

land use categories



Different results from same biofuel (same input values but

different standard values)

Why harmonisation of GHG calculations?

3

Standard values Unit Source

EC (RED Netherlands UK Germany

Annex V) (Ecofys / CE) RFA IFEU

Nitrogen Fertilizer g CO 2eq /kg 5917,2 6367,0 6800,0 6410

P fertilizer g CO 2eq /kg 1013,5 700,0 354 for TSP, 95 for

rock phosphate,

596 for MAP

1180

K fertilizer g CO 2eq /kg 579,2 453,0 333,0 663

CaO fertilizer (85%CaCO3+15%CaO,Ca(OH)2) g CO 2eq /kg 130,0 179,0 124,0 297

Pesticides g CO 2eq /kg 11025,7 17256,8 17300,0 1240

Diesel (direct plus indirect emissions) g CO 2eq /MJ 87,6 76,7 86,4 89,1

Natural gas (direct plus indirect emissions) g CO 2eq /MJ 68,0 53,9 62,0 62,8

Methanol (direct plus indirect emissions) g CO 2eq /MJ 98,1 137,5 138,5 62,5




Biofuel Greenhouse Gas emissions:

alignment of calculations in Europe

Aim of project:

Harmonise calculations of biofuel greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

performed in EU-27 under legislation implementing

the Renewable Energy and Fuel Quality directives

Project BioGrace




Cause transparency

Reproduce biofuel default GHG values (Annex V RED)

Cause harmonization

Cause that GHG calculation tools give the same results

Facilitate stakeholders

Allow relevant stakeholders to calculate actual values

Disseminate results

Make our results public to all relevant stakeholders

Key objectives




Excel-based calculation sheet

User manual

Calculation rules

BioGrace has been recognized by the European

Commission

only recognized GHG calculation tool at European level

can be used by certification systems

Outcomes of the BioGrace project




Harmonisation – One list of standard values


3

Version 3 - Public

Condensed list of standard values, version 3 - Public

This file gives the standard values as published on www.biograce.net in Word format.

Two Word versions of this list exist:

1. A complete list of standard values, containing all the values as listed in the Excel version

2. A condensed list showing the most important standard values

This file contains the condensed list.

Abbreviations and definitions used can be found in the Excel file on the web page

http://www.biograce.net/content/ghgcalculationtools/standardvalues.

1 Global Warming potentials

CO2 1 g CO2,eq / g CO2

CH4 23 g CO2,eq / g CH4

N2O 296 g CO2,eq / g N2O

2 GHG emission coefficients

N-fertiliser 5880,6 g CO2,eq/kg N

P2O5-fertiliser 1010,7 g CO2,eq/kg P2O5

K2O-fertiliser 576,1 g CO2,eq/kg K2O

CaO-fertiliser 129,5 g CO2,eq/kg CaO

STANDARD VALUES LHV

parameter: Density MJ/kg

unit: gCO2/kg gCH4/kg gN2O/kg gCO2-eq/kg gCO2/MJ gCH4/MJ gN2O/MJ gCO2-eq/MJ MJfossil/kg MJfossil/MJ kg/m3 (at 0% water) MJ/t.km gCH4/t.km gN2O/t.km

Global Warming Potentials (GWP's)

CO2 1

CH4 23

N2O 296

Agro inputs

N-fertiliser 2827,0 8,68 9,6418 5880,6 48,99

P2O5-fertiliser 964,9 1,33 0,0515 1010,7 15,23

K2O-fertiliser 536,3 1,57 0,0123 576,1 9,68

CaO-fertiliser 119,1 0,22 0,0183 129,5 1,97

Pesticides 9886,5 25,53 1,6814 10971,3 268,40

Seeds- corn - - - - -

Seeds- rapeseed 412,1 0,91 1,0028 729,9 7,87

Seeds- soy bean - - - - -

Seeds- sugarbeet 2187,7 4,60 4,2120 3540,3 36,29

Seeds- sugarcane 1,6 0,00 0,0000 1,6 0,02

Seeds- sunflower 412,1 0,91 1,0028 729,9 7,87

Seeds- wheat 151,1 0,28 0,4003 275,9 2,61

EFB compost (palm oil) 0,0 0,00 0,0000 0,0 0,00

Fuels- gasses

Natural gas (4000 km, Russian NG quality) 61,58 0,1981 0,0002 66,20 1,1281

Natural gas (4000 km, EU Mix qualilty) 62,96 0,1981 0,0002 67,59 1,1281

Fuels- liquids

Diesel 87,64 - - 87,64 1,16 832 43,1

Gasoline 745 43,2

HFO 84,98 - - 84,98 1,088 970 40,5

Ethanol 794 26,81

Methanol 92,80 0,2900 0,0003 99,57 1,6594 793 19,9

FAME 890 37,2

Syn diesel (BtL) 780 44,0

HVO 780 44,0

Fuels / feedstock / byproducts - solids

Hard coal 102,38 0,3835 0,0003 111,28 1,0886 26,5

Lignite 116,76 0,0091 0,0001 116,98 1,0156 9,2

Corn 18,5

FFB 24,0

Rapeseed 26,4

Soybeans 23,5

Sugar beet 16,3

Sugar cane 19,6

Sunflowerseed 26,4

Wheat 17,0

Animal fat 37,1

BioOil (byproduct FAME from waste oil) 21,8

Crude vegetable oil 36,0

DDGS 16,0

Glycerol 16,0

Palm kernel meal 17,0

GHG emission coefficient

Fuel

efficiency

Transport exhaust gas

emissionsFossil energy input



List of standard values

is publicly available

European Commission makes reference to list

Several Member States use the list in national legislation

When motivated, other standard values can be used

Different rules have to be followed

Harmonisation – One list of standard values




Have to be applied when making actual calculations with

BioGrace for compliance with the RED

Fill definition gaps in the RED methodology

Harmonisation – calculation rules




More tools have been published for calculate for RED:

RSB: Link to RSB tool

National calculators

German tool: Link to German tool

Spanish tool: Link to Spanish tool

UK tool: Link to UK tool

Bonsucro and RBSA tools are not public (yet)

RSPO palm oil calculator

Other tools


3



There are at least three reasons:

Some tools already existed before BioGrace was made with the

aim to harmonise calculations

We could not use one of the existing tools for building the

BioGrace tool:

The owners of the other tools would not have agreed

We wanted a transparent excel-based tool, the other tools were

not Excel based and/or not fully transparent

The other tools serve different uses (next sheet)

Why are there so many tools?




Links to national biofuel regulation and/or reporting

system (German tool, UK tool)

Allows to use detailed agricultural data (NUTS-4) in

calculations (Spanish tool)

Allows calculations under different methodologies (RSB

tool, both RSB methodology and RED methodology)

To become EC voluntary scheme (BioGrace, others might

follow)

Different uses of tools


3



BioGrace aimed to harmonise the national tools

This harmonisation has been realised by (1) using the same

standard values and (2) updating calculations (see next slide)

Bonsucro, RBSA and RSB tools have not been part of this

harmonisation approach

BioGrace and RSB tools give different results (as shown

above)

Do these tools give the same results?


3



Results from harmonisation

Table A RED Annex

V/FQD Annex IV Diferences with BIOGRACE tool Diferences with default value

Biofuel production pathways Default value

The

Netherlands

ANL

Germany

IFEU

Spain

CIEMAT UK

The

Netherlands

ANL

Germany

IFEU

Spain

CIEMAT UK

Ethanol wheat lignite 70 0,0 0,0 -0,1 0,0 -0,2 -0,1 -0,3 -0,1

Ethanol wheat (proces fuel not specified) 70 0,0 0,0 -0,1 0,1 -0,2 -0,1 -0,3 0,0

Ethanol wheat (natural gas - steam boiler) 55 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 -0,4 -0,1 -0,4 -0,1

Ethanol wheat (natural gas - CHP) 44 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,5 0,1 0,3

Ethanol wheat (straw) 26 0,0 0,0 0,0 -0,6 0,0 0,1 0,0 -0,5

Ethanol corn 43 0,0 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,4 0,8 0,4 0,6

Ethanol sugarbeet 40 0,0 0,0 0,6 -0,2 0,1 0,3 0,7 0,1

Ethanol from sugarcane 24 0,0 0,0 -0,2 -0,1 0,0 0,3 -0,2 0,2

Biodiesel rape seed 52 0,0 -0,5 0,0 -0,1 -0,3 -0,5 -0,3 -0,1

Biodiesel palm oil 68 0,0 0,3 -0,1 -0,2 -2,0 1,0 -2,1 0,5

Biodiesel palm oil (methane capture) 37 0,1 0,4 -0,2 -0,1 0,0 0,5 -0,3 0,0

Biodiesel soy 58 0,1 0,0 0,1 -0,2 -1,0 -0,8 -1,0 -1,0

Biodiesel sunflower 41 0,0 -0,4 0,0 -0,1 -0,4 -0,6 -0,4 -0,3

Biodiesel UCO 14 0,0 0,0 7,3 7,3

PVO rape seed 36 0,0 0,0 0,1 -0,1 -0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0

HVO rape seed 44 0,0 0,1 -0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

HVO palm oil 62 0,0 0,0 -0,1 -3,1 -3,1 -0,5

HVO palm oil (methane capture) 29 0,0 0,0 -0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0

HVO sunflower 32 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 0,7 0,9

Biogas - dry manure 15 0,0 0,0 0,0 -2,1 -2,1 -0,8

Biogas - wet manure 16 0,0 -0,2 0,0 -1,6 -1,8 -0,3

Biogas - Municipal organic waste. 23 0,0 0,0 -0,1 -1,6 -1,6 -0,4

Corn-to-Ethanol pathway: JEC has used a different electricity mix for the credit of the NG CHP (EU electricity mix instead of electricity from a NG CCGT )

Waste-Oil-to-FAME pathway: The CO2 from natural gas combustion has been forgotten to insert into the process. In later versions JRC/LBST corrected this.

But in the version used for the RED the wrong number has been used. Therefore it is not possible to get the same number as in RED without making the same error."

Do these tools give the same results?


3



Content







Includes all pathways for which RED-default values exist

One calculation sheet per pathway

Easy directing to other sheets

Directory

Introduction to BioGrace 4



The Biograce rules must be followed

The Global Warming Potentials as given in RED

Track changes must be switched on:

Highlights all changes

Shows editor’s name and old values in the comment field

When actual calculations are done

4

Calculations in this Excel sheet……

As explained in "About" under "Inconsistent use of GWP's"

follow JEC calculations by using GWP

values 25 for CH4 and 298 for N2O

strictly follow the methodology as given in

Directives 2009/28/EC and 2009/30/EC

Introduction to BioGrace



Steps from cultivation to filling station


4

The aggregation on top



Indication of actual (A) and default values (D)




Cultivation eec


4

Cultivation of rapeseed Quantity of product Calculated emissions

Yield Yield Emissions per MJ FAME

Rapeseed 3.113 kg ha-1

year-1

73.975 MJRapeseed ha-1

year-1

g CO2 g CH4 g N2O g CO2, eq

Moisture content 10,0% 1,000 MJ / MJRapeseed, input

By-product Straw n/a kg ha-1

year-1

0,073 kgRapeseed/MJFAME

Energy consumption

Diesel 2.963 MJ ha-1

year-1

6,07 0,00 0,00 6,07

Agro chemicals

N-fertiliser (kg N) 137,4 kg N ha-1

year-1

9,08 0,03 0,03 19,00

CaO-fertiliser (kg CaO) 19,0 kg CaO ha-1

year-1

0,05 0,00 0,00 0,06

K2O-fertiliser (kg K2O) 49,5 kg K2O ha-1

year-1

0,62 0,00 0,00 0,67

P2O5-fertiliser (kg P2O5) 33,7 kg P2O5 ha-1

year-1

0,76 0,00 0,00 0,80

Pesticides 1,2 kg ha-1

year-1

0,28 0,00 0,00 0,32

Seeding material

Seeds- rapeseed 6 kg ha-1

year-1

0,06 0,00 0,00 0,10

Field N2O emissions 3,10 kg ha-1

year-1

0,00 0,00 0,07 21,61

Total 16,92 0,03 0,10 48,63

Result g CO2,eq / MJFAME 48,63

fill in actual data


ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH Introduction to BioGrace

4

Yield


year-1

Moisture content 10,0%


year-1

Energy consumption


year-1

Agro chemicals


year-1


year-1


year-1


year-1


year-1

Seeding material


year-1


year-1

fill in actual data

Separate

calculation sheet



Cultivation eec


4




year-1


year-1




year-1


Energy consumption


year-1

6,07 0,00 0,00 6,07

Agro chemicals


year-1

9,08 0,03 0,03 19,00


year-1

0,05 0,00 0,00 0,06


year-1

0,62 0,00 0,00 0,67


year-1

0,76 0,00 0,00 0,80


year-1

0,28 0,00 0,00 0,32

Seeding material


year-1

0,06 0,00 0,00 0,10


year-1

0,00 0,00 0,07 21,61

Total 16,92 0,03 0,10 48,63


fill in actual data

conversion factors

yield related



Cultivation eec


4




year-1


year-1




year-1


Energy consumption


year-1

6,07 0,00 0,00 6,07

Agro chemicals


year-1

9,08 0,03 0,03 19,00


year-1

0,05 0,00 0,00 0,06


year-1

0,62 0,00 0,00 0,67


year-1

0,76 0,00 0,00 0,80


year-1

0,28 0,00 0,00 0,32

Seeding material


year-1

0,06 0,00 0,00 0,10


year-1

0,00 0,00 0,07 21,61

Total 16,92 0,03 0,10 48,63


fill in actual data

conversion factors

yield related

multiplying input values

with “standard values“



Cultivation eec


4

Info

per kg rapeseed per ha, year

g CO2, eq kg CO2, eq

83,40 259,7

261,19 813,2

0,79 2,5

9,20 28,6

10,96 34,1

4,36 13,6

1,41 4,4

296,99 924,7

668,31 2080,7

g CO2, eq

6,07

19,00

0,06

0,67

0,80

0,32

0,10

21,61

48,63

48,63

Cultivation of rapeseed

Yield

Rapeseed

Moisture content

By-product Straw

Energy consumption

Diesel

Agro chemicals

N-fertiliser (kg N)

CaO-fertiliser (kg CaO)

K2O-fertiliser (kg K2O)

P2O5-fertiliser (kg P2O5)

Pesticides

Seeding material

Seeds- rapeseed

Field N2O emissions

Results related to

raw material or acreage



Processing ep


4

Extraction of oil Quantity of product Calculated emissionsYield Emissions per MJ FAME

Crude vegetable oil 0,6125 MJOil / MJRapeseed 44.861 MJOil ha-1

year-1


By-product Rapeseed cake 0,3875 MJRapeseed cake / MJRapeseed 0,606 MJ / MJRapeseed, input

0,029 kgOil / MJFAME

Energy consumption

Electricity EU mix MV 0,0118 MJ / MJOil 1,47 0,00 0,00 1,58

Steam (from NG boiler) 0,0557 MJ / MJOil

NG Boiler Emissions from NG boiler

CH4 and N2O emissions from NG boiler 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,02

Natural gas input / MJ steam 1,111 MJ / MJSteam

Natural gas (4000 km, EU Mix qualilty)0,062 MJ / MJOil 4,08 0,01 0,00 4,41

Electricity input / MJ steam 0,020 MJ / MJSteam

Electricity EU mix MV 0,001 MJ / MJOil 0,14 0,00 0,00 0,15

Chemicals

n-Hexane 0,0043 MJ / MJOil 0,36 0,00 0,00 0,37

Total 6,06 0,02 0,00 6,53


Step 1, oil extraction

fill in actual data



Transport etd


4

Transport of FAME to and from depot Quantity of product Calculated emissions

FAME 1,000 MJFAME / MJFAME 42790,9 MJFAME ha-1

year-1

Emissions per MJ FAME

0,578 MJ / MJRapeseed, input g CO2 g CH4 g N2O g CO2, eq

Transport per

Truck for liquids (Diesel) 300 km 0,0047 ton km / MJRapeseed, input 0,71 0,00 0,00 0,71

Fuel Diesel

Energy cons. depot

Electricity EU mix LV 0,00084 MJ / MJFAME 0,10 0,00 0,00 0,11


of FAME

fill in actual data

Filling station Quantity of product

Yield 1,000 MJFAME / MJFAME 42790,9 MJFAME ha-1

year-1

Emissions per MJ FAME

0,578 MJ / MJRapeseed, input g CO2 g CH4 g N2O g CO2, eq

Energy consumption

Electricity EU mix LV 0,0034 MJ / MJFAME 0,41 0,00 0,00 0,44


Filling station



Allocation of emissions of product and co-product is done

by energy content (LHV)

Summerised in the overview on top

Allocation

4

Allocation factorsExtraction of oil

61,3% to Rapeseed oil

38,7% to Rapeseed cake

Esterification

95,7% to FAME

4,3% to Refined glycerol




Input data

Standard values (“conversion factors”)

Cultivation of rapeseed Calculated emissions

Yield Emissions per MJ FAME


year-1


Moisture content 10,0%


year-1

Energy consumption


year-1

6,07 0,00 0,00 6,07

Agro chemicals

N-fertiliser 137,4 kg N ha-1

year-1

9,08 0,03 0,03 18,89

CaO-fertiliser 19,0 kg CaO ha-1

year-1

0,05 0,00 0,00 0,06

K2O-fertiliser 49,5 kg K2O ha-1

year-1

0,62 0,00 0,00 0,67

P2O5-fertiliser 33,7 kg P2O5 ha-1

year-1

0,76 0,00 0,00 0,80


year-1

0,28 0,00 0,00 0,32

Seeding material


year-1

0,06 0,00 0,00 0,10

STANDARD VALUESparameter:

unit: gCO2/kg gCH4/kg gN2O/kg gCO2-eq/kg

N-fertiliser 2827,0 8,68 9,6418 5880,6

GHG emission coefficient

Introduction standard values


4





4



User defined standard values

4

Fill in user defined standard values in list





All values that are needed for calculating the default values

Included in the tool

List of additional standard values

More useful standard values (e.g. mineral fertilizers, conversion

inputs (process chemicals), national electricity grids, solid and

gaseous biomass sources for energy, transport (pipeline))

Available as extra file

Values have to be transferred manually into the BioGrace tool

Lists of standard values




Rather easy to modify or build new pathways

Own defined standard values and additional standard

values

With track changes on easy to verify

Status

Version 4c has been recognised by EC as Voluntary scheme

Tool is online www.biograce.net

After the updates from EU (with new chains) the tool will be

updated

BioGrace tool - Summary




LCAs can lead to very different results

Subject to different methodologies used

Subject to different system definitions

Subject to different data used

LCAs used in the regulatory or reporting context require

unambigous results

Methodology has to avoid large bandwidth

Methodology has to be clearly defined

Harmonisation of background data helps in the process

GHG tools exist to assist in calculation

Summary


4



Susanne Köppen

ifeu - Institute for energy and

Environmental research Heidelberg GmbH

Wilckensstraße 3

69120 Heidelberg

Germany

Fon: +49 (0) 6221 / 47 67 -0

Fax: +49 (0) 6221 / 47 67 -19

email: [email protected]

Thank you for your attention

Documents

Workshop on GHG calculation and calculation tools · fossil fuel based on a functional unit Principles of LCAs 1 Principles of GHG calculation . Author: Susanne Köppen 15. – 16.04.2014