World Geography Ch. 5 & 6

Ch. 5 Human Geography

Ch. 6 Human Systems

Population

• Population density – average number of people living in an area

• World population is NOT spread evenly• There are 4 major regions of dense settlement

– Eastern Asia– South Asia– Europe– Eastern North America

Population Density maps

Population Change

• 3 factors cause change in populations.– Birthrate

– Death rate

– Migration• Emigrants – people who leave a country• Immigrants – people who enter a country

• Natural increase - population growth based just on birthrates and death rates.

SECTION 1

Population Geography

Reasons for Population Increases

medical advances lead to better health care, which allows people to live longer.

agricultural advances lead to increased food production, which allows more people to live in an area.

sanitation advances lead to cleaner living conditions, which help people stay healthy.

Population Growth• 1 A.D. – 300 million

• 1600 – 600 million

• 1850 – 1.2 billion

• 1930 – 2 billion

• 1975 – 4 billion

• Today – 7 billion– Increasing 80 million per year or 220,000 per

day

World population map

Culture• Culture – all the features of a people’s way of life• Culture Traits – activities and behaviors that people

do• Culture Region – an area that has many shared

culture traits• Ethnic Groups – a people with common cultural

background or ancestry• Culture Change

– Acculturation – when one culture changes a great deal through its meeting with another culture

– Innovation – new ideas that are accepted into a culture

– Diffusion – an idea or innovation spreads from one person or group to another and is adopted

SECTION 2

Cultural Geography

religion

education

governmentExample: democratic

system, elected officials at local, state, and

national levels

economy

housing clothing

language

food

Culture Traits

Every plane trip in the world in a 24 hour period

Religion• Religion is a key culture trait that binds

many societies together and gives meaning to people’s lives.

• Ethnic religions – focus on an ethnic group

• Animist religions – believe in presence of spirits and forces of nature- Usually polytheistic (belief in many gods)

• Universalizing religions – Believe that their religion is for everyone and seeks converts – Christianity and Islam are the two largest.– Monotheistic religions (belief in one God)

Hinduism

Buddhism

Islam

Judaism

Christianity

Economics• Economics is:

– The study of how things are made, bought, sold, and used.

– The study of how people make choices to satisfy their wants.

• This includes goods (stuff) and services (things done for you)

• The study of economics begins with the idea that people cannot have everything they need and want.

NEED• necessary for survival

such as air, food, and shelter

WANT• Items and services

that are desired but not essential to survival

• Different countries have different economies.– Subsistence economy – goods and services for

survival– Market economy – people freely choose what to buy

and sell• Free enterprise – competition determines prices• Capitalism – goods and services are privately

owned– Command economy – government decides what to

produce, where to make it, and what price to charge• Property is publically owned• Communism – is a command economy where the

government controls all means of production

SECTION 1

Economic Geography

Economy

traditional or subsistence

market

command

Motivator

survival

profit

government regulations

Description

People make goods for themselves or their families with little surplus.

People freely choose what to buy and sell.

The government establishes products, locations, and prices.

Location

mostly in poor countries and rural areas

most of the world’s rich countries

communist countries

Subsistence Economy

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FREE MARKET1. People are free to buy, sell, and

produce whatever they want, whenever they want, and any way they want

2. People can work wherever they want

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FREE MARKET3. Capitalism is another name for

market economies4. People enjoy a free enterprise

system

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Command Economy1. Government decides what

products to make, how many to make, how to make them, and who gets them

2. Government controls factories, farms, natural resources, transportation systems, and stores

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Command Economy3. Individual has little or no say

4. Soviet Union used to have this type of economy

5. There is no competition

Economic Indicators• Ways to measure economic development

– Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given year.

– Amount of industry

– Literacy

– Infrastructure

– Technology

Developed and Developing Countries

• Developed countries - the world’s wealthiest countries

– Have industry, good education, etc.

• Developing countries – poorer countries of the world.

– ¾ of the world lives in these

– Little of no industry and education, etc.

– Rural people who live on subsistence farming

Old terminology

New Terminology

Hunting, Gathering, and Agriculture

• Hunting and gathering –hunting, foraging, or collecting foods from the surrounding land. (living off the wilderness)

• Agriculture – farming and animal herding (living from cultivating the land for use)

SECTION 2

Urban and Rural Geography

Agriculture and Human HistoryAgriculture and Human History

Humans domesticate plants and animals.

Towns and cities grow as civilizations develop.

Hunter-gatherers move with the seasons in search of food.

Trade between cities increases cultural diffusion.

Agriculture provides surplus food and allows people to learn new crafts and skills.

People develop agriculture and transform their environments.

City Life• Urbanization – growth in people living

in towns and cities

• In developed countries about 75% of people live in cities.

• In developing countries less than half of people live in cities.

• As population grows so will urbanization.

Politics

• Government is the governing body of a nation, state, or community.– How a country is run or runs itself.

• Not everyone has the same type of government.

• United Nations - worldwide organization that tries to settle problems among and within countries

SECTION 3

Political Geography

Type of Boundary

natural

cultural

geometric

Description

follow a feature of the landscape

based on cultural traits such as religion or language

follow regular, geometric patterns such as latitude and longitude

Example

U.S.-Mexico border along the Rio Grande

Spain-Portugal border

U.S.-Canada border

Government and Countries• Nationalism – feeling of pride and loyalty to one’s

country• Totalitarian government – government ruled by one

person or a few people. (Dictator).

• Democracy – people decide who will govern (majority always rules)

• Republic – The people elect representatives who govern the nation (Rule of Law)– The United States is a Democratic Republic.– The majority elects officials, but individual rights are

protected by the Constitution.