World War I – World War I – BeginningsBeginnings

Chapters 27.1 – 27.2Chapters 27.1 – 27.2

Causes of World War ICauses of World War I NationalismNationalism

• Many feared Germany’s growing power in EuropeMany feared Germany’s growing power in Europe• Many ethnic groups resented domination by others and hoped Many ethnic groups resented domination by others and hoped

for independence for independence Imperialism Imperialism

• As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain for coloniesfor colonies

Militarism Militarism • By 1890, Germany had become the strongest nation in Europe By 1890, Germany had become the strongest nation in Europe • France, Italy, Japan and the U.S. quickly joined the naval arms France, Italy, Japan and the U.S. quickly joined the naval arms

racerace• If one country If one country mobilized, mobilized, others would mobilize in self-defense others would mobilize in self-defense

Alliance System Alliance System • Triple Entente, or Triple Entente, or Allies Allies • Triple Alliance, or Triple Alliance, or Central Powers Central Powers • Germany tried to remain neutral with Russia – creating the Germany tried to remain neutral with Russia – creating the

Three Emperors’ League, and later the Reinsurance TreatyThree Emperors’ League, and later the Reinsurance Treaty

An Assassination Leads to WarAn Assassination Leads to War

Conflict arose in the Conflict arose in the Balkan Peninsula – Balkan Peninsula – known as the known as the Balkan Balkan “powder keg”“powder keg”

Serbia wanted Bosnia Serbia wanted Bosnia and Herzegovina to and Herzegovina to create a larger Slavic create a larger Slavic state state

June 1914, June 1914, Archduke Archduke Franz Ferdinand Franz Ferdinand is is shot in Sarajevo, shot in Sarajevo, Bosnia Bosnia

Austria-Hungary gave Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an Serbia an ultimatumultimatum

Mobilization of EuropeMobilization of Europe July 28, Austria-Hungary July 28, Austria-Hungary

declared war on Serbiadeclared war on Serbia Aug. 1: Germany Aug. 1: Germany

declares war on Russia; declares war on Russia; Aug 3: Germany Aug 3: Germany declares war on Francedeclares war on France

Belgium had promised Belgium had promised to remain neutral in all to remain neutral in all European wars in 1839 European wars in 1839 – wouldn’t help any – wouldn’t help any belligerents belligerents

Britain declared war on Britain declared war on Germany and Austria-Germany and Austria-Hungary after they Hungary after they invaded Belgiuminvaded Belgium

The War ExpandsThe War Expands

August – Japan enters the war August – Japan enters the war Italy remained neutral for 10 months Italy remained neutral for 10 months May 1915 – Italy entered the war May 1915 – Italy entered the war

against against Germany Austria-HungaryGermany Austria-Hungary Germany had persuaded the Germany had persuaded the

Ottoman Empire to fight alongside Ottoman Empire to fight alongside themthem

The BelligerentsThe Belligerents Soldiers felt the Soldiers felt the

war would be war would be very quickvery quick

Central Central PowersPowers::• Germany, Germany,

Austria-Austria-Hungary, Hungary, Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Ottoman Ottoman Empire Empire

Allied Allied Powers:Powers:• Great Britain, Great Britain,

France, RussiaFrance, Russia

World War I - AlliancesWorld War I - Alliances

The War Introduces New HazardsThe War Introduces New Hazards

Tanks and airplanes helped begin an era of Tanks and airplanes helped begin an era of mechanized warfare mechanized warfare

The Germans used The Germans used U-boats U-boats to control the seasto control the seas Machine guns and long-range artillery began to Machine guns and long-range artillery began to

be used be used The new weapons and tactics of World War I led The new weapons and tactics of World War I led

to horrific injuries and dangers:to horrific injuries and dangers:• Surrounded by filth, lice, rats and polluted water Surrounded by filth, lice, rats and polluted water • Suffered from lack of sleepSuffered from lack of sleep• ““Shell Shock” Shell Shock” • ““Trench Foot” Trench Foot” • ““Trench Mouth”Trench Mouth”

WWI - InjuriesWWI - Injuries

Promoting WarPromoting War

Soldiers in WWI were mostly drafted Soldiers in WWI were mostly drafted civilians civilians

““Total War” Total War” Governments used Governments used propaganda propaganda to to

stir patriotismstir patriotism

The Early Years of the WarThe Early Years of the War Aug 3, 1914 – Germany enacts the Aug 3, 1914 – Germany enacts the

“Schlieffen Plan”“Schlieffen Plan” France and Britain defeated Germany in France and Britain defeated Germany in

the Battle of the Marne the Battle of the Marne By spring of 1915, two parallel systems of By spring of 1915, two parallel systems of

trenches crossed France trenches crossed France Russia mobilized their troops on the Russia mobilized their troops on the

Eastern Front Eastern Front August 1914 – Battle of TannenbergAugust 1914 – Battle of Tannenberg Germany launched an offensive into Germany launched an offensive into

Russian PolandRussian Poland

Continued FightingContinued Fighting

1915 – Britain and France decide to 1915 – Britain and France decide to take Constantinople take Constantinople

British and French troops bombarded British and French troops bombarded the Turks on the Gallipoli Peninsula the Turks on the Gallipoli Peninsula

After 8 months, the Allies abandoned After 8 months, the Allies abandoned Gallipoli Gallipoli

Naval WarfareNaval Warfare

British blockaded the North Sea British blockaded the North Sea Germany used its U-boats to set up Germany used its U-boats to set up

its own blockade on Britain its own blockade on Britain Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson warned Germany warned Germany May 1916 – Battle of Jutland May 1916 – Battle of Jutland The trench warfare created a The trench warfare created a war of war of

attrition attrition

The United States and WWIThe United States and WWI America began to trade with the Allies more than America began to trade with the Allies more than

the Central powers – ships were seized if they the Central powers – ships were seized if they carried carried contraband contraband

British propaganda about German British propaganda about German atrocities atrocities angered Americans angered Americans

The The Zimmerman Note Zimmerman Note pushed America even pushed America even closer towards war closer towards war

4 unarmed American merchant ships were sunk 4 unarmed American merchant ships were sunk as the Germans declared Britain a “war zone” as the Germans declared Britain a “war zone”

March, 1917 – Russian monarchy replaced with a March, 1917 – Russian monarchy replaced with a representative governmentrepresentative government

April 6, 1917 – American officially declares war on April 6, 1917 – American officially declares war on GermanyGermany