World War II &

Cold War

Axis Dictators Benito Mussolini- Italy

Came into power in 1922 Adolf Hitler- Germany

Came into power in 1934 Hideki Tōjō

Came into power in 1940

Axis Aggression Japan

Japan invades Manchuria 1931 Japan invades China 1938

Italy Italy invades Ethiopia 1936 Italy invades and annexes Albania

Germany Germany annexes Austria 1938 Germany invades Poland 1939

Alliances Allied Powers

Great Britain France Russia United States (After the Attack on Pearl

Harbor) China

Axis Power Germany Italy Japan

Election of 1940 then the Draft

FDR decides to Run for a third term The Nation Needs emergency situation:

War in Europe Problems in Asia Wants to protect New Deal reforms

Pearl Harbor American Reaction to Pearl Harbor

was swift and violent.  Immediate calls for war and revenge

were heard throughout the country.  Congress declared war and

thousands of soldiers volunteered to fight. 

Japan Offensive Hitler and Mussolini both declared war on

the United States as a sign of support for the Japanese.

Japan Attacks Polynesian Asia Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese forces began a systematic invasion of the Pacific.  Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, French Indochina, and the Philippines were overrun.  American forces in the Philippines were outnumbered and overwhelmed by Japanese forces.

12,000 American prisoners were taken in the fall of the last Philippine strong hold called Bataan.

“Bataan Death March”

American “Arsenal of Democracy” America Mobilizes for War= (WPB)

War Production Board- goal is to transform industrial production to War production, organize all industrial output

Board had much power to control resources:

Limited civilian goods- Rationing of food, fuel…

Cars stopped being produced Conservation and recycle movement,

rubber, metal, grease, Loans/War Bonds

$100 billion in bonds sold

Problem of Inflation Prices rise with full inflation Full employment: GDP Doubles

1940-1945 to $211.9 billion Office of Price Administration is

created to manage prices Freezes prices Rations- Gas, tires, meat, sugar,

shoes, coffee, canned goods (Ration books-needed coupons to purchase goods)

The Size of Government Explodes

Hundreds of agencies created: National War Labor Boards- to

manage labor practices and prevent strikes

Office of War Mobilization- to help coordinate agencies

Local Draft Boards Office of War Information- create

and deliver propaganda at both home and abroad.

Japanese Relocation Due to the fear of Japanese espionage

(spying) some wanted to move the Immigrants out of major cities.

February 1942 FDR signed executive order 9066

“Remove any and all persons who might pose a threat to national security.”

Camps were set up in the deserts When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor a

great backlash was directed at Japanese Americans

Japanese Internment Camps

Japanese were relocated in Camps:

Some Japanese sued for their rights:

Korematus v. the United States

Supreme Court upheld the

Internment of the Japanese

Key Figures Omar Bradley- Commander of American

Forces in Europe. Dwight Eisenhower- Supreme

Commander of the Allied Forces. Douglas MacArthur-Commander of

American Forces in the Far East. Chester A. Nimitz-Commander of the

Pacific Fleet George Marshall- Chief of staff of the

U.S. Millitary George Patton- Major General best

known for commanding the Western Task Force of the U.S. Army in northern Africa and in Sicily.

War in Europe Allies agreed that Europe was

first priority June 6, 1944 D-Day- Allied

Invasion of Normandy France, the Second Front is opened.

December 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge (German counter attack in the Ardennes Forrest, 200K Germans attack Allies)

May 7, 1945 Germany Surrenders (Hitler is dead, Russians conquer Berlin)

War in the Pacific Strategy of Island Hopping: bypass

some islands controlled by Japanese and attack specific islands, to obtain air bases in an effort to bomb Japan more efficiently and to build up forces in an effort to invade Japan.

1942 Major victory at Midway Island US takes out Japanese aircraft carriers

Women and the War Rosie the

Riveter: Women go

to work in munitions factories, other jobs, and the military

Contribution of Minorities

Tuskegee Airmen-first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces.

The Flying Tigers-first American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force, was an all-volunteer pilot corps recruited from the United States Army Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps.

Navajo Code Talkers

GI Bill Provided veterans a series of

benefits: Low interest loans for homes, business,

and farms Aid for education

FDR Dies April 12, 1945 FDR dies and Harry Truman takes

over FDR was elected to an

unprecedented 4 terms He was a extremely beloved leader. Election of 1944 running mate Harry

S. Truman, from Missouri, a Democratic Senator, becomes President.

Atomic Bomb Production FDR authorized a secret program

code named “Manhattan Project” 1943, J. Robert Oppenheimer, led the

team of physicists to develop and atomic weapon, to spit the atom

Los Alamos, New Mexico July 1945, the bomb was ready

(Truman had no idea any bomb like this was being worked on, when he took office)

Harry Truman

German Atrocity…

The Cold War Begins

Soviet Union vs.

the United States Soviet Union (Russia) – Communist

United States – Democracy The only two superpowers remaining

after WW2 Both sides wanted to spread their

ideas around the world and both sides were suspicious of each other.

The World Takes SidesNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - 1952

Warsaw Pact - 1953

-Created in response to the fear of Soviet aggression-12 members joined in a defensive military alliance-Kept a standing military presence close to the Soviet bloc nations to respond to aggression

-Created as an alliance to balance the influence of NATO-Linked Soviet influenced countries economically and militarily- Included: Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Hungary, Albania, and the Soviet Union

China Civil War broke out between

Nationalists and Communists

The nationalists were defeated and fled to the island of Taiwan where they established their own country

China became Communist (People’s Republic of China –PRC).

US Response: Policy of Containment – 3 main parts

Truman Doctrine

- US would support free people in any country resisting

“armed minorities” or “outside

takeover (by Communists)”

- Provided economic and military aid to

Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan- Response to the

need for strong stable governments

in Europe- Reflected US

concerns about the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia

- Provided aid to all European countries

in need- Promoted free trade with US for non-Communist

nations

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO)

- Mutual defense alliance of ten

Western European nations, US and

Canada- Reflected fear of

Soviet aggression as demonstrated in

Berlin- First such alliance

for US during a time of peace

- Showed the end of US isolationism

ChinaNationalists Communists-Led by Chiang Kai-Shek-Controlled the southern region of China-Had financial support from the US and Britain-Weak leadership and poor military skill-Fled China to island of Taiwan where they set up a new government that was immediately recognized by the US as independent

-Led by Mao Zedong (Chairman Mao)-Mao controlled the northern region of China-Had financial support from the Soviet Union-Gained support from the poor citizens by promising land ownership and property reforms-Drove the nationalists out of China

Korean War (1950-1953)Conflict International Effects Domestic EffectsKorean War (1950-1953)-Communist North Korea invaded democratic (non-communist) South Korea - US policy to contain the spread of Communism caused it to militarily support South Korea

-Communist China aided North Korea-UN supported South Korea; UN troops invaded North Korea but were pushed back-Korea still two nations; one Communist – one democratic

-Led to conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur over invaded China; MacArthur removed-468,000 Americans served; 54,000 killed-Americans rejected Democratic Party and elected Republican; Eisenhower in 1952-Led to increased fear of Communist activities (RED SCARE)

Communist Fears People’s fear of communists living in

the US grew. Loyalty Review Board House Un-American Activities

Committee (HUAC) Alger Hiss The Rosenbergs

Alger Hiss

- Had worked in the US State Department and helped in the establishment of United Nations

- Accused of being a Communist by HUAC and later charged and convicted of perjury

The Rosenbergs (Julius and Ethel)- Delivered the secret of the atomic bomb to the Soviet

Union- Convicted of spying/treason; executed in 1953- Only American civilians executed for spying during the

Cold War- - Helped fuel McCarthy’s investigations

McCarthyism Joseph McCarthy claimed to have

the names of government officials, army officials, and prominent citizens and accused them of being communists.

Eventually, people realized the witch-hunt had no evidence and they denounced McCarthy.

-Senator Joseph McCarthy-used unsupported claims to publicize and inflame anti-Communist fears

The CIA Central Intelligence Agency

Used spies to gather information abroad.

Interfered in foreign countries affairs Iran Guatemala

The Space Race Russians launched Sputnik (1957),

the world’s first artificial satellite and put the first man in space.

United States created NASA in 1958 Kennedy’s “Man on the Moon”

speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts0N

lypZnFw In 1969, the United States put the

first man (Neil Armstrong) on the moon.

Cuba Fidel Castro, a communist, led a

guerrilla army to take charge of Cuba. Castro received support from the Soviet

Union US enacted trade embargoes after

Castro seized oil fields and sugar cane fields owned by American companies

The Bay of Pigs CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba. 1,500 exiles were met by 25,000 Cuban

troops and easily defeated.

Cuban Missile Crisis Russia sent nuclear missiles to Cuba

that could hit American cities in minutes.

The US threatened a nuclear attack on Russia and assembled 100,000 troops in Florida.

For 6 days, the world feared a possible all out nuclear war.

Truman(1945-1953)

Eisenhower(1953-1961)

Kennedy (1961-1963)

-United Nations (UN) Formed (1945)-Truman Doctrine (1947) -Marshall Plan (1947)-Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)-NATO (1952)

-Launch of Sputnik (Space Race);1957-NASA Created (1958)- Fidel Castro turns Cuba Communist country (1959)

-Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)-Cuban Missile Crisis(1962)- Man on the Moon Speech (1963)

Key Events by President / Time

Vietnam WarKey Events/Terms

Vietnamization- giving the South Vietnamese government responsibility for carrying on the war, so as to allow for the withdrawal of American troops.

26th Amendment- 18 years old to be able to vote.

Credibility Gap- the gap between the information being distributed by the U.S. Government and reality.

Silent Majority-large majority of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly.

The Tet Offensive, January 1968

N. Vietnamese Army + Viet Cong attack South simultaneously (67,000 attack 100 cities, bases, and the US embassy in Saigon)

Take every major southern city U.S. + ARVN beat back the

offensive Viet Cong destroyed N. Vietnamese army debilitated BUT…it’s seen as an American

defeat by the media

The Fall of Saigon

South Vietnamese Attempt to Flee the Country

The Fall of Saigon

America Abandons Its Embassy

April 30, 1975

The Fall of Saigon

North Vietnamese at the Presidential Palace