Upload
bryce-fox
View
278
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Writing Skills 101Grammar, Punctuation, and Writing Expert
Sentences
What Will We Be Learning?
1.Parts of Speech
2.Crafting an Expert Sentence
3.Punctuation
4.Using the Right Word Every Time
5.Ready to Write
1. Parts of Speech
Nouns Nouns are words that name a person, place, or thing.
A noun can also name an idea or feeling (like joy, anger, confusion).
The nouns in a sentence tell the reader what the sentence is really about.
1. Parts of Speech
Common Nouns A common noun names
any unspecific person, place or thing
Common nouns are never capitalized
Proper Nouns A proper noun names a
specific person, place, ore thing
Proper nouns are always capitalized
Some proper nouns have more than one word
1. Parts of Speech
Nick helped Mr. Preston make a sign for the carnival in Springdale
Linda knows that education is important in South Africa
There is no school on Monday because it is Labour Day
Grandpa Jack was too young to fight in the Vietnam War
Kim and Anna are identical twins
Jack did his report on penguins in Antarctica
Write down the common and proper nouns found in each sentence
1. Parts of Speech
Plural Nouns A plural noun names more than one person, place, or
thing (plural = multiple)
Sometimes it is as simple as adding an –s to the end of the noun…but not always
If a noun ends in s, ss, sh, ch, x, or z you must add –es to the end of the noun
If a noun ends in a consonant followed by a y, change the y to an -ies
1. Parts of Speech
Irregular Plural Nouns Some nouns have special forms when they are plural
Man
Person
Mouse
Tooth
If a noun ends with an f or fe, the f is changed to a v and you add –es tom make the word plural Knife
Wife
Leaf
wolf
1. Parts of Speech
Possessive Nouns A possessive noun shows that a noun has or owns something
To form the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe (‘) and –s The phone belongs to Austin
Austin’s phone is broken
To form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in –s, add an apostrophe (‘) to the end of the word Three doctors share an office
The doctors’ office is next to the hospital
To form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in –s, add an apostrophe (‘) and –s The children like to act
They started a children’s theatre
1. Parts of Speech
Mary is wearing a hat. ________ hat has a feather.
It took a long time for the jury to reach a decision. The _________ verdict was guilty.
Kendall has twin sisters. His ______ birthday is May 15.
The animal shelter had four cages for rabbits. The ________ cages were in the back room.
Three women went out for lunch together. A waiter brought the ________ menus.
A dog jumped over the fence. The ______ collar came off.
Fill in the blanks with the possessive form of the nouns.
1. Parts of Speech
Subject Pronouns
A subject pronoun takes the place of a subject noun Patty likes to shop.
The boys bought a game.
The dog stole my homework.
Object Pronouns
An object pronoun is used to replace the object in a sentence Ben broke a cup.
Hannah builds robots.
Ann likes hamsters.
Pronouns are words that stand in for nouns.I, you, she, we, me, he, her, they, us, him, it, them
1. Parts of Speech
Compound Pronouns Compound pronouns are sentences with more than one
object pronoun Caroline thanked Jack and me
Caroline thanked Jack and ICompound object
1. Parts of Speech
Compound Pronouns If you’re not sure which pronoun to use with a compound
object, try the sentence with only one pronoun at a time. Does Caroline thanked I sound right?
Louisa and (me/I) are going shopping
Kyle and (them/they) are at the arcade
(Us and them/We and they) went out for dinner together
(Her/she) and Jackson were science partners
1. Parts of Speech
Possessive Pronouns
A possessive pronoun takes the place of a possessive noun, and do not use apostrophes My dog is sleeping
Your dog is chasing a squirrel
Her dog is wearing a sweater
My, mine, its, her, hers, his, our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same Reflexive pronouns end
in –self or –selves
Dad helped himself to a second piece of cake
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
1. Parts of SpeechVerbs Verbs tell what someone or something is or does
Every sentence must have a verb, even one word sentences!
Help!
Wait!
Jump!
1. Parts of Speech
Action Verbs Action verbs tell us what
someone or something does
Even “non-action” words like sleep or think are action
verbs
Underline the action verb in each sentence
The teacher draws a circle on the chalkboard
Jasmine raked the lawn
James is jumping rope on the sidewalk
1. Parts of Speech
Linking Verbs Linking verbs tell us what
someone or something is
They link the subject of a sentence to some
information about it
It can also describe something’s state of being
Underline the linking verb of each sentence
The rabbit is grey with white patches
Jerome looks tired
Alison feels hungry
1. Parts of Speech
Read the paragraph and circle the verbs.
Peter and Mary Jane danced in their school’s talent show. First, Mary Jane twirled around the room. Then Peter leaped
across the stage. He hopped and jumped around. Mary Jane and Peter swayed to the music and sang along with the
lyrics. When the music stopped, they stopped. The other students stood while they clapped and cheered. Mary Jane
and Peter smiled at each other. They reached for each other’s hand, and then bowed and left the stage.
1. Parts of Speech
Changing the Tense of A Verb The tense of a verb tells the time when something happens
Present Tense means something is happening now
Claire is happy
My brother rides the bus to school
Past Tense means something has already happened (add –ed)
I walked to the store
Tony played video games last night
Future Tense means something is going to happen (add will)
Jeff will sell cake at the bake sale
A new store will open in the mall next month
1. Parts of Speech
Going Back to the Future?
Turn the following regular verbs in to past and future tense verbs
Walk
Cry
Appear
Talk
Climb
Cook
1. Parts of Speech
Adjectives Adjectives describe people, places and things
They tell more about nouns and pronouns
They can describe how many of something, the color, size, or shape, or even the taste, smell, sound of something
The Hulk has purple pants!
1. Parts of Speech
Adjective Rules Adjectives usually come before a noun or pronoun
The Hulk has purple pants
Adjectives usually follow a linking verb The subway is noisy
Number adjectives tell exactly how many of something, while indefinite adjectives don’t She had three pencils
Isabelle saw several movies this summer
1. Parts of Speech
Proper Adjectives Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns (such as
countries, languages, and continents)
Proper adjectives always begin with a capital letter Religious words are also proper adjectives
1. Parts of Speech
Turn the proper noun into a proper adjective
France
England
Spain
China
America
Italy
Japan
Asia
1. Parts of Speech
Comparing Adjectives Ever seen a movie that was good? How about one that
was better than that? Or even, the best ever?
Comparative adjectives compare nouns and end in –er
Superlative adjectives compare more than two nouns and end in-est
1. Parts of Speech
Adverbs An adverb tells us how, when, or where something
happens Most adverbs end in –ly, but not all of them
1. Parts of Speech
Adverbs Can DO Three Different Things1. Adverbs tell how an action takes place
She quickly ate her lunch
Jean plays the harp beautifully
2. Adverbs tell when or how often an action takes place My grandparents often visit
They are leaving for the airport soon
3. Adverbs tell where an action takes place Max hoped his friends would be there
During recess, the children played outdoors
1. Parts of Speech
Adjectives vs. Adverbs It can be easy to confuse adjectives and adverbs, since both
describe something JUST REMEMBER: Adverbs usually end in –ly
Jack is brave
Jack climbed the beanstalk and bravely fought the giant
FINAL RULE: If a word ends in with a –y (happy), the adverb of that word must end in –ily and NOT -ly
1. Parts of Speech
Do You Know Your Adverbs? Angry
Graceful
Cheerful
Lazy
Polite
Slow
Merry
Quick
Mysterious
Awkward
Here is a list of other adverbs: Ahead
Always
Everywhere
Later
Nearby
Never
Today
Tomorrow
Yesterday
Sometimes
There
Here
1. Parts of Speech
Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or
entire sentences
Conjunctions are known as “joining words”
The three most common conjunctions are and, or, and but
1. Parts of Speech
Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions join
ideas that are independent
Each phrase could stand alone as a complete sentence
Erin ran faster than Greg. She won the race
Erin ran faster than Greg, so she won the race
1. Parts of Speech
Which of the following coordinating conjunctions is the best choice for joining each of the sentence pairs below?
And, or, but, so
1. I like fruit, ______ I like cookies
2. Jeff studied for the math test, ______ he aced it
3. Katie packed her bag, _____ she was ready to go
4. Nathan speaks French and English, _____ Pierre speaks only French
5. The school bus was late, _____ Alice was late for school
6. Lisa slept over at Grandma’s house, _____ her brother stayed home
7. Peggy likes scary movies, ______ Billy does not like them
1. Parts of Speech
Prepositions Prepositions show a relationship between words in a
sentence, and can make a huge difference in the meaning of a sentence
I’ll meet you before school
I’ll meet you after school
The mouse is on the desk
The mouse is under the desk
1. Parts of Speech
Pick out the 10 prepositions in the paragraph below. Remember, a sentence can have more than one preposition!
Our school has a chess club. It meets on Tuesdays after school for an hour. The members study the rules of the game and talk about different strategies for playing well. Before a
tournament, the club members meet for practice games. During the games, the players concentrate hard. I am
thinking about joining the chess club.