Written by: Greg Clevenger. War began Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Killed on June 28 th, 1914 1914 - The War Begins Archduke Ferdinand

Written by: Greg ClevengerWritten by: Greg Clevenger

• War began

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Killed on June 28th, 1914

1914 - The War Begins1914 - The War Begins

Archduke Ferdinand

• Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles

• The War officially ended

• Versailles is on outskirts of Paris

1919 – The War Ends1919 – The War Ends

• Militarism

• Nationalism

• Imperialism

• Alliance system

War CausesWar Causes

MilitarismMilitarism

• Competition to have most military power

• Britain had great navy: Germany wanted great navy

• Germany and France both wanted largest army

• Major emphasis on military power

NationalismNationalism

• Devotion to one’s country

• Increased pride and patriotism

• Groups got idea to form independent nations

• Led European nations to compete for the largest army and navy

European ImperialismEuropean Imperialism

• European nations ran African and Asian countries

• France and England had large colonial empires

• Germany and Italy desired a colonial empire

Alliance SystemAlliance System

• Nations of Europe had been making alliances for 20 years

• One argument between two non-allied nations would lead all to fight

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Italy

Triple EntenteTriple Entente

• France

• Russia

• Great Britain

Chain Reaction AssassinationChain Reaction Assassination

• Franz Ferdinand from Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian

• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

• Russia prepared to back Serbia

• Germany declared war on Russia

Ferdinand VideoFerdinand Video

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Chain ReactionChain Reaction

• Germany declared war on France

• Germany declared war on Belgium

• Great Britain declared war on Germany

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia

• Eventually involved 32 countries

• 28 countries supported the Allies

• Some did not participate in the fighting

Why a World War?Why a World War?

• David Lloyd George – Great Britain

• Tsar Nicholas II – Russia

• Georges Clemenceau – France

• Kaiser Wilhelm II – Germany

• Woodrow Wilson – United States

The LeadersThe Leaders

Clemenceau

George

• Submarine

• Poison Gas

• Tank

• Airplane

New Instruments for WarNew Instruments for War

Air Warfare VideoAir Warfare Video




Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

• Armies dug trenches to remain out of sight

• Soldiers lived, fought, and died in trenches

• Most fighting in trenches was at night

Trench Warfare VideoTrench Warfare Video




Trench DiaryTrench Diary

“Nothing to see but bare mud walls, nowhere to sit but on a wet muddy ledge; no shelter of any kind against the weather except the clothes you are wearing; no exercise you can take in order to warm yourself.”

--World War I Soldier

Single click the speaker icon or audio words to hear the clip >>>>

More on Trench WarfareMore on Trench Warfare

• Germans were first to dig trenches

• Germans had tactical advantage

• Trenches always filled with water

Trench DiaryTrench Diary

“Our trenches are…ankle deep mud. In some places trenches are waist deep in water. Time is spent digging, filling sandbags, building up parapets, fetching stores, etc. One does not have time to be weary.”

—Private Livesay(British Soldier)


Another Diary EntryAnother Diary Entry

“The trench, when we reached it, was half full of mud and water. We set to work to try and drain it. Our efforts were hampered by the fact that the French, who had first occupied it, had buried their dead in the bottom and died. Every stroke of the pick encountered a body. The smell was awful.”

—Private Pollard (British Army)


British DiaryBritish Diary

“We have just come out of the trenches after being in for six days and up to our waists in water. While we were in the trenches one of the Germans came over to our trench for a cigarette and then back again, and he was not fired at. We and the Germans started walking about in the open between the two trenches, repairing them, and there was no firing at all. I think they are all getting fed up with it.”

—Private Stanley Terry (British Soldier) Single click the speaker icon or audio words

to hear the clip >>>>

“Over the Top”“Over the Top”

• An order to attack the other side

• A virtual death sentence

• Machine-gun fire killed the soldiers

• Bodies fell on barbed wire

Unrestricted Submarine WarfareUnrestricted Submarine Warfare

• The most dreaded weapon of the War

• Attacked without warning

• Violation of international law

Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania

• Sunk May 7, 1915

• British passenger-liner sailing from New York to England

• Germans warned ship not to sail

• Contraband (weapons) believed on board

LusitaniaLusitania

• 128 Americans were killed, mostly women and children

• Blown up by a U-Boat in the North Sea

• Wilson made demands on Germany

• Germany did not agree to all demands

Lusitania VideoLusitania Video




Wilson’s WarningWilson’s Warning

• April 19, 1916

• Wilson warns Germany to cease unrestricted submarine warfare

Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun• Longest battle of the war

• February 21st – December 18th, 1916

• German surprise attack on French

• Estimated one million casualties

Battle of the SommeBattle of the Somme• Estimated one million

casualties

• British attack on Germany

• July 1st—November 13th, 1916

• No real breakthrough for the allies

Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note

• Offer by Germany to Mexico to declare war against U.S.

• Telegram intercepted by British Intelligence January 19th, 1917

• Mexico would receive New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona

• Caused extreme anti-German feeling in U.S.Zimmermann

America’s Early Stand on WarAmerica’s Early Stand on War

• Woodrow Wilson was President

• Campaign slogan was, “He kept us out of War.”

• Americans declared neutrality

Wilson

• Sinking of the Lusitania

• Attacks on American trading vessels

• Zimmermann Note

Reasons America Enters WWIReasons America Enters WWI

Wilson’s New QuotesWilson’s New Quotes

• “The War to end all Wars”

• “Let’s make the world safe for democracy”

Selective Service ActSelective Service Act

• Required all men between the ages of 21 and 30 to sign up for military service

• Nearly three million were drafted

• War Industries Board

• Liberty Loans

• Espionage Act

• Sedition Act

The Home FrontThe Home Front

War Industries BoardWar Industries Board

• Regulated raw materials useful for war

• Big business supported government regulations

• Jobs and union membership increased

• Women offered jobs formerly reserved for men

Women in the Workforce VideoWomen in the Workforce Video




Liberty LoansLiberty Loans

• Bonds sold to help pay for the War

• Numerous recruiting posters with Uncle Sam saying, “I Want You”


Espionage Act - 1917Espionage Act - 1917

• Punished anyone found guilty of not helping war effort

• First Amendment rights were restricted

Sedition Act - 1918Sedition Act - 1918

• Prohibited any speech that was considered anti-American or against the war effort

• Herbert Hoover

• Meatless Mondays

• Wheatless Wednesdays

Home Front SacrificesHome Front Sacrifices

Hoover

Nov. 22, 1917

“Vessel at Lambersport and Holts Pier. Port at 15th Street…Hoboken, New Jersey.

Harry Clevenger’s DiaryHarry Clevenger’s Diary

Nov. 26, 1917

“Secured from general quarters. Held fire and abandonned ship drill.”

Harry Clevenger’s DiaryHarry Clevenger’s DiaryDec. 11, 1917

“Under way. Laid outside harbor forming convoy. Convoy consists of 12 ships. Escorted by USS Cleveland. Under way for some port in France.”

Dec. 14, 1917

“Many seasick. Heavy seas. Stopped long enough to put a dead horse overboard.”

Pershing


May 16, 1918

“Had life boat drill. Crew manned their funs fun drill. Submarine waning. Bermuda Islands.”

May 30, 1918

“Took the soldiers aboard. All in the Quartermaster’s Corps. 60 men in all.”


Aug. 4, 1918

“Received message of sub from O.B. Jennings. Afternoon. Received SOS, SSSS from O.B. Jennings. Passed over where she sank.”

• Domestic issues suffered as Tsar Nicolas II oversaw war effort

• March 15, 1917, Tsar Nicolas II abdicates

• Bolshevik socialists take control

• Trotsky signed armistice with Germany

Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia

Tsar Nicholas II

• Occurred November 11, 1918

• 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month

• Germany signed ceasefire that ended war

Armistice DayArmistice Day

• Russia 9,150,000• France 6,160,800• Great Britain 3,190,300• Germany 7,142,600• Austria-Hungary 7,020,000• United States 364,800

Total CasualtiesTotal Casualties

• U.S. became richest nation in world

• U.S. had not suffered like Europe

• War inspired higher wages and improved standard of living

• Americans desired isolation and normalcy again

America After the WarAmerica After the War

• Referred to as Fourteen Points

• Included no secret treaties, freedom of the seas, reduced tariff barriers and weapons

• League of Nations most controversial point

Wilson’s Plan for PeaceWilson’s Plan for Peace

Wilson

• Americans were still not sure why their sons had died

• Many still contended, “I didn’t raise my son to be a soldier.”

• League could cause U.S. to fight and defend future allies

• Senate did not ratify U.S. joining the League

Controversy and The League of NationsControversy and The League of Nations

• Formal agreement to end W.W.I

• Germany stripped of colonies and other assets

• Germany fined $33 billion for starting the war

Treaty of Versailles - June 28, 1919Treaty of Versailles - June 28, 1919

• The roots of WWII planted at Versailles• Revenge sought in Wilson’s absence• War ended• Germans left bitter

Concluding ThoughtsConcluding Thoughts

Documents

Written by: Greg Clevenger. War began Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Killed on June 28 th, 1914 1914 - The War Begins Archduke Ferdinand