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ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
1www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TALK ON DESIGN ISSUESIN CONSTRUCTION SITE MEETINGS
Tarja Mäki & Hannele Kerosuo
Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning
University of Helsinki, Finland
ISCAR International Congress 2014, Oral session 37
2.10.2014
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 2ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
1) Flaws, errors and open questions of design work addressed in the site meetings in construction phase
• Design details that follow the rules or requirements of national legislation and specifications - but are created based on limited knowledge of constructability, project costs, time consumption or user requirements or maintenance work.
• New design solutions suggested by other project partners than designers
2) How the design issues are discussed and new solutions
created in the site meetings?
2.10.2014
Research subject
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 3ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
• Construction project meeting activities are mainly studied from the perspectives of communication and collaboration.
• Alarcón and Mardones (1998) have analysed design defects and their effects on a construction process.
• The problems were mainly poor design quality, a lack of design standards and poor constructability.
• What is lacking, is the closer analysis of what the problematic design-related issues in construction phase are, and how these issues are solved.
2.10.2014
Previous research on design related issues in construction phase
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 4ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
1) What design-related issues do the different partners address in the meetings?
2) Who participates in the discussions and the creation of new design solutions?
3) With whose expertise are the new design solutions created?
2.10.2014
Research questions
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 5ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
• Building Information Modelling (BIM) as a new tool for designers is considered a promise for better accuracy and quality in the design.
• The better accuracy and quality are ensured by designing as-built-models of buildings
• The use of as-built models requires a building to be constructed precisely according to the design models and changes to be updated in the as-built model.
• In life-cycle projects, the project partners are responsible for the maintenance costs and quality for the next 25 years.
2.10.2014
Context of the research
ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
6www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 2.10.2014
Pro
ject
1P
roje
ct 2
Observation of 8 site meetingsAug11-May12
Observation of 9 site meetingsAug12-May13
Pro
ject
0 (
not
incl
.)
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
DAYCARE CENT
Case: The schedule of the life cycle project of 4 schools and 1 day care center (2009-2013)
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 7ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
• 17 site meetings
• 30 hours of audio and video recorded data
• 12 participants & 1…4 hours per meeting
• 411 design related issues discussed
• 7640 speech turns analyzed
2.10.2014
Research Data
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 8ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
2.10.2014
Design discipline specific BIM software tools
BIM models, combined model, drawings
Partially shared objects in the construction and design activities
DESIGN ACTIVITY CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 9ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
2.10.2014
Design solutions discussed in the meetings and related goals of actions
THE DESIGN OF A SCHOOL BUILDING
THE CONSTRUCTION & MAINTENANCE OF A SCHOOL
ROOF: location and installation of roof wells
WINDOWS: how to shade the windows: blinds or films
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 10ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
2.10.2014
Analysis of 411 discussion episodes
• The unit of analysis is a discussion episode, which encompasses actions from identifying a design related topic to answering a question, solving a problem or to making a decision on the topic.
Dis
cuss
ion
topi
c
Ope
ning
line
/com
men
t
Who
ope
ns th
e di
scus
sion
The
dis
cuss
ion
The
num
ber
of
lines
/com
men
ts b
y
each
par
ticip
ant
Dec
isio
n m
ade
On
who
se a
rgum
ents
dec
isio
n is
base
d on
Participants
Each line in the table remarks one discussion episode (N=411 discussion episodes.
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 11ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
2.10.2014
Design-related topics discussed in the site meetings
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 12ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
2.10.2014
Reasons to initiate a discussion in a site meeting
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 13ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
Initiating issues, participating in discussions & decision making
Project Manager
Designers Contractors Other0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Addressed issues
Participation in discussion
Decision making arguments
• Contractors were the most active partner in taking up the design-related issues for discussion.
• All partners participated actively for the creation of new solutions.
• New solutions were often based on contractors and designers arguments.
2.10.2014
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 14ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
2.10.2014
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 15ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
2.10.2014
PM = project manager, MC = main contractor, MM = maintenance manager, HC = heating contractor, ARC = architect, SV = supervisor
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 16ISCAR-2014/University of Helsinki, CRADLE, Finland/ Mäki&Kerosuo
• Deeper collaboration between site managers, designers, material suppliers, maintenance people is required to ensure the better quality and life cycle effectiveness of the design.
• Contractors’ participation in design activity needs to be recognized and taken into account in contracts.
2.10.2014
Conclusions