YABANCI DİLDE DONANIM KAVRAMLARI

8/3/2019 YABANCI DLDE DONANIM KAVRAMLARI

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ERK :

A. MATEMATKSEL TANIMLAMALAR

1. Saylar 2. Drt lem3. Geometrik ekiller 4. Hareket ve Yn terimleri

B. TEMEL MESLEK KAVRAMLAR

1. Donanm (Hardware) Kavramlara. Kasa ii elemanlar

i. Kartlar ii. lemciler,

iii. G kaynaiv. Portlar

b. Giri birimlerii. Klavyeii. Fareiii. Dier giri birimleri

c. k birimlerii. Monitr ii. Yazc

iii. Dier k birimlerid. Veri saklama niteleri

i. Hard diskii. Dier saklama niteleri

2. Elektrik-Elektronik Kavramlar

1. ve 2. Basic Operations / ngilizce Temel lemleraddition toplama (ilemi)

subtraction karma (ilemi)multiplication arpma (ilemi)division blme (ilemi)egual eit plus artminus eksitimes arp (kere)

divided by blToplama ilemini u ekilde yapyoruz. rnekleri inceleyiniz iki ayr ekildede ifade edebiliriz.

5+3=8 Five plus three is eight.Five plus three equals eight.

18+9=27 Eighteen plus nine is twenty-seven.Eighteen plus nine equals twenty-seven.

13+23=36 Thirteen plus twenty-three is thirty-six.Thirteen plus twenty-three equals thirty-six.


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karma ilemini u ekilde yapyoruz. rnekleri inceleyiniz iki ayr ekildede ifade edebilirz.

3- 2=1 Three minus two is one.

Three minus two equals one.12-3=9 Twelve minus three is nine.Twelve minus three equals nine.

25-10=15 Twenty-five minus ten is fifteen.Twenty-five minus ten equals fifteen.

Blme ilemini u ekilde yapyoruz. rnekleri inceleyiniz iki ayr ekilde deifade edebilirz.9:3=3 Nine divided by three is three.

Nine divided by three equals three.10:2=5 Ten divided by two is five.Ten divided by two equals five.

18:9=2 Eighteen divided by nine is two.Eighteen divided by nine equals two.

arpma ilemini u ekilde yapyoruz. rnekleri inceleyiniz iki ayr ekilde deifade edebiliriz.

4x3=12 Four times three is twelve.Four times three equals twelve.

9x9=81 Nine times nie is eighty-one.Nine times nine equals eighty-one.

15x3=45 Fifteen times three is forty-five.Fifteen times three equals forty-five.

3.Shapesekiller

kare =square

begen =pentagon

altgen= hexagon

ekenar drtgen =diamond

yldz =star

daire= circle


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oval =oval

kalp =heart

gen= triangle

apraz= cross

paralel kenar= parallelgram

dikdrtgen= rectangle

sekizgen= octagon

koni =cone

kp= cube

4.Hareket ve yn terimleri


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C. TEMEL MESLEK KAVRAMLAR

1. Donanm (Hardware) Kavramlara. Kasa ii elemanlar

Motherboard


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Main article:Motherboard

The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular boardwith integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including theCPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk , or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots.

Components directly attached to the motherboard include:

The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations whichenable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer. It is usuallycooled by a heat sink and fan. Newer CPUs includean on-dieGraphics Processing Unit (GPU).

The chip set mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.

RAM (random-access memory) stores resident part of the current running OS(OS core and so on) and all running processes (application parts, using CPU or

input/output (I/O) channels or waiting for CPU or I/O channels). The BIOS includes bootfirmwareand power management. TheBasic Input

OutputSystem tasks are handled byoperating systemdrivers. Newer motherboards useUnified Extensible Firmware Interfaceinstead of BIOS.

Internal buses connect the CPU to various internal components and toexpansion cards for graphics and sound.

o Current The north bridgememory controller, for RAM and PCI Express

PCI Express, for expansion cards such as graphics and physics processors, and high-end network interfaces

PCI, for other expansion cardsSATA, for disk drivesATA

o Obsolete AGP (superseded by PCI Express)VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still usedin industrial computers)

External bus controllers support ports for external peripherals. These portsmay be controlled directly by thesouth bridgeI/O controller or based onex pansion cards attachedto the motherboard through the PCI bus.

o USBo FireWireo eSATAo SCSI

Power supplyMain article: Power supply unit (computer)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cooling#Spot_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_sethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory


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Inside a custom-built computer: the power supply at the bottom has its own coolingfan.

A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies

have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automaticsensors that switch input voltage automatically, or areable to accept any voltage between those limits. Power supply units used in computers are nearly alwaysswitchmode power su pplies (SMPS). The SMPS provides regulated direct current power atthe several voltages required by the motherboard and accessories such as disk drivesand cooling fans.

Removable media devicesMain article:Computer storage

CD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.

o CD-ROM Drive- a device used for reading data from a CD.o CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and

from a CD. DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the

same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It isthe most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for datastorage.

o DVD-ROM Drive- a device used for reading data from a DVD.o DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to andfrom a DVD.o DVD-RAM Drive- a device used for rapid writing and reading of data

from a special type of DVD. Blu-ray Disc- a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition

video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD.o BD-ROM Drive- a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.o BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and

from a Blu-ray disc. HD DVD- a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format. Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible

magnetic storage medium. Floppies are used today mainly for loadingdevice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbridge_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_mode_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_mode_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_mode_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_from_inside_018.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VESA_Local_Bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southbridge_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_mode_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_mode_power_supply


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driversnot included with anoperating systemrelease (for example, RAIDdrivers).

Iomega Zip drive- an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storagesystem, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.

USB flash drive- a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USBinterface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities

vary, fr om hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs). Tape drive- a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for

long term storage and backups.

Secondary storageHardware thatkeeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistenteven when thecomputer has no power.

Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data. Solid-state drive- a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving

parts and stor es data in a digital format. RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard

disks and optionally some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.

Sound cardMain article:Sound card

Enables the computer tooutput sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from amicrophone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard,thoughit is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Mostsound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities.

Input and output peripheralsMain article:Peripheral

Input and outputdevices are typically housed externally to the main computer chassis.The following are either standard or very common to many computer systems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iomega_Zip_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-RAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Dischttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc_recordablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iomega_Zip_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_array_controller


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Wheel mouse

Input

Main article:Input device

Text input deviceso Keyboard- a device to input text and characters by depressing buttons

(referred to as keys or buttons). Pointing devices

o Mouse- a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relativeto its supporting surface.

Optical Mouse- uses light to determine mouse motion or wecan say laser.

o Trackball- a pointing device consisting of an exposed protruding ballhoused in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.

o Touchscreen- senses the user pressing directly on the monitor.

Gamingdeviceso Joystick - a controldevice that consists of a hand held stick that pivots

around one end, todetect angles in two or three dimensions and reportsits angle or direction to the device it is controlling.it is mainly used for playing the games.

o Game pad- a handheld game controller that relies on the digits(especially thumbs) to provide input.

o Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certaingaming purposes.

Image, Video input deviceso Image scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images,

printed text, handwriting, or an object.o Web cam - a video camera used to provide visual input that can be

easily transferred over the internet. Audioinput devices

o Microphone- an acoustic sensor that provides input by convertingsound into electrical signals.

Output

Main article:Output device Printer - a device that produces a permanent human-readable text of graphic

document. Speakers- typically a pair of devices (2 channels) which convert electrical

signals into audio.o Headphones - for a single user hearing the audio.

Monitor - an electronic visual display with textual and graphical informationfrom the computer.

o CRT - (Cathode Ray Tube) displayo LCD - (Liquid Crystal Display) as of 2010, it is the primary visual

display for personal computers.o LED - (Light-Emitting Diode) display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_padhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_padhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Tastenmaus_Microsoft.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Mousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_pad


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o OLED- OrganicLight-Emitting Diode

Input dev iceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In computing, an input device is any peripheral(piece of computer hardwareequipment) used to provide data and control signals to aninformation processingsystemsuch asa computer or other information appliance. Input andoutput devicesmake up the hardware interface between a computer and ascanner or 6DOFcontroller.

Many input devices can be classified according to:

modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.) the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse's position,

though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered

continuous) the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional traditionalmice, or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications)

Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in space, canfurther be classifiedaccording to:

Whether the input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the input spacecoincides with the display space, i.e. pointing is done in the space where visualfeedback or the cursor appears.Touchscreensand light pensinvolve directinput. Examples involving indirect input include the mouse andtrackball.

Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch screen) or relative (e.g. with a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned)

Direct input is almost necessarily absolute, but indirect input may be either absoluteor relative. For example, digitizinggr aphics tablets that do not have an embeddedscreen involve indirect input and sense absolute positionsand are often run in anabsolute input mode, but they mayalso be set up to simulate a relative input modewhere the stylus or puck can be lifted and repositioned.

Contents[hide]

1 Keyboards 2 Pointing devices 3 High-degree of freedom input devices 4 Composite devices 5 Imaging and Video input devices 6 Audio input devices

7 Further Reading

Keyboards
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_speakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_camhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_speakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD


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Wii Remotewith attached strap

Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks, can be combined on a single physicaldevice that could be thought of as a composite device. Manygamingdevices havecontrollers like this. Technically mice are composite devices, as they both track movement and provide buttons for clicking, but composite devices are generallyconsidered to have more than two different forms of input.

Game controller Gamepad(or joypad) Paddle (game controller) Wii Remote

Imaging and Video input devicesVideo input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world intothe computer. The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending onthe user's requirement.

digital camera Webcam Image scanner Fingerprint scanner Barcode reader 3D scanner Laser rangefinder

Medical Imaging

Com puted tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography Medical ultrasonography

Audio input devicesIn the f ashion of video devices, audio devices are used to either capture or createsound.In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound.

Microphone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_stickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Remotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Remotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamepadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_(game_controller)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wii_Remote_Image.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logitech_Mouse.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logitech_Mouse.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_stickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursor_(computers)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_User_Interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_Automatic_Virtual_Environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Remotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamepadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_(game_controller)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Remote


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MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument

Output devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardwareequipment used to communicatethe results of data processingcarried out by aninformation processing system(suchas a computer ) to the outside world.

In com puting,input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between aninformation processing system(such as acomputer ), and the outside world. Inputs arethe signals or data sent tothe system, and outputs are the signals or data sent by thesystem to the outside.

Examples of output devices:

Speakers Headphones Screen (Monitor) Printer

Removable mediaIn computer storage, removable media refers to storage media which is designed to be removed from the computer without powering the computer off.

Some types of removable media are designed to be read by removable readers anddrives. Examples include:

Optical discs(Blu-ray discs, DVDs, CDs) Memory cards(CompactFlash card, Secure Digital card, Memory Stick ) Floppy disks/ Zip disks Magnetic tapes Paper data storage( punched cards, punched tapes)

Some remova ble media readers and drives are integrated into computers, others arethemselves removable.

Removable media may also refer to some removable storage devices, when they areused to transport or store data. Examples include:

USB flash drives Externalhard disk drives

Computer port ( hardware)
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Examples of computer connector sockets on various laptops

Ports on the back of an A p ple Mac Mini

In computer hardware, a port serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. Physically, a port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plugor cableconnects. Electronically, the several conductorsmaking up the outlet provide a signal transfer between devices.

The term "port" is derived from a Latin word "porta" (gate, entrance, door).

Contents[hide]

1 Physical shape 2 Electrical signal transfer 3 Types of ports

o 3.1 Etherneto 3.2 IEEE 1394 inter faceo 3.3 Parallelo 3.4 PS/2o 3.5 Serialo 3.6 USBo 3.7 VGAo 3.8 Digital Visual Interfaceo 3.9 SCSIo 3.10 TRS

4 See also 5 References

6 External link s

[edit] Physical shapeHardware ports may be physicallymale or female, but female ports are much morecommon.
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Computer ports in common use cover a wide variety of shapes such as round (PS/2,etc.), rectangular (FireWire, etc.), square (Telephone plug), trapezoidal (D-Sub theold printer port was aDB-25), etc. There is some standardization to physical properties and function. For instance, most computers have akeyboardport (currentlya round DIN-like outletreferred to as PS/2), into which the keyboard is connected.

[edit] Electrical signal transferElectronically,hardware ports can almost always be divided into two groups based onthe signal transfer:

Serial ports send and receive one bit at a time via a single wire pair (Groundand +/-).

Parallel portssend multiple bits at the same time over several sets of wires.

After ports areconnected, they typically requirehandshaking, where transfer type,transfer rate, and other necessary information is shared before data are sent.

Hot-swappable portscan be connected while equipment is running. About the only port on personal computers that is not hot-swappable is the keyboard PS/2 connector.Hot swappinga keyboard on many computer models can cause permanent damage tothe motherboard.[citation needed ]

Plug-and-playports are designed so that the connected devices automatically starthandshaking as soon as the hot-swapping is done.USB ports and FireWire ports are plug-and-play.

Auto-detect or auto-detection ports are usually plug-and-play, but they offer another type of convenience. An auto-detect port may automatically determine what k ind of device has been attached, but it also deter mines what purpose the port itself shouldhave. For example, some sound cardsallow plugging in several different types of audio speakers; then a dialogue box pops up on the computer screen asking whether the speaker is left, right, front, or rear for surround soundinstallations. The user'sresponse determines the purpose of the port, which is physically a 1/8" tip-ring-sleeve(TRS connector ) minijack. Some auto-detect ports can even switch between input andoutput based on context.

As of 2006, manufacturers have nearly standardized colors associated with ports on personal computers, although there are no guarantees. The following is a short list:

Main article:PC System Design Guide

Orange, purple, or grey: Keyboard PS/2 Green: Mouse PS/2 Blue or magenta: Parallel printer DB-25 Amber: Serial DB-25 or DB-9 Pastel pink: Microphone 1/8" stereo (TRS) minijack Pastel green: Speaker 1/8" stereo (TRS) minijack

FireWire ports used with video equipment (among other devices) can be either 4-pinor 6-pin. The two extra conductors in the 6-pin connection carry electrical power.
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This is why aself-powered device such as a camcorder often connects with a cablethat is 4-pins on the camera side and 6-pins on thecom puter side, the two power conductors simply being ignored. This is also why laptop computers usually haveonly 4-pin FireWire ports, as they cannot provide enough power to meet requirementsfor devices needing the power provided by 6-pin connections.

Optical (light) fiber, microwave, and other technologies (i.e., quantum) have differentkinds of connections, asmetal wires are not effective for signal transfers with thesetechnologies. O ptical connections are usually a polished glass or plastic interface, possibly with an oil that lessens refractionbetween the two interface surfaces.Microwaves are conducted through a pipe, which can be seen on a large scale byexaminingmicr owave towerswith "funnels" on them leading to pipes.

Hardware port trunking(HPT) is a technology that allows multiple hardware ports to be combined into a single group, effectively creating a single connection with a higher bandwidth, sometimes referred to as a double-barrel approach. This technology also provides a higher degree of fault tolerancebecause a failure on one port may just

mean a slow-down rather than a dropout. By contrast, inSoftware Port Trunking(SPT), two agents (websites, channels, etc.) are bonded into one with the sameeffectiveness; i.e.,ISDNB1 (64K) plus B2 (64K) equals data throughput of 128K.

[edit] Types of ports[edit] Ethernet

Ethernet port

Ethernet over twisted pair usingcategory 5 cable

8P8C
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[edit] IEEE 1394 interface

IEEE 1394 interface

[edit] Parallel

Parallel port

IEEE 128436 pin female on a circuitboard

DB-25connector commonly used for a parallel port

[edit] PS/2

PS/2 connector
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Mini-DIN connector

[edit] Serial

Serial port

RS-232

[edit] USB USB
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[edit] VGA

VGA connector

D-sub 15

[edit] Digital Visual Interface

Digital Visual Interface
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DVI

[edit] SCSI

SCSI

[edit] TRS

TRS connector

Hard disk drive"Harddrive" redirects here. For other uses, seeHard drive (disambiguation).

Hard disk drive

Interior of a hard disk driveDate invented 24 December 1954[1]Invented by An IBM teamled byRey Johnson
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Video of an opened hard drive

A hard disk drive (HDD; alsohard drive or hard disk )[2] is a non-volatile, randomaccess digital magnetic data storage device. It features rotatingrigid platterson amotor-driven spindlewithin a protective enclosure. Data ismagneticallyread fromand written to the platter byread/write heads that float on a film of air above the platters.

Introduced byIBM in 1956, hard disk drives have decreased in cost and physical sizeover the years while dramatically incr easing in capacity. Hard disk drives have beenthe dominant device for secondary storageof datain general purpose computerssincethe early 1960s.[3] They have maintained this position because advances in their recording density have kept pace with the requirements for secondary storage.[3]Today's HDDs operate on high-speed serial interfaces; i.e.,serial ATA (SATA) or serial attached SCSI(SAS).

Form factors

5 full height 110 MB HDD,2 (8.5 mm) 6495 MBHDD,US/UK penniesfor comparison.
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A 2.5 inchSATA hard drive froma Sony Vaio E series laptop.

Six hard drives with 8, 5.25, 3.5, 2.5, 1.8, and 1 disks, partially disassembled toshow platters and read-write heads, with a ruler showing inches.

Mainframe and minicomputer harddisks were of widely varying dimensions,typically in free standing cabinetsthe size of washing machines (e.g.HP 7935andDEC RP06Disk Drives) or designed so that dimensions enabled placement in a19"rack (e.g. Diablo Model 31). In 1962, IBM introduced itsmodel 1311disk, whichused 14 inch (nominal size) platter s. This became a standard size for mainframe andminicomputer drives for many years,[45] but such large platters were never used withmicroprocessor-based systems.

With increasing sales of microcom puters having built infloppy-disk drives (FDDs),HDDs that would fit to the FDD mountings became desirable, and this led to theevolution of the market towards drives with certainForm factors, initially derivedfrom the sizes of 8-inch, 5.25-inch, and 3.5-inch floppy disk drives. Smaller sizes than3.5 inches have emerged as popular in the marketplace and/or been decided byvarious industry groups.

8 inch: 9.5 in 4.624 in 14.25 in (241.3 mm 117.5 mm 362 mm)In 1979,Shugart Associates' SA1000 was the firstform factor compatibleHDD, having the same dimensions and a compatible interface to the 8 FDD.

5.25 inch:5.75 in 3.25 in 8 in (146.1 mm 82.55 mm 203 mm)This smaller form factor, first used in an HDD by Seagate in 1980,[46] was the
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same size as full-height 51 4-inch-diameter (130 mm) FDD, 3.25-inches high.This is twice as high as "half height"; i.e., 1.63 in (41.4 mm). Most desktopmodels of drives for optical 120 mm disks (DVD,CD) use the half height 5dimension, but it fell out of fashion for HDDs. TheQuantum BigfootHDDwas the last to use it in the late 1990s, with "low-profile" (25 mm) and "ultra-low-profile" (20 mm) high versions.

3.5 inch:4 in 1 in 5.75 in (101.6 mm 25.4 mm 146 mm) =376.77344 cmThis smaller form factor, fir st used in an HDD byRodimein 1983,[47] was thesame size as the "half height" 3 FDD, i.e., 1.63 inches high. Today it has been largely superseded by 1-inch high "slimline" or "low-profile" versions of this form factor which is used by most desktop HDDs.

2.5 inch:2.75 in 0.2750.59 in 3.945 in (69.85 mm 715 mm 100 mm) = 48.895104.775 cm3This smaller form factor was introduced by PrairieTek in 1988;[48] there is nocorresponding FDD. It is widely used today for solid-state drivesand for hard-disk drives in mobile devices (laptops, music players, etc.) and as of 2008replacing 3.5 inch enterprise-class drives.[49] It is also used in thePlaystation3[50] and Xbox 360[citation needed ] video game consoles. Today, the dominant heightof this form factor is 9.5 mm for laptop drives (usually having two plattersinside), but higher capacity drives have a height of 12.5 mm (usually havingthree platters). Enterprise-class drives can have a height up to 15 mm.[51]Seagate released a 7mm drive aimed at entry level laptops and high endnetbooks in December 2009.[52]

1.8 inch:54 mm 8 mm 71 mm = 30.672 cmThis form factor, originally introduced by Integral Peripherals in 1993, hasevolved into the ATA-7 LIF with dimensions as stated. It was incr easinglyused indigital audio playersand subnotebooks, but is rarely usedtoday. Anoriginal variant exists for 25GB sized HDDs that fit directly into aPC cardexpansion slot. These became popular for their use in iPods andother HDD based MP3 players.

1 inch: 42.8 mm 5 mm 36.4 mmThis form factor was introduced in 1999 asIBM's Microdriveto fit inside aCF Type II slot. Samsung calls the same form factor "1.3 inch" drive in its product literature.[53]

0.85 inch:24 mm 5 mm 32 mmToshiba announced this form factor in January 2004[54] for use in mobile phones and similar applications, includingSD/MMCslot compatible HDDsoptimized for video storage on4G handsets. Toshiba currently sells a 4 GB(MK4001MTD) and 8 GB (MK8003MTD) ver sion [1][dead link ] and holds theGuinness World Recordfor the smallest hard disk drive.[55]

3.5-inch and 2.5-inch hard disks currently dominate the market.

By 2009 all manufacturers had discontinued the development of new products for the1.3-inch, 1-inch and 0.85-inch form factors due to falling prices of flash memory,[56][57]which is slightly more sta ble and resistant to damage from impact and/or dropping.

The inch-basednickname of all these form factors usually do not indicate any actual

product dimension (which are specified in millimeters for more recent form factors),
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but just roughly indicate a size relative to disk diameters, inthe inter est of historiccontinuity.

2. Elektrik Elektronik Kavramlar

Computer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected fromElectronic computer )

For other uses, seeComputer (disambiguation)."Computer technology" redirects here. For the company, seeComputer TechnologyLimited.

Computer

A computer is a progr ammable machinedesigned tosequentially and automaticallycarry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kindof problem.

Conventionallya computer consists of some form of memoryfor data storage, at leastone element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing andcontrol elementthat can change the order of operations based on the information thatis stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source,and allow the results of operations tobe sent out.
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A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read,manipulate and then storedata. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment.

The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (19401945).Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several

hundred modern personal computers(PCs).[1]

Modern computers based onintegrated circuitsare millions to billions of times morecapable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simplecomputers are small enough to fit intomobile devices, and mobile computerscan be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms areiconsof theInformation Ageand are what most people think of as "computers". However, theembedded computersfound in many devices frommp3 playersto fighter aircraftandfrom toys to industrial robotsare the most numerous.

Contents[hide]

1 Historyof computingo 1.1 Limited-function early computerso 1.2 First gener al-purpose computerso 1.3 Stored-program architectureo 1.4 Semiconductors and microprocessors

2 Programso 2.1 Stored program architectureo 2.2 Bugso 2.3 Machine codeo 2.4 Higher-levellanguages and progr am design

3 Functiono 3.1 Control unito 3.2 Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)o 3.3 Memoryo 3.4 Input/output (I/O)o 3.5 Multitaskingo 3.6 Multi processingo 3.7 Networking and the Internet

4 Misconceptionso 4.1 Required technologyo 4.2 Computer ar chitecture paradigmso 4.3 Limited-function computerso 4.4 Virtual computers

5 Further topicso 5.1 Artificial intelligenceo 5.2 Hardwareo 5.3 Softwareo 5.4 Programming languageso 5.5 Professions and organizations

6 See also
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deciding which partsof the mechanism perfor med which actions and when.[8] This isthe essence of programmability.

Aroundthe end of the tenth century, the French monk Gerbert d'Aurillacbrought back from Spain the drawings of a machine invented by theMoorsthat answered Yes or No to the questions it was asked (binary arithmetic).[9] Again in the thirteenth century,

the monksAlbertus Magnusand Roger Baconbuilt talkingandroidswithout anyfurther development (Albertus Magnus complained that he had wasted forty years of his life whenThomas Aquinas, terrified by his machine, destroyed it).[10]

In 1642, theRenaissancesaw the inventionof themechanical calculator ,[11] a devicethat could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on humanintelligence.[12] The mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways ; initially, it is in trying to develop more powerfuland more f lexible calculator s[13] that the computer was firsttheorizedby CharlesBabbage[14] [15] and then developed,[16] leading to the development of mainframecomputers inthe 1960s, but also the microprocessor, which started the personal

computer revolution, and which is now at the heart of all computer systems regardlessof size or purpose,[17] was invented serendipitouslyby Intel[18] duringthe developmentof an electronic calculator , a direct descendant to the mechanical calculator.[19]

First general-purpose computers

In 1801,Joseph Marie Jacquardmade an improvement to thetextile loombyintroducing a series of punched paper cardsas a template which allowed his loom toweave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an importantstep in the development of computers because the useof punched cards to definewoven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.

The Most Famous Image in the Early History of Computing[20]

This portrait of Jacquard was woven in silk on a Jacquard loom and required 24,000 punched cards to create (1839). It was only produced to order.Charles Babbage
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owned one of these portraits ; it inspired him in using perforated cards in hisanalytical engine[21]

It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the firstrecognizable computers. In 1837,Charles Babbagewas the first to conceptualize anddesign a fully programmable mechanical computer, hisanalytical engine.[22] Limited

finances and Babbage's inability toresist tinkering with the design meant that thedevice was never completed ; nevertheless his son, Henry Babbage, completed asimplified version of the analyticalengine's computing unit (themill ) in 1888. Hegave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. This machinewas given to theScience museumin South Kensingtonin 1910.

In the late 1880s,Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machinereadable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control,not data. "After some initial trialswith paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..."[23]To process these punched cards heinvented thetabulator , and thekeypunchmachines. These three inventionswere the foundation of the modern information

processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the1890 United States Censusby Hollerith's company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of ideas andtechnologies, that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers,had begun to appear:Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube(thermionic valve), punchedcards and tape, and theteleprinter .

During the first half of the 20th century, many scientificcomputingneeds were met by increasingly sophisticatedanalog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electricalmodel of the problem asa basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility andaccuracy of modern digitalcomputers.

Alan Turingis widely regarded to be the father of moderncomputer science. In 1936Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of thealgorithmandcomputationwith the Turing machine, providing a blue print for the electronic digitalcomputer.[24] Of his role in the creation of the modern computer,Time magazine innaming Turing one of the100 mostinfluentialpeople of the 20th century, states: "Thefact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word- processing program, is working on an incarnationof a Turing machine".[24]

The Zuse Z3, 1941, considered the world's firstworking programmable, fullyautomaticcomputing machine.
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The ENIAC, which became operational in 1946, is considered to be the first general- purpose electronic computer.

EDSACwas one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture.

Die of an Intel 80486DX2 micropr ocessor (actual size: 126.75 mm) in its packaging.

The AtanasoffBerry Computer (ABC) was among the first electronic digital binarycomputing devices. Conceived in1937 by Iowa State College physics professor JohnAtanasoff , and built with the assistance of graduate studentClifford Berry,[25] themachine was not programmable, being designed only to solve systems of linear equations. The computer did employ parallel computation. A1973 court ruling in a patent disputefound that the patent for the 1946ENIACcomputer derived from theAtanasoffBerry Computer.

The inventor of the program-controlled computer wasKonrad Zuse, who built thefirst working computer in 1941 and later in 1955 the first computer based on magneticstorage.[26]
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Nearly all modern computer s implement some form of the stored-programarchitecture, making it the singletr ait by which the word "computer" is now defined.While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the firstelectronic, general-purpose computers of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumannarchitecture.

Beginning in the 1950s,SovietscientistsSergei Sobolevand Nikolay Brusentsovconducted research onternary computers, devices that operated on a base threenumbering system of 1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional binary numberingsystem upon which most computers are based. They designed theSetun, a functionalternary computer, atMoscow State University. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the more common binaryarchitecture.

Semiconductors and microprocessors

Computers usingvacuum tubesas their electronic elements were in use throughoutthe 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by transistor -based machines,which were smaller, f aster, cheaper to produce, required less power,and were morereliable. The

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