YURO Project (Tracked)

8/9/2019 YURO Project (Tracked)

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FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,

OWERRI

CHE 505/510: RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

ON

PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE FROM BIO-ETHANOL

USING ZEOLITE COMPOSITE CATAYSTCATALYST

FROM LOCALLY-SOURCED CLAY

DONE BY

AGHA JOSEPH IREGISTRATION NUMBERO.

!00"1#$0%&%SUPERVISED BY

ENGRMR ISIOMAJ O'OLIE

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (SEET)

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, OWERRI

1

PMB 1526

PMB 1526


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IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENTFULFILLMENTOF THE

RE(UIREMENTS FOR A BACHELORS) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING *BENG+

OCTOBER,OCTOBER!01$

2


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CERTIFICATION

This is to !"ti#$ th%t th! &o"', PRODUCTION OF ETHYLENE FROM BIO-

ETHANOL USING ZEOLITE COMPOSITE CATAYSTCATALYST FROM

LOCALLY-SOURCED CLAY*"!s!+t! i+ this "!*o"t is th! o"i-i+%. &o"' o#

AGHA JOSEPH IFEANYICHU'WU, &ith "!-ist"%tio+ +/0!"

!00"1#$0%$% Th! *"o!t &%s %""i! o/t $ Ch!0i%. E+-i+!!"i+-

P"o!t G"o/* 13 o# th! 2314231 %%!0i s!ssio+, i+./i+-7

AGHA JOSEPH

IFEANYICHU'WU (GRO8P

LEADER)

JONNWA'ALO O'ECHU'WU

C (ASST9 G9L9)

UDENSI CHI'A JOSEPH

EZEILO ONYEDI'AS

OGUI'E TOBECHI MARY-

AGNES

E'WEM PATRICIA

OGOCHU'WU

NNAMANI NDUBUISI M

!00"1#$0%&%

!00"1#$0!%

!00"1#$11%%

!00"1#$0#5%

!00"1#$0"0%

!00"1#"0%0%

!00"1##%1%

MENGR ISIOMAJ O'OLIE

(PRO:ECT S8PER;ISOR)

SIGNAT8REDATE


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ENGR DR M S NWA'AUDU

(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)PROF

'ENNETH O'PALA

(PRO:ECT CO


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AC'NOWLEDGEMENTS

I &ish to %'+o&.!-! th! H!% o# D!*%"t0!+t, Ch!0i%. E+-i+!!"i+-

D!*%"t0!+t i+ th! F!!"%. 8+i>!"sit$ o# T!h+o.o-$, O&!""i, E+-"9 D"9 M9 S9

N&%'%// #o" his !?o"ts %t t!+i+- to th! &!.#%"! o# st/!+ts o# this *"o!t

-"o/* th"o/-ho/t th! o/"s! o# o/" &o"'9


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I &ish to %.so !@*"!ss si+!"! %**"!i%tio+ to o/" S/*!">iso", M"E+-"9 I9 :9

O'o.i!, #o" his o>!"&h!.0i+- s/**o"t, %>i! %+ t"!0!+o/s h!.* i+

0%'i+- this "!s!%"h *"o!t % s/!ss9

I %'+o&.!-! th! !?o"ts o# %.. th! .!t/"!"s o# th! h!0i%. !+-i+!!"i+-

!*%"t0!+t #o" th!i" "!.!+t.!ss !?o"ts %t i0*%"ti+- >%./%.! '+o&.!-!

th"o/-ho/t th!s! $!%"s, &hih h%s #o"0! th! %sis #o" th! %*tit/!

!0*.o$! i+ this &o"'9

G"!%t!st %'+o&.!-!0!+t -o!s to 0$ 0oth!", M"s9 A-h% Chi+$!"! B"i-!t,

&ho h%s s*%"! +othi+- to -i>! 0! !>!"$thi+-9 Yo/" !?o"ts &i.. +!>!" ! i+

>%i+, Go .!ss $o/9

I &ish to !@*"!ss si+!"! %**"!i%tio+ to o/" S/*!">iso", E+-"9 I9 :9 O'o.i!, #o"

his o>!"&h!.0i+- s/**o"t, %>i! %+ t"!0!+o/s h!.* i+ 0%'i+- this

"!s!%"h *"o!t % s/!ss9

I %++ot #%i. to %'+o&.!-! th! s/**o"t %+ o+t"i/tio+s o# %.. 0$

o..!%-/!s i+ *"o>ii+- th! "!/i"! i+t!..!t #o" !@!/ti+- this *"o!t

&o"'#o" th!i" !i%tio+ %+ o


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ABSTRACT

I+"!%si+- #ossi. #/!. *"i!s %+ o+!"+s o>!" -"!!+ho/s! -%s (GHG)

!0issio+s h%>! +o& #o/s! th! %tt!+tio+ o# "!!+t "!s!%"h %+

!>!.o*0!+t !?o"ts o+ "!+!&%.! #!!sto' #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ %s

%-%i+st *"o/tio+ %s! o+ *!t"o.!/0

!@*!"i0!+ts &!"! %""i! o/t /si+- % si0*.! .%o"%to"$% >i!& to !st%.ish 0i"oo./0! o# "o0i+! &%t!" /! to isso.>! !th$.!+!9 A

h%"%t!"isti */+-!+t s0!.. %.so o+"0! th! *"!s!+! o# i!th$.


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si!iti!s %1-%%

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS491 M%t!"i%.s R!/i"! %$-%#492 P"!*%"%tio+ M!thos %#-$0

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION91 R!s/.ts %+ O/to0!s $1-$%92 Dis/ssio+A+%.$sis $%-$"

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND


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LIST OF FIGURES

Fi-/"! 2917 F.o& Di%-"%0 o# %+ Eth$.!+! P"o/tio+ P.%+t 8si+- Li/i F!!s

Fi-/"! 2927 Eth$.!+! P"o/t Yi!. %t 8si+- Di?!"!+t F!!sto's

Fi-/"! 2947 P"o!ss F.o&sh!0! o# MTO P"o!ss

Fi-/"! 297 L%o"%to"$ S!t


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Fi-/"!927 ;o./0! o# Eth$.!+! *"o/! >!"s!s ti0! -"%*h #o" t!0*!"%t/"!

"%+-! (413


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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 BAC'GROUND

Eth$.!+! is th! *"i0%"$ o0*o+!+t i+ 0ost *.%stis, 0%'i+- it !o+o0i%..$

>%./%.!9 It is *"o/! *"i0%"i.$ $ st!%0!.$ ! *"o/! $ th! !h$"%tio+ o# !th%+o., &hih %+ ! *"o/!

#"o0 #!"0!+t%tio+ *"o!ss!s /si+- "!+!&%.! s/st"%t!s s/h %s -./os!, st%"h

%+ oth!"s9 D/! to "isi+- oi. *"i!s, "!s!%"h!"s +o& .oo' %t %.t!"+%ti>! "!%tio+s

to *"o/! green ethylene, /t th! *"o!ss is #%" #"o0 !i+- %s !o+o0i%..$

o0*!titi>! %s /si+- #ossi. #/!.s9 M%+$ st/i!s h%>! i+>!sti-%t! %t%.$sts %+

+!& "!%tio+ !+-i+!!"i+- t!h+o.o-i!s to i+"!%s! !th$.!+! $i!. %+ to .o&!"

"!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"!, i+ %+ !?o"t to 0%'! th! "!%tio+ %**.i%.! i+ i+/st"$ %+

0ost ost

I+ %itio+ to th! "/! oi. iss/!s, th! t!h+o.o-i!s /s! #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+

h%>! si-+i%+t i0*%t o+ th! !+>i"o+0!+t9 St!%0 "%'i+- is th! 0ost !+!"-$

o+s/0i+- *"o!ss i+ (P.%!ho.!"1) th! h!0i%. i+/st"$ %+ it /""!+t.$

%o/+ts #o" %**"o@i0%t!.$ 13 to 233 0i..io+ to++!s o# CO !0issio+s &o".&i!

(N!!.is !t %.9, 2336 (N!!.is !t %.9, 2336) (N!!.is !t %.9, 2336))9 Go%.s to !>!.o*

%.t!"+%ti>! "o/t!s #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ &hih h%>! #%>o/"%.! !+!"-$

o+s/0*tio+ %+ -"!!+ho/s! -%s!s !0issio+ h%>! !!+ "o/-ht /*9 I+ %

+/tsh!.., #"o0 oth !+>i"o+0!+t%. %+ !o+o0i *!"s*!ti>!s, it is th!"!#o"! o#

1


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i+t!"!st to st/$ %.t!"+%ti>! so/"!s #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ %s &!.. %s !+!"-$

s%>i+- *ot!+ti%.s o?!"! $ %.t!"+%ti>! *"o!ss!s9

C%t%.$ti !h$"%tio+ o# !th%+o. to !th$.!+!, %..! Eth%+o.

o# 0i"oi%. !th%+o. to !th$.!+!9 R!*o"t! %t%.$sts #o" !th%+o. !h$"%tio+

i+./! si.i% %./0i+% (Ro% !t %.9, 1J6J)(Ro% !t %.9, 1J6J), %ti>%t! %./0i+%

(oi0% !t %.9, 1J1)(oi0% !t %.9, 1J1), h!t!"o*o.$%i (A.i !t %.9, 2313), %+

!o.it!s (M%o !t %.9, 1J)9

C%t%.$sts %s! o+ %ti>%t! %./0i+% (!o.it!s) %"! th! 0ost i0*o"t%+t 'i+ o#

%t%.$st #o" io< !th%+o. !h$"%tio+, %+ %"! th! %t%.$sts o0i+%+t.$ /s! i+

/""!+t i+/st"i%. *"o/tio+9 Si!+ti D!si-+Ch!0%t/" h%s !>!.o*! %+

i0*"o>! %./0i+% %t%.$st, S$+o. &hih h%>i+- h%s % 0%i+ o0*ositio+ o# A.!O%

M-OSiO!9 It o?!"s hi-h *"o/ti>it$ th%t %..o&s % "!/tio+ o# tot%. "!%to"

>o./0! (Ch!+, 2313)9 B!si!s, it h%s hi-h $i!. o+>!"sio+ %+ s!.!ti>it$ &hih

.!%s to !tt!" /ti.i%tio+ o# th! !th%+o. #!! %+ .!ss $%tio+

2


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%+ th/s, it *!"0its .o+-!" "/+s o# o*!"%tio+ (Ch!0%t/" E+-i+!!"i+- G"o/*,

+992311)9

!o.it! %t%.$st o# HSM!s %.0ost 133

o# !th%+o. o+>!"sio+ %+ !th$.!+! s!.!ti>it$ (Ch!+, 2313)9

111PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE

Eth$.!+! h%s #o/" h$"o-!+ %to0s o/+ to % *%i" o# %"o+ %to0s th%t %"!

o++!t! $ % o/.! o+9 A.. si@ %to0s th%t o0*"is! !th$.!+! %"! o*.%+%"9

Th! 0o.!/.! is %.so "!.%ti>!.$ "i-i7 "ot%tio+ %o/t th! CC o+ is % hi-h

!+!"-$ *"o!ss th%t "!/i"!s "!%'i+- th!


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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE

E; @ 4;746438 .6=97;@; 2.3.@ 239? .@ ; 9 74?;.9@> ; 697 74?;.9@> .@?34=938647.;.9@, 9.;.9@,

*"o!ssQ

To o*!"%t! % .%o"%to"$


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1$ JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

Eth$.!+! is /""!+t.$ th! 0ost o+s/0! i+t!"0!i%t! *"o/t i+ th! &o".9 I+

233J it &%s !sti0%t! th%t th! &o". !0%+ #o" !th$.!+! &%s o>!" 13 0i..io+

to+s *!" $!%", &ith %+ %**"o@i0%t! $!%".$ i+"!%s! o# 4959 O+! o# th! 0ost

i0*o"t%+t /s!s o# !th$.!+! is th! *"o/tio+ o# *o.$>i+$. h.o"i! (P;C)9 P;C

/""!+t.$ s!">!s o>!" 3 o# th! o+st"/tio+ 0%"'!t9 This i+./!s *.%stis,

o0i+%ti+- *i*! %+ tti+-s, &io&s, sii+-, !'i+- %+ #!+i+-9 I+ %itio+,

P;C s!">!s 63 o# th! &i"! %+ %.! *.%stis 0%"'!t %+ 25 o# th! o%ti+-s

0%"'!t9This i+"!%s! i+ !0%+ #o" !th$.!+! %s % *!t"oh!0i%. #!!sto' %+

o+s!/!+t.$ i+ th! !o+o0i -%i+s %"! % st"o+- 0oti>%tio+ #o" st/i!s i+to th!

!>!.o*0!+t o# !i!+t t!h+o.o-i!s %*%.! o# *"o>ii+- !th$.!+!, %+ h!+!

this *"o!t9 Th! >i%i.it$ o# this *"o!t is %.so *"o0*t! $ th! %>%i.%i.it$ o# th!

"%& "!so/"!s "!/i"! to s$+th!si! th! !o.it! %t%.$st i+ /s!9

15 SCOPE OF STUDY

C%t%.$st &o/. ! *"!*%"! $ "!/tio+ to %**"o*"i%t! si!9

A""%+-!0!+t o# th! %**"o*"i%t! !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*9

C%t%.$ti !h$"%tio+ o# Eth%+o. to Eth$.!+! /si+- th! !o.it! %t%.$st9

Co..!tio+ %+ %+%.$sis o# >%"io/s *"o/ts o# th! "!%tio+

5


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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

!1 BAC'GROUND OF ETHYLENE

Eth$.!+! is % hi-h !0%+ *"o/t !%/s! it is %+ !ss!+ti%. "%& 0%t!"i%. i+ th!

*"o/tio+ o# *.%stis, i+ *%"ti/.%" .o& %+ hi-h !+sit$ *o.$!th$.!+!s %+ P;C9

I+ th! 8S %.o+!, th! $!%".$ !0%+ is %**"o@i0%t!.$ 5MM to++!s o# !th$.!+!9

T"%itio+%..$, !th$.!+! is *"o/! $ "%'i+- o# h!%>$ h$"o%"o+s #"o0 #ossi.

#/!.s9 I+ #%t, i+ th! 1J63s this *"o!ss &%s so *"ot%.! th%t !th$.!+! &%s /s!

to *"o/! !th%+o. i+ th! "!>!"s! o# th! *"o!ss /s! $ this *.%+t9 Ho&!>!", %

&o".&i! oi. "isis i+ 1J4 "%is! *!t"o.!/0 *"i!s 0%'i+- "%'i+- % 0/h .!ss

!o+o0i%..$ "!%so+%.! 0!tho o# !th%+o. *"o/tio+9 Si+! *.%stis "!0%i+ i+

hi-h !0%+, !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ >i% !th%+o. is !i+- !@*.o"! %-%i+9

!11PROPERTIES OF ETHYLENE

Eth$.!+! h%s #o/" h$"o-!+ %to0s o/+ to % *%i" o# %"o+ %to0s th%t %"!

o++!t! $ % o/.! o+9 A.. si@ %to0s th%t o0*"is! !th$.!+! %"! o*.%+%"9

Th! 0o.!/.! is %.so "!.%ti>!.$ "i-i7 "ot%tio+ %o/t th! CC o+ is % hi-h

6


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!+!"-$ *"o!ss th%t "!/i"!s "!%'i+- th! it$ 39JJ2

S*!i H!%t 3 oF (Bt/.0o.


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*"o/ts9 So0! o# its 0%o" "!%tio+s i+./! *o.$0!"i%tio+, o@i%tio+,

h%.o-!+%tio+ %+ h$"oo.>! i+ st!%0 "%'i+- to !th$.!+!9

Th! /""!+t #!!sto's #o" o.!+ *"o/tio+ %"! !"i>! #"o0 "/! oi. %+

+%t/"%. -%s s/h %s +%*hth% %+ !th%+!9 Th! %>%i.%i.it$ o# #!!sto'

!*!+s o+ th! o0*ositio+ o# "/! oi. %+ +%t/"%. -%s %+ th!i" *"o/tio+

>o./0! (R%hi0i %"i0%!h, 2311)9 Fo" i+st%+!, st!%0 "%'i+- o# .i-ht


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+%*hth% *"o/!s %o/t t&i! th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! ot%i+! #"o0 st!%0

"%'i+- o# >%//0 -%s oi. /+!" +!%".$ si0i.%" o+itio+s9

Th! t$*i%. *"o!ss o# st!%0 "%'i+- is sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 291!.o&9 G!+!"%..$,

.i/i #!! %"! "%'! &ith .o&!" "!si!+! ti0!s %+ hi-h!" st!%0 i./tio+

"%tios th%+ thos! /s! #o" -%s #!!sto's9 B!si!s, 0%@i0/0 o.!+ $i!.s %+ !

ot%i+! %t .o&!" h$"o%"o+ *%"ti%. *"!ss/"!s, *"!ss/"! "o*s, %+ "!si!+!

ti0!s #o" .i/i #!!s (M%t%" H%th, 2333)9 C"%'i+- *"o!ss o*!"%t! %t hi-h!"

s!>!"it$ i+"!%s!s th! !th$.!+! *"o/t %+ $

So/"!7 M%t%" H%th, 2333U

J


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G!+!"%..$, .i/i #!! %"! "%'! &ith .o&!" "!si!+! ti0!s %+ hi-h!" st!%0

i./tio+ "%tios th%+ thos! /s! #o" -%s #!!sto's9 B!si!s, 0%@i0/0 o.!+

$i!.s %+ ! ot%i+! %t .o&!" h$"o%"o+ *%"ti%. *"!ss/"!s, *"!ss/"! "o*s,

%+ "!si!+! ti0!s #o" .i/i #!!s (M%t%" H%th, 2333)9 C"%'i+- *"o!ss

o*!"%t! %t hi-h!" s!>!"it$ i+"!%s!s th! !th$.!+! *"o/t %+ $! !!+ !i%t! to th! "!s!%"h!s o+ !>!.o*i+- % +o>!.

*"o!ss th%t %+ o>!"o0! th! !i!+i!s o# st!%0 "%'i+-9

!!11 C;38;.? C7?.@ 9 N=!.$ .o& s!.!ti>it$ i+ !th$.!+! #"o0 h!%>$ #!!s9 This

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.!%s to %t%.$ti *$"o.$sis &hih h%s !!+ st/i! !@t!+si>!.$ to o>!"o0!

th! sho"to0i+- o# st!%0 "%'i+-9

C%t%.$ti "%'i+- is % *"o!ss i+ &hih th! h!%>$ h$"o%"o+ 0o.!/.!s %"!

o+>!"t! i+to .i-ht!" 0o.!/.!s $ o+t%ti+- th! h!%>$ h$"o%"o+ &ith

th! !o.it! %t%.$st9 F"o0 th! T%.! 294, it &%s +ot! th%t th! !th$.!+! $i!. is

.o&!" &hi.! th! *"o*$.!+! $i!. is hi-h!" i+ o0*%"iso+ &ith o+>!+tio+%. st!%0

"%'i+- *"o!ss (N!@%+t, 1JJ)9It h%s !!+ !st%.ish! ho&!>!" th%t !th$.!+!

$i!. is .o&!", &ith hi-h!" *"o*$.!+! $i!., &h!+ th! %t%.$ti "%'i+- *"o!ss is

o0*%"! to th! st!%0 "%'i+- *"o!ss (N!@%+t, 2314)9

Th! *!"#o"0%+! o# % /i %t%.$ti "%'i+- (FCC) /+it is !*!+!+t o+ % .%"-!

+/0!" o# *%"%0!t!"s &hih*%"%0!t!"s th%ti+/!+! th! o+>!"sio+ *"o!ss i+

th!i" o&+ &%$9 Th! *%"%0!t!"s th%t h%>! !!+ st/i! i+./! th! #!!

o0*ositio+, "!si!+! ti0!, t!0*!"%t/"!, %t%.$st!"sio+ *"o!ss (D/*%i+ !t %.9,

2336)9

Th!"! %"! s!>!"%. st/i!s o+ th! o*ti0i%tio+ o# FCC *"o!ss!s9 Li %+ St"%+

(1JJ) "!*o"t! th! i0*.!0!+t%tio+ o# o+


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!!1! C7?.@ 9 V44;234 O.3>

R!s!%"h!s o+ >%"io/s %.t!"+%ti>! so/"!s %s "/! oi. s/stit/t! #o" !th$.!+!

*"o/tio+ &!"! %""i! o/t to %>oi th! *"o.!0s %ssoi%t! &ith "/! oi.9

%0ost+$, B!.oh.%>, S0i"'%i (2311) h%>! is.os! th! /s! o# >!-!t%.! oi.s

&hih is o+! o# th! *"!0i/0 "!+!&%.! "!so/"!s %s "/! oi. #o" sho"t %.'!+!s

*"o/tio+ >i% st!%0 "%'i+-9 Fi-/"! 292 sho&s th! *"o/t $i!. ot%i+! %s!

o+ i?!"!+t #!!sto's /s! i+ st!%0 "%'i+- *"o!ss9

Fi-/"! 2927E;.@ D.474@; F44>;9?

So/"!7 %0ost+$ !t %.9, 2311U

;!-!t%.! oi.s #o"0 th! si0i.%" *"o/ts %s t"%itio+%. "/!!.$ hi-h o+t!+t o# !th$.!+! %s

&!.. %s *"o*$.!+! %+ /t%i!+! i+ % *"o/t 0i@t/"!9 Si+! th! 0!h%+is0s o#

*$"o.$sis "!%tio+s o# oth th! "%*!s!! oi. %+ "/! oi. #"%tio+s %"! si0i.%", it

&o/. ! *ossi.! to !0*.o$ &!..


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I+ %itio+, 0/.ti*.! st/i!s "!-%"i+- th! to*i h%>! !!+ */.ish!9 Fo"

i+st%+!, Bi!.%+s'$ !t %.9 (2313) %+ D/*%i+, Cost%, Sh%>!"i!+, M%''!!,

Mo/.i+ (233) h%>! st/i! o+ %t%.$ti "%'i+- o# "%*!s!! oi. to hi-h ot%+!

-%so.i+! %+ .i-ht o.!+s9 Th! "!s!%"h!s %-%i+ #o/+ th%t th! >!-!t%.! oi.s %+

! /s! i+ #/!. *"o/tio+ %+ *!t"oh!0i%. i+/st"i!s %+ #o"0 si0i.%"

*"o/ts %s t"%itio+%. "/! oi. #!!sto' /+!" th! o0*%"%.! o*!"%ti+-

o+itio+9 F/"th!"0o"!, th! >!-!t%.! oi. %+ ! .!+! &ith th! #!! o# %+

!@isti+- FCC /+it %t &hih +o s$+!"-!ti !?!ts !t&!!+ oth #!!s %**!%" to !

*"!s!+t9

As % "!s/.t, %t%.$ti "%'i+- o# >!-!t%.! oi. 0i@! &ith o+>!+tio+%. FCC

#!!sto' is % *ot!+ti%. %.t!"+%ti>! #o" i+"!%si+- th! sh%"! o# "!+!&%.! #/!.s i+

th! 0%"'!t9 Ho&!>!", this %.t!"+%ti>! sho/. ! !>%./%t! #/"th!" i+ t!"0s o#

t!h+i%., !o+o0i >i%i.it$ %+ !+>i"o+0!+t%. i0*%ts si+! th! *"o/ts

o+t%i+ .%"-! %0o/+ts o# %"o0%tis (D/*%i+ !t %.9, 233)9

!!!1 A3;47@;.4 P79?4>> T4? 97 E;


26/79

F.74 !%: P79?4>> F39>?>

S97?4: UOP, !011K

Ao"i+- to th! MTO *"o!ss sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 294, th! 0!th%+o. is 0%i+.$

*"o/! #"o0 s$+th!sis -%s &hih %+ ! ot%i+! #"o0 %+$ so/"! o# %"o+!"$ t/! to % %th o# &%t!"

&h!"! &%t!" %+ !th%+o. isso.>! i+ th! &%t!" %+ i+so./.! !th$.!+! is o..!t!

%s -%s i+to % -.%ss t/!9

!% ETHYLENE FROM BIO-ETHANOL

15


28/79

Th! 0%o" !+!t o# /si+- !th%+o. %s th! "%& 0%t!"i%. #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+

i+st!% o# #ossi. #/!.s is th%t !th%+o. is "!+!&%.!Q it %+ ! *"o/! #"o0

#!"0!+t%tio+ o# #!!sto's s/h %s o"+ o" s/-%" %+!9 I# th! !0%+ #o"

!th$.!+! "!0%i+s hi-h &hi.! th! s/**.$ o# #ossi. #/!.s is i0i+ish!, th! s!..i+-

*"i! o# !th$.!+! 0%$ ! "i>!+ /*, 0%'i+- this *"o!ss *"ot%.!9

Aitio+%..$, %s !+>i"o+0!+t%. %&%"!+!ss !o0!s 0o"! soi%..$ *"!>%.!+t,

-o>!"+0!+ts %"! !+o/"%-i+- o0*%+i!s to 0o>! %&%$ #"o0 #ossi. #/!.s !%/s!

th!$ %"! +o+> D4>?7.=;.9@ 97 I@>;7.3 P79?;.9@ 9 E;


29/79

!%! MECHANISM OF REACTION

This "!%tio+ is !"oo"! o/tsi! o# th!

t!0*!"%t/"! "%+-! %+ so !"!%s! !th$.!+! $i!.9

!%$ CATALYSIS OF THE REACTION

D!>!.o*0!+t o# %+ !?!ti>! %t%.$st is th! #o/+%tio+%. %+ "iti%. st!* #o"

%t%.$ti *"o!ss9 M%+$ %t%.$sts h%>! !!+ st/i! #o" !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ >i%

!th%+o. !h$"%tio+ *"o!ss9 Doh!i0, H%+%#$ E.


30/79

o+>!"sio+ o# JJ9J6 %+ !th$.!+! s!.!ti>it$ o# JJ9 9Th! %t%.$st /+!"

st/$ i+ this &o"' is % o0*osit! !o.it! %t%.$st s$+th!si! #"o0 .o%..$! (%0o"*ho/s)

#o"0, 0!t%


31/79

Soi/0 h$"o@i! %+ !o.>!s th! #o..o&i+-7

B4@4?.;.9@ 9 N> '93.@ C387

C.%$ ./0*s %"! "/sh! %+ s"!!+! &ith % 200 %+ 100 si!>! to "!0o>!

.%"-! %+ o%"s! *%"ti.!s s/h %s *!.!s, sto+!s %+ -"it9 At this st%-!, th!

h!0i%. o0*ositio+ is !t!"0i+! /si+- @!"$ .itt.! .%$ is .!#t i+ th!

1J


32/79

s/s*!+sio+9 A-%i+, =!s th! "$st%..o-"%*hi st"/t/"%. st%t/s

%+ *h%s!s o# th! !+ti"! o0*o+!+t i+ %0%t!"i%.9 =


33/79

h%"%t!"i!/+'+o&+ "$st%..i+! 0%t!"i%.9 Ph%s! h%"%t!"i%tio+ o# th!

s$+th!sis Ns/ .%$ &%s o+! /si+- =RD9

49 Fo/"i!" T"%+s#o"0 I+#"%!.oit$ (394 hZ1 396 hZ1), .o& !th$.!+! $i!., %+

"!.%ti>!.$ hi-h "!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"! (453 VC 53 VC), "!s/.ti+- i+ hi-h !+!"-$

o+s/0*tio+ %+ .o& /ti.i%tio+ o# !/i*0!+t %*%it$ (Ch!+ !t %.9, 233)9 Th/s,

i+>!sti-%tio+s o>!" !o.it!s h%>! !!+ o+! i+ o"!" to !>!.o* % %t%.$st &hih

%..o&s "!%tio+ %""i! o/t %t .o&!" t!0*!"%t/"! &ith -oo %t%.$ti *!"#o"0%+!9

HSM


34/79

Fi-/"! 297E;.9@ 947 T46=47;74 97 D.474@; C;38>;>

S97?4: Z! o0*%"! th! %t%.$ti *!"#o"0%+! o#

%./0i+% %t%.$st, HSM


35/79

S97?4: Z! %tt"%t! %tt!+tio+ %s *ot!+ti%. %t%.$sts /! to th!

0/.ti#/+tio+%. *"o*!"ti!s o# th! s%.t #o"0%tio+9 P%"ti/.%".$, A-4P12O3

h%sA-4P1!O$0 h%s !0o+st"%t! hi-h %t%.$ti %i.it$, 0%'i+- it % *"o0isi+-

%t%.$st #o" th! !h$"%tio+ o# !th%+o. to !th$.!+!, /t its hi-h %iit$ "!/!s its

st%i.it$9

Oth!"s %"!Oth!"s %"!s/00%"i! i+ th! #o..o&i+- t%.!7

T%.! 2917 S6678 9 ; 9 D.474@; C;38>;> U>4 97 ;


36/79

T%.! 2917 S6678 9 ; 9 D.474@; C;38>;> U>4 97 ;! !!+ "!*o"t! o" *%t!+t! &hih %"! i+./i+-

P!t"o"%s T!h+o.o-$ (B%""%%s !t %.9, :o%o, Co/ti+ho, 1J) %+ Si+o*!

T!h+o.o-$ (T!+-, %+-, =i!, G%+ !t %.9, 233)9

2


37/79

!%$1 L66> F3..4 B4 T4?!.o*! si+! 1JJ to i0*"o>! th! !th$.!+!

$i!. $ o+t"o..i+- th! t!0*!"%t/"! &hih i+ t/"+ %>oii+- th! hot %+ o.

s*ots9 Th! !th$.!+! $i!. h% i+"!%s! to JJ95 &ith !th$.!+! s!.!ti>it$ o#

JJ96 %+ !th%+o. o+>!"sio+ o# JJ96 (Ts%o Ho&%", 1JJ)9 Th! %t%.$st

/s! %+ ! %+$ >%"i!t$ o# !h$"%tio+ %t%.$st s/h %s %./0i+%, si.i%%t! .%$s %+ !o.it!s9 I+ this t!h+o.o-$, si.i%!.o*0!+t

*"o-"%0 #o" !th%+o. !h$"%tio+ (F%"ih%, 2313)9

Th! o*!"%ti+- o+itio+s, "!%to" ![/!+t o0*ositio+ %+ *"o!ss o& i%-"%0

#o" L/00/s F./ii! B! s$st!0 %"! sho&+ i+ T%.! 291 %+ Fi-/"! 29 %s! o+

Tso/ Ho&%" (1JJ)7

T%.! 2927O=47;.@ C9@.;.9@ @ P79?; C96=9>.;.9@ 9 L66>

T4?9 H97, 1""K

T!0*!"%t/"!, VF 53A>!"%-! s/*!"i%. >!.oit$, #ts 39

R!si!+! ti0!, s 29

P"!ss/"!, *si- J96

E4@; C96=9>.;.9@, 693

%t!" 53932

25


38/79

Eth$.!+! J95

A!t%.!h$! 393

Eth%+o. 391J

T%.! 2927O=47;.@ C9@.;.9@ @ P79?; C96=9>.;.9@ 9 L66>

T4?9 H97, 1""K

Fi-/"! 29: P79?4>> F39 D.76 9 L66>)> F3..4 ETE P79?4>>

S97?4: APEC, !00"K

Ch!0%t/" h%s !>!.o*! % *o.$0!" -"%! !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ *"o!ss /si+- th!

@! ! s$st!0 %s sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 9299 It /s!s % +!& %t%.$st %..! S$+o.

%t%.$st &hih &%s !>!.o*! $ H%.o+ Si!+ti D!si-+ #o" th!i" *"o/tio+

*"o!ss9 H%.o+ .%i0s th%t S$+o. %+ st%$ i+ o+ti+/o/s o*!"%tio+ #o" !i-ht

0o+ths &itho/t th! +!! o# "!-!+!"%tio+ %+ %.! to h%+.! %i%%ti o*!"%tio+

(APEC, 233)9 This !+%.! @! ! "!%to" to ! /s! %+ o*!"%t!

26


39/79

%i%%ti%..$ %t t!0*!"%t/"! "%+-! o# 5JJ VF to J VF9 Th! "!*o"t! !th$.!+!

$i!.s %+ !th%+o. o+>!"sio+ %"! o# JJ %+ JJ9 "!s*!ti>!.$ (F%"ih%, 2313)9

Fi-/"! 297 P79?4>> F39 D.76 9 H3?9@ S?.4@;.?/C ETE P79?4>>So/"!7 APEC, 233JU

!%$! SINOPEC T4?!.o*! %+ %ti>%t! %./0i+% %t%.$st &hih h%s hi-h

%"o+ s!.!ti>it$ to !th$.!+! i+ @! ! "!%to"9 Th! o'i+- t!+!+$ is

s/**"!ss! !i!+t.$ %+ th/s, +o "!-!+!"%tio+ is "!/i"! #o" this s$st!09 As %

"!s/.t, th! !th$.!+! s!.!ti>it$ %+ !th%+o. o+>!"sio+ ot%i+! i+ this s$st!0

%"! J %+ JJ i+ th! o*!"%ti+- t!0*!"%t/"! "%+-! o# 43 VC to 4J3 VC

%o"i+- to T!+- !t %.9 (233)9 Th! *"o!ss o& i%-"%0 o# SINOPEC ETE *"o!ss

h%s sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 9429J9

2


40/79

Fi-/"! 29J7P79?4>> F39 D.76 9 SINOPEC)> ETO P79?4>>S97?4: T4@

4; 3, !00&K

!%$$ P4;7927> T4?!.o*! % "!%to" s$st!0 &hih is % s!"i!s o# @! ! "!%to"s

th%t o*!"%t! %i%%ti%..$9 Th! %""%+-!0!+t i+>o.>!s si0/.t%+!o/s i+t"o/tio+

o# #"!sh #!! %+ "!%to" ![/!+t &hih &o"'! %s s!+si.! h!%t %""$i+- /i

!t&!!+ th! "!%to"s %s sho&+ i+ Fi-/"! 92913(B%""%%s, !t %.9, 1J)9 Th!

*"!#!""! %t%.$st #o" this i+>!+tio+ is %./0i+% %+ si.i% %./0i+% /! to its

%>%i.%i.it$9

Th! %i%%ti @!


41/79

*"o!ss is %.so !si-+! to .o&!" th! #o"0%tio+ o# /+&%+t! $!s !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ %t 15 &t to J3 &t o# th!

st"!%0 o# #/!. -%s ot%i+! $ o


42/79

F.74 !10: B39? D.76 9 P4;7927>)> C9-=79?4>>.@ P79?4>>

S97?4: A@74 R44@4 4; 3, !00&K

!%5 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE ETE ROUTE

This o0*%"iso+ is 0%! i+ t!"0 o# !+!"-$ /s!, CO2, CO2 !0issio+, *"o/tio+

ost %+ !th$.!+! $i!. #o" *!t"oh!0i%. *"o/tio+9

St!%0 "%'i+- is th! 0ost !+!"-$ o+s/0i+- *"o!ss o0*%"! to FCC %+ ETE9

It is th! 0ost !+!"-$ o+s/0i+- i+ th! h!0i%. i+/st"$ %+ !0itt! +!%".$ 233

0i..io+ to++!s o# CO2 /! to th! o0/stio+ o# #ossi. #/!.s i+ $!%" 2333 (T%o %t

!.9, 233)9 C"%'i+- *"o>i!s th! h!%t o# "!%tio+ %+ th! s!+si.! o" .%t!+t h!%t

to "i+- th! "!%t%+ts to th! !si"! "!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"! &hiht!0*!"%t/"! th%t

is >!"$ hi-h, 53 VC to J33 VC (Gi!.!+ !t %., +992312)9 It /s!s 0%@i0/0 !+!"-$ o#

3 G: *!" to+ o# !th$.!+! %+ !0itt! %"o/+ 2 to++!s o# %"o+ io@i! #o"

43


43/79

!>!"$ to+ o# !th$.!+! *"o/! &hih is th! hi-h!st %0o+- th! oth!"s (T%o !t %.9,

2336)9

B!si!s, th! !+!"-$ /s! %+ CO!!0issio+ #o" "%'i+- *"o!ss %"! hi-h!" /! to

th! #o"0%tio+ o# o'! i+ th! "%'!"9 Aitio+%. !+!"-$ is "!/i"! #o" !o'i+- o"

!#o/.i+- #o" >%"io/s s!tio+s o# % st!%0 "%'!"9 This %itio+%. !+!"-$ /s! i+

!o'i+- %+ !#o/.i+- is +ot t%'!+ i+to o+si!"%tio+ i+ th! "!s/.t9 ith th!

%itio+ o# !+!"-$ /s! #o" sh/to&+ %+ "!.%t! 0%i+t!+%+!, %**"o@i0%t!.$ 1

to 2 o# tot%. !+!"-$ /s! %"! %! (T%o !t %.9, 2336)9 Th!"!#o"!, #/"th!"

st/i!s o+ "!/i+- th! o'! #o"0%tio+ i+ th! st!%0 "%'!" is "!/i"! to !@t!+

th! #/"+%! .i#! %+ i+"!%s! th! i+t!">%.s !t&!!+ sh/to&+s &hih i+ t/"+,

"!/! th! !+!"-$ o+s/0*tio+ %+ o*!"%ti+- ost9

O+ th! oth!" h%+, T%o P%t!. (233J) h%>! "!>i!&! o+ M%i! st%"h ETE %+

S/-%"%+! ETE *"o!ss &hih h%>! i+t!-"%t! &ith th! !th%+o. *"o/tio+9 This

.!%s to si-+i%+t i?!"!+! i+ t!"0 o# th! iss/!s o+!"+! %s o0*%"! to

st%+< %.o+! ETE *"o!ss9 Ho&!>!", oth o# th! ETE *"o!ss!s %"! !+o$i+- %

.o&!" !+!"-$ /s! %+ CO2 !0issio+ i+ !th$.!+! *"o/tio+ %s o0*%"! to

+%*hth% st!%0 "%'i+- *"o!ss9

I+ t!"0 o# *"o/t $i!., !th$.!+! $i!. ot%i+! #"o0 ETE "o/t!s is hi-h!"

o0*%"! to "%'i+- *"o!ss %s "%'i+- *"o!ss &i.. *"o/! $


44/79

B!si!s, th! !+!"-$ ost o# +%*hth% "%'i+- *"o!ss is hi-h &h!"! th! !+!"-$

ost o# *$"o.$sis s!to" h% %o/+t! #o" 3 o# *"o/tio+ ost i+

t$*i%. +%*hth%


45/79

Fi-/"! 29117 E;! h!%>$ %+ .i-ht o+t%0i+%+ts9 Th! otto0 *"o/t o# !th$.!+! o./0+

o+sists o# h!%>i!" %"oh$"%t!s, !th%+o., i!th$. !th!", %+ %!t%.!h$! %+

th! %"o+ 0o+o@i!, 0!th%+!, %+ h$"o-!+ %"! s!*%"%t! #"o0 !th$.!+! %s

to* *"o/ts i+ th! st"i**!"9 Th! .i-ht $.;.9@ 9 P938647 G74 E;isso+ L/+i+, 2311U

C96=9@4@; C96=9>.;.9@

Eth$.!+! (>o. ) JJ9J5

C%"o+ Mo+o@i! (>o. **0) 5

C%"o+ Dio@i! (>o. **0) 13

Eth%+! 3935

!5 APPLICATIONS OF ETHYLENE

44


46/79

Eth$.!+! &%s "st ot%i+! #"o0 !th%+o. i+ th! 1th!+t/"$, &h!+ !th%+o. &%s

*%ss! o>!" % h!%t! %t%.$st9 Th! *.%stis i+/st"$ -%>! "is! to s!>!"%. !th%+o.

!h$"%tio+ /+its &hih o*!"%t! #"o0 th! 1J43s /* /+ti. th! 1J63s9 Th! %>!+t

o# +%*th% (.i/!! *!t"o.!/0 -%s) "%'i+- "!+!"! th!s! !h$"%tio+ /+its

!#/+t9 N%*th% "%'i+- i+>o.>!s % .i/i #!! o# s%t/"%t! h$"o%"o+s

i./t! &ith st!%0 %+ h!%t! to !@t"!0! t!0*!"%t/"!s i+ th! %s!+! o#

o@$-!+9 Th! #/+tio+%.it$ o# this *"o!ss "!>!"s! i+/st"i%. t"!+s, t/"+i+-

!th$.!+! i+to % "%& 0%t!"i%. #o" !th%+o., %s o**os! to % !"i>%ti>! o# it9

Eth!+! is th! .!%i+- s$+th!ti o"-%+i h!0i%. i+ th! &o". i+ t!"0s o# s%.! o#

*"o/tio+9 A.tho/-h !th!+! is &i!.$ /s! %s % st%"ti+- 0%t!"i%. i+ th!

*"o/tio+ o# 0%+$ h!0i%.s %+ *"o/ts, 0ost o# th! !th!+! *"o/! i+

A/st"%.i% (%o/t 63) is /s! to 0%'! *o.$!th!+!, &hih is /s! to *"o/!7

P.%sti !/i*0!+t !-9 o&.s, /'!ts, i+s, -.% &"%*9

Co>!"s #o" 0!t%. o+t%i+!"s !-9 *i*i+- th%t is s/s!*ti.! to o""osio+9

I+s/.%ti+- 0%t!"i%.s9

O;4> 9 4;!+ts s/h %s 0!th$.%t! s*i"its9

So.>!+ts i+ os0!tis, "/-s %+ *!"#/0!s9

A "%& 0%t!"i%. i+ th! 0%+/#%t/"! o# oth!" h!0i%.s9

H!"ii!s9

Th! *"o/tio+ o# !th$.!+! -.$o. &hih is /s! %s %+ %+ti#"!!! so./tio+9

Th! *"o/tio+ o# t!o+ &hih is /s! to 0%'! +o+ sti' oo'i+- /t!+si.s9

T


47/79

I+s/.%tio+ %"o/+ !.!t"i%. %.!s9

P%'%-i+-9

P"o/ts t"%itio+%..$ *"o/! #"o0 -.%ss, "/!"9

T;874@4 >4 97:

T%*! %+ .0 "!!.s, to$s, *%'%-i+-9

A/io %ss!tt! o@!s9

C%si+-s #o" T;\s %+ "%ios9

Th!"0%. i+s/.%tio+9

P"o/tio+ o# "!s9

P"o/tio+ o# o!+ th! */.i o+!"+ %o/t -.o%. &%"0i+-, s%"it$ o# #ossi. #/!.s %+

i+"!%si+- oi. *"i!s, io! to%$9 B!si!s, /sto0!" i+t!"!st i+ "!+!&%.$ so/"! 0%t!"i%.s,

*%"ti/.%".$ i+ th! *%'%-i+- %"!%, is th! *"i0%"$ !0%+ "i>!" #o" io

B7>46 E;


48/79

Th! *"o/tio+ %*%it$ o# 233 333 to++!s *!" $!%" /s!s 133 "!+!&%.! "%&

0%t!"i%.s &hih is th! s/-%"%+! %s! !th%+o. %s #!!sto' (N!t R!so/"!s

I+t!"+%tio+%., 2311)9 I+ %itio+, B"%s'!0 *.%++! to !st%.ish th! s!o+

#%to"$ to *"o/! *o.$!th$.!+! #"o0 s/-%"%+!!+!ss o#

its >i+$. *"o/tio+ *.%+t i+ S%+to A+"!, B"%i.9 This !@*%+sio+ o# S%+to A+"!

*.%+t &%s !sti0%t! to ! o0*.!t! $ 2313 &ith %++/%. i+st%..! %*%it$ o#

463 333 to++!s o# *o.$>i+$.h.o"i! (P;C) %+ 63 333 to++!s s/-%"%+!

%s! io

B9743.>, A>;7.

Bo"!%.is is %+ o"-%+is%tio+ &hih #o/s!s o+ *"o/i+- *.%sti 0%t!"i%.s /si+- th!

#!!sto's o# +%*hth%, /t%+!, *"o*%+! %+ !th%+!9 D/! to th! !@isti+-

46


49/79

*"o/tio+ %*%iti!s %"! /+%.! to 0!!t th! !0%+, Bo"!%.is h% *.%++! to

!@*%+ its *"o/tio+ o# !th$.!+! %t St!+/+-s/+, S&!!+, $ /si+- io

Tot%. P!t"oh!0i%.s, IFP E+!"-i!s No/>!..!s (IPFEN) %+ its s/sii%"$ A@!+s

h%>! !+t!"! i+to % *%"t+!"shi* to !>!.o* +!& t!h+o.o-$ th%t %+ *"o/! io! i+ HC., %+ t"%+s#!" to th! .%!.! ott.!9

Soi/0 H$*oh.o"it! &%s %! i+to it9

Th! "!s/.ti+- 0i@t/"! &%s s&i".! %+ %**! &h!+ +ot i+ /s!9

%!$ SETUP OF APPARATUS

SETUP 1

1


54/79

Th! %""%+-!0!+t #o" s!t/* 1 is sho&+ i+ g!re ).+, %+ its *"o!/"! is %s

#o..o&s

A "o**i+- /"!tt! &%s i+s!"t! i+to % t&o &%$ !.i>!"$ t/!9

At th! otto0 o# th! !.i>!"$ t/! &%s th! %t%.$st i+ 0!%s/"! /%+tit$9

Th! !.i>!"$ t/! &%s h!. >!"ti%..$ &ith % .%0* %tt%h! to % "!to"t st%+,

%+ &%s %.%+! /*o+ %+ !.!t"i h!%t!"9

Th! s!o+ o/t.!t o# th! !.i>!"$ t/! &%s .i+'! to % o+!+s!" $ %

o++!ti+- t/!9

%t!" &%s *%ss! i+to th! o/t!" sh!.. o# th! -.%ss o+!+s!" i+ % o/+t!"

/""!+t o& o+-/"%tio+ to th! o& o# -%s9

Th! i++!" t/! o# th! o+!+s!" &%s o++!t! to % t&o &%$ "!o>!"$ -.%ss

*.%! i+ % %th o# i!9

Th! o/t.!t o# th! "!o>!"$ t/! &%s o++!t! >i% % "/!" t/! i+to %

%.i"%t! t!st t/! ho.i+- % 0!%s/"! %0o/+t o# "o0i+! &%t!"9

Th! !o.o"is%tio+ o# "o0i+! &%t!" sho&! th! *"!s!+! o# !th$.!+!, %+ th!

i+"!%s! i+ its >o./0! i+i%t! th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! %so"!9

2


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Fi-/"! 4917S4;= 1

SETUP !

Th! %t%.$st &%s *.%! i+ !t&!!+ t&o "o/+.$ /t %sh.!ss .t!" *%*!" i+ %

ho"io+t%..$ *.%! $.i+"i%. -.%ss t/! o*!+ o+ oth si!s9

Ho.!s &!"! o"! i+to t&o o"'s to %..o& th! i+s!"tio+ o# -.%ss t/!s %+ %

th!"0o0!t!"9

A th!"0o0!t!" %+ t/! &!"! i+s!"t! i+to o+! o# th! o"'s, &hi.! th! oth!" o"'

h!. o+.$ % t/!9

E%h o"' &%s /s! to sh/t th! $.i+!" %i"


56/79

Th! t/! *"ot"/i+- #"o0 th! o"' th%t h% % th!"0o0!t!" st/' i+to it &%s

o++!t! i+to th! o"' #o" th! "o/+ otto0 %s'9

Th! oth!" o++!ti+- t/! to th! -.%ss $.i+!" &%s st/' i+to % o+!+s!"9

%t!" &%s *%ss! th"o/-h th! o+!+s!" i+ % o/+t!" /""!+t o& o+-/"%tio+9

Th! i++!" t/! o# th! o+!+s!" &%s o++!t! to % t&o< &%$ "!o>!"$ -.%ss i+

%+ i! %th9

Th! o/t.!t o# th! "!o>!"$ t/! &%s o++!t! >i% % "/!" t/! i+to % %.i"%t!

t!st t/! ho.i+- % 0!%s/"! %0o/+t o# "o0i+! &%t!"9

Th! !o.o"is%tio+ o# "o0i+! &%t!" sho&! th! *"!s!+! o# !th$.!+!, %+ th!

i+"!%s! i+ its >o./0! i+i%t! th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! %so"!9

A B/+s!+ /"+!" &%s /s! % h!%ti+- so/"!9

Fi-/"! 4927 S4;= !


57/79

%!5 COLLECTION OF PRODUCTS

Th! !si-+ #o" *"o/t o..!tio+ is %s! o+ s!*%"%tio+ o# -%s!o/s *"o/ts $

th! o+!+s%tio+ o# h!%>i!" o0*o+!+ts i+./i+- /+"!%t! !th$.!+!, &%t!" %+

i!th$.

o..!t! %.o+-si! *ossi.! t"%! %0o/+ts o# oth!" .i-ht "!%tio+ *"o/ts %s

-%s9 This -%s st"!%0 is th!+ o"'! to % t/! o+t%i+i+- "o0i+! &%t!" #o"

i00!i%t! isso./tio+ %s o+s!/!+t iso.o"%tio+ o# th! "o0i+! &%t!"9

%% SET-UPS

N/0!"o/s !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*s &!"! t"i! i+ th! o/"s! o# this "!%tio+, %+

>%"io/s 0oi%tio+s &!"! 0%! o>!"ti0! &h!+!>!" % h%..!+-! &%s

!+o/+t!"! o" %+ i+o+sist!+$ &ith th! s!t/* &%s +oti!9 T&o %si

%""%+-!0!+ts &!"! /s! %+ th!i" *"o!ss o>!">i!& %+ .i0it%tio+s %"!

is/ss! !.o&9

%%1 SET-UP 1

I+ this s!t/* !th%+o. &%s "o**! %t % o+t"o..! "%t! #"o0 th! /"!tt! i+to th!

%t%.$st h%0!", /! to th! hi-h t!0*!"%t/"! i+ th! "!%tio+ h%0!" th!

!th%+o. i00!i%t!.$ >%*o"i! %+ o+t%t! th! %t%.$st9 Th! >%*o/" st"!%0

.!#t th"o/-h th! si! %"0 o# th! t/! i+to th! o+!+s!" &h!"! s/**os! i!th$.

5


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!th!" %+ /+"!%t! !th%+o. &!"! o+!+s!, !th$.!+! &hih h%s % >!"$ .o&

oi.i+- *oi+t &%s .!#t /+o+!+s! %+ %so"! i+ "o0i+! &%t!"9

STRENGTHS OF SET-UP

This %""%+-!0!+t &%s !%s$ to s!t/*, 0%'i+- it s/it%.! #o" .%o"%to"$

!@*!"i0!+ts9 A.so, th! o&"%t! o# !th%+o. o/. ! ot%i+! $ o/+ti+- th!

+/0!" o# "o*s o# !th%+o. i+to th! h%0!" *!" 0i+/t! -i>i+- o+t"o. o>!" %+

!@t"% >%"i%.! i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t9

LIMITATIONS

This s!t/* h% th! #o..o&i+- .i0it%tio+s7

D/! to th! %""%+-!0!+t o# th! %t%.$st i+ th! %t%.$st !, *oo" o+t%ti+-

!t&!!+ th! %t%.$st %+ th! !th%+o. &%s os!">!9

Th! h!%ti+- 0%+t.! &%s 0o"! o# %+ o*!+ h!%t so/"!, %+ si+! th! h!%t

&%s +ot o+!+t"%t!, h!%t ist"i/tio+ %.o+- th! %t%.$st &%s /+!>!+ /!

to th! +%t/"! o# th! t/!, th! %t%.$st %""%+-!0!+t %+ h!%ti+- so/"!9

Th! !si"! t!0*!"%t/"! o# th! "!%tio+ o/. +ot ! ot%i+! /si+- this

s!t/* !%/s! &%t!" &%s /s! %s th! h!%ti+- /i %+ &%s /+%.! to

!@!! its oi.i+- *oi+t /! to %t0os*h!"i o+itio+s9

%%! SET-UP !

D/! to th! .i0it%tio+s !+o/+t!"! i+ th! "st s!t/* %+ %.t!"+%ti>! o+-/"%tio+

&%s 0%! to o>!"o0! th! h%..!+-!s o# th! *"!>io/s s!t/*9

Th! -!+!"%. *"o!/"! is %s st%t! i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t%tio+ h%*t!" o# this "!*o"t9

6


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STRENGTHS OF SET!"%0! th! h%..!+-! o# *oo" o+t%ti+- !t&!!+ th! %t%.$st

%+ th! !th%+o., %.so th! !th%+o. &%s >%*o"i! !#o"! !+t!"i+- th! %t%.$st

h%0!" to %>oi !th%+o. >%*o/" #o"0 $!"*"!ss/"! o# th! s$st!0 "!%ti+- % h%%"o/s !?!t9


60/79

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

$1 RESULTS AND OUTCOMES

Th! #o..o&i+- "!s/.ts &!"! ot%i+! #"o0 th! S!t/* 2Th! "!s/.ts *"!s!+t! i+

T%.!s 91 %+ 92 &!"! ot%i+! /si+- S!t/* 2 is/ss! i+ Ch%*t!" 49 &ith

Di?!"!+t t"i%.s, !%h t"i%. h% % s.i-ht i?!"!+! i+ th! %""%+-!0!+t to %0!+ #o"

!""o"s %+ o0*.i%tio+s !+o/+t!"! &ith th! *"!>io/s %""%+-!0!+t &ith

i?!"!+t o+-/"%tio+s o# "!%tio+ %**%"%t/s &!"! /s! i+ th! o/"s! o#

!@*!"i0!+t%tio+, this &%s to i0*"o>! th! i+t!-"it$ o# th! "!s/.ts th/s ot%i+!99

T%.! 91 T234 9 R4>3;> 97 T7.3 1

R/+ Eth%+o.;o./0! /s! T!0*!"%t/"! (oC) Ti0!(S!o+s)

;o./0! o# Eth!"^ /+"!%t!Eth%+o. ^ &%t!"

;o./0! o#Eth$.!+!*"o/!

1 150. 413


61/79

T%.! 92 T234 9 R4>3;> 97 T7.3 !

R/+

T!0*!"%t/"! (oC)

Ti0! (S!s) ;o./0! o# !th!" ^/+"!%t! Eth%+o. ^ %t!"

;o./0! o#!th$.!+!

;o./0!o#Eth%

+o.*"o/!

9

6

0

.

1

3

9

0

.

1 413


62/79

T46=47;74

*9C+

T.64

*M.@;4>+

F7?;.9@ 9

E;


63/79


64/79

th! "!%to" h%0!"9 As i+i%t! %.so $ th! "!s/.ts *"!s!+t! %o>!, th! ti0!s

o# "!%tio+ &!"! @! #o" so0! "/+s, &hi.! i+ th! oth!" "/+s, ti0! "!o"i+- &%s

sto**! %t th! *oi+t &h!"! %.. .i/i !th%+o. h%s /st !!+ !>%*o"%t!9

Fi-/"! 91 i+i%t!s th%t #o" i+"!%si+- ti0!s o# "!%tio+, .!ss!" %0o/+ts o#

!th$.!+! &!"! *"o/!, this is s!!+ $ th! o&+s.o*! t"!+ o# th! *.ot9 H!+!,

#"o0 this t"!+, th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! *"o/! %++ot ! s%i to ! i"!t.$

*"o*o"tio+%. to ti0! s*!+t i+ th! "!%tio+, this o&!s to th! so*histi%tio+ o# th!

s!t/* /s!9 This %.so o&!s .%"-!.$ to th! i+t!-"it$ o# th! 0!%s/"i+- *"o!/"!s

!0*.o$! to 0!%s/"! th! /%+titi!s o# !th$.!+! *"o/!9

A+oth!" #/+%0!+t%. !@*.%+%tio+ #o" th! !0*i"i%. !>i%tio+ o# Fi-/"! 91 is i+

th! #%t th%t +ot %.. !th$.!+! *"o/! &!"! isso.>! i+to th! "o0i+! &%t!"9

F"o0 th! +%t/"! o# th! !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*, !th$.!+! is to ! o..!t! %s -%s,

&hih is h%++!.! i"!t.$ i+to th! "o0i+! &%t!" so./tio+9 Ho&!>!", /"i+- th!

*"o!ss o# !th$.!+! "!o>!"$, /.!s o# -%s !th$.!+! %+ *ossi.! t"%!

%0o/+ts o# oth!" +o+! to !s%*! th! *oo. o#"o0i+! &%t!" i+to th! s*%! i+si! th! o..!tio+ t/!9 Th!"!#o"!, +ot %..

!th$.!+! *"o/! !?!ti>!.$ isso.>! i+to th! "o0i+! &%t!"9 A.so th!"! &!"!

+o si0*.! 0!%+s o# >!"i#$i+- th! #"%tio+ o# !th$.!+! *"o/!, th%t &%s %.&%$s

+ot isso.>! i+ th! "o0i+! &%t!" so./tio+9 Th! *"!0is! %o>! th/s i+i%t! th%t

th! i+"!%s! i+ >o./0! o# th! "o0i+! &%t!" &%s +ot !+ti"!.$ %+ !?!ti>!

0!%s/"! o# !th$.!+! *"o/! $ "!%tio+, %+ h!+! th! +o+! t!+! to&%"s o+! o# th! t!0*!"%t/"!

!@t"!0!s th/s o0*"o0isi+- th! /+i#o"0it$ o# th! /%+titi!s o# !th$.!+!

*"o/! (t!0*!"%t/"! i?!"!+! %s s0%.. %s 133C %+ h%>! o+si!"%.!

i+/!+! o+ th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! *"o/!), &! o+si!"! .i0iti+- th!

52


65/79

t!0*!"%t/"! "%+-! to 413!", th! "iti%.

o!ti>! o# th! *"o!t, +%0!.$, th! o+"0%tio+ o# th! %i.it$ o# th! %t%.$st

/s!, to !?!t th! #o"0%tio+ o# !th$.!+! #"o0 !th%+o., &%s %o0*.ish!9 This

&%s o+"0! $ th! o+sist!+t iso.o"%tio+ o# o"%+-! "o0i+! &%t!" &ith %+

%o0*%+$i+- i+"!%s! i+ th! >o./0! o# th! "o0i+! &%t!"9F"o0 (%g -.+

(Eth$.!+! >o./0! *"o/! >!"s!s ti0! -"%*h) th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+! *"o/!

%++ot ! s%i to ! i"!t.$ *"o*o"tio+%. to th! %0o/+t o# ti0! s*!+t i+ th!

"!%tio+9 B!%/s! o# th! +%t/"! o# th! s!t/* ot%i+%.!, th! %0o/+t o# !th$.!+!

*"o/! %t %+$ -i>!+ *oi+t o# ti0! o/. +ot ! %s!"t%i+!Q h!+! th!

!@*!"i0!+t o/. +ot ! %""i! o/t %s % o+ti+/o/s *"o!ss9

Th! !@*!"i0!+t &%s o+/t! %th&is! %+ ti0! &%s @! %t >%"io/s >%./!s to

h!' th! "!.%tio+shi* !t&!!+ !th$.!+! #o"0! %+ ti0! !.%*s!9 B/t /! to th!

+/0!" o# o0*.i%tio+s !+o/+t!"! i+ th! o/"s! o# th! !@*!"i0!+t, this

"!.%tio+shi* o/. +ot ! !?!ti>!.$ o+./!, %s it %+ ! s!!+ #"o0 -"%*h, th!"!.%tio+shi* is i+o+./si>! !%/s! %t th! sho"t!st ti0! o# th! "!%tio+ th!

-"!%t!st $i!. o# !th$.!+! &%s "!o"! %+ %t th! .o+-!st ti0! o# "!%tio+ th!

s0%..!st $i!. o# !th$.!+! &%s "!o"!9 This is *"o%.$ /! to th!

i+o+sist!+i!s %+ .i0it%tio+s o# th! !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*s /s! %+ th! %>%i.%.!

%**%"%t/s %+ 0%t!"i%.s9

F"o0 Tales -.+ t$ -.) th! 0%@i0/0 *!"!+t%-! o# !th%+o. o+>!"t! to !th$.!+!

is %o/t 23, this >%./! is /it! .o& to ! o# %+$ si-+i%+t i+/st"i%. "!.!>%+!9This "!s/.t 0%$ ! /! to % +/0!" o# "!%so+s &hih 0%$ i+./!7 th!

!@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/* /s! &hih 0%$ h%>! .! to *oo" o+t%ti+- o# !th%+o. &ith

th! %t%.$st, o" th!+ +%t/"! o# th! %t%.$st /s!9 Si+! *"io" %t% o+ th!

*!"#o"0%+! o# this %t%.$st o/. +ot ! ot%i+!, it %++ot ! "/.! o/t th%t th!

%t%.$st is i+!?!ti>! i+ *"o/i+- % "!%so+%.$ .%"-! /%+tit$ o# !th$.!+! #"o0 %

54


66/79

-i>!+ %0o/+t o# !th%+o. h!+! th! %t%.$st _0%$ h%>! .o& %ti>it$, s!.!ti>it$

%+ *!"#o"0%+!9

Th! s*!i o/to0!s o# th! i?!"!+t "/+s %+ !@*!"i0!+t%. o+-/"%tio+s %"!

is/ss! i+ th! #o..o&i+- s!tio+s7

$!1 SET-UPS

N/0!"o/s !@*!"i0!+t%. s!t/*s &!"! /s! i+ th! o/"s! o# this "!%tio+, %+

>%"io/s 0oi%tio+s &!"! 0%! o>!"ti0! &h!+!>!" % h%..!+-! &%s

!+o/+t!"! o" %+ i+o+sist!+$ &ith th! s!t/* &%s +oti!9 T&o %si

%""%+-!0!+ts &!"! /s! %+ th!i" *"o!ss o>!">i!& %+ .i0it%tio+s %"!

is/ss! !.o&9

$!11 SET-UP 1

I+ this s!t/* !th%+o. &%s "o**! %t % o+t"o..! "%t! #"o0 th! /"!tt! i+to th!

%t%.$st h%0!", /! to th! hi-h t!0*!"%t/"! i+ th! "!%tio+ h%0!" th!

!th%+o. i00!i%t!.$ >%*o"i! %+ o+t%t! th! %t%.$st9 Th! >%*o/" st"!%0

.!#t th"o/-h th! si! %"0 o# th! t/! i+to th! o+!+s!" &h!"! s/**os! i!th$.

!th!" %+ /+"!%t! !th%+o. &!"! o+!+s!, !th$.!+! &hih h%s % >!"$ .o&

oi.i+- *oi+t &%s .!#t /+o+!+s! %+ %so"! i+ "o0i+! &%t!"9

STRENGTHS OF SET-UP

5


67/79

This %""%+-!0!+t &%s !%s$ to s!t/*, 0%'i+- it s/it%.! #o" .%o"%to"$

!@*!"i0!+ts9 A.so, th! o&"%t! o# !th%+o. o/. ! ot%i+! $ o/+ti+- th!

+/0!" o# "o*s o# !th%+o. i+to th! h%0!" *!" 0i+/t! -i>i+- o+t"o. o>!" %+

!@t"% >%"i%.! i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t9

LIMITATIONS

This s!t/* h% th! #o..o&i+- .i0it%tio+s7

D/! to th! %""%+-!0!+t o# th! %t%.$st i+ th! %t%.$st !, *oo" o+t%ti+-

!t&!!+ th! %t%.$st %+ th! !th%+o. &%s os!">!9 Th! h!%ti+- 0%+t.! &%s 0o"! o# %+ o*!+ h!%t so/"!, %+ si+! th! h!%t

&%s +ot o+!+t"%t!, h!%t ist"i/tio+ %.o+- th! %t%.$st &%s /+!>!+ /!

to th! +%t/"! o# th! t/!, th! %t%.$st %""%+-!0!+t %+ h!%ti+- so/"!9

Th! !si"! t!0*!"%t/"! o# th! "!%tio+ o/. +ot ! ot%i+! /si+- this

s!t/* !%/s! &%t!" &%s /s! %s th! h!%ti+- /i %+ &%s /+%.! to

!@!! its oi.i+- *oi+t /! to %t0os*h!"i o+itio+s9

929292 SET!"o0! th! h%..!+-!s o# th! *"!>io/s s!t/*9

Th! -!+!"%. *"o!/"! is %s st%t! i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t%tio+ h%*t!" o# this "!*o"t9

STRENGTHS OF SET!"%0! th! h%..!+-! o# *oo" o+t%ti+- !t&!!+ th!

%t%.$st %+ th! !th%+o., %.so th! !th%+o. &%s >%*o"i! !#o"! !+t!"i+- th!

55


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%t%.$st h%0!" to %>oi !th%+o. >%*o/" #o"0 $!"*"!ss/"! o# th! s$st!0 "!%ti+- % h%%"o/s !?!t9

$!! GENERAL EPERIMENTAL/PROJECT LIMITATIONS

F"o0 th! #o"!-oi+-, th! !+ti"! !@*!"i0!+t%. *"o!/"! #o" th! !st%.ish0!+t o#

"!%tio+ 'i+!tis /si+- o/" %t%.$st &%s .i0it! $ % +/0!" o# "/i%. #%to"s,

"!s/.ti+- i+ o/" i+%i.it$ to !?!ti>!.$ !>%./%t! th! h%"%t!"isti *"o*!"ti!s o# o/"

%t%.$st #o" th! "!%tio+9 A +/0!" o# th!s! #%to"s %"! is/ss! %s #o..o&s7

929491 TEMPERAT8RE REG8LATION

C%t%.$st *!"#o"0%+! >%"i!s %t i?!"!+t "!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"!s #"o0 .it!"%t/"!

"!>i!&, .o&!" "!%to" t!0*!"%t/"! %t %"o/+ 233o" th! *"o/tio+ o#

i!th$. !th!" o>!" !th$.!+!, &hi.! t!0*!"%t/"!s %o>! 433oC o+>!+i!+t.$ #%>o"s

56


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*"o/tio+ o# th! !si"! *"o/t !th$.!+!9 Fo" th! !sti0%tio+ o# %t%.$st

*!"#o"0%+! %t i?!"!+t "!%tio+ t!0*!"%t/"!s %!/%t! t!0*!"%t/"! "!-/.%tio+

!o0!s >!"$ i0*o"t%+t !s*!i%..$ i+ os!">i+- th! t!0*!"%t/"! o# !st

*!"#o"0%+!9 I+ th! o/"s! o# o/" !@*!"i0!+t % 0%+/%. B/+s!+ /"+!" s!">! %s

o/" h!%ti+- so/"!, h!+! o/" i+%i.it$ to .os!.$ o+t"o. t!0*!"%t/"! .!#t /s

o*!"%ti+- &ithi+ th! "%+-! o# 413!"$ %s &!.. %s th! !-"!! o# o+>!"sio+ %hi!>%.! #o"

% %th o# "!%t%+t(s)9 This !o0!s !>!+ 0o"! si-+i%+t #o" "!%tio+s i+>o.>i+-

so.i %t%.$sts %s it is !si"! to o*ti0%..$ o+t%t th! "!%t%+ts &ith th! %t%.$st

!9 Th! .i0it! .%o"%to"$ %**%"%t/s %>%i.%.! to /s *.%! % o+st%+t o+ th!

!-"!! o# so*histi%tio+ &! &o/. h%>! %tt%i+! i+ o+-/"i+- o/" s!t/* %+ %s

s/h 0o"! /%+titi!s o# !th%+o. &!"! "!o>!"! i+ th! *"o/t st"!%0 %s

o0*%"! to "!s/.ts #"o0 i+/st"$ s%.! o+-/"%tio+s "!% o? #"o0 .it!"%t/"!9

929494 ANALYSIS OF REACTION PROD8CTS

B!si!s >!"i#$i+- th! o0*o/+s *"!s!+t i+ th! *"o/t st"!%0 $ si0*.!

.%o"%to"$ t!h+i/!s, it is %.so i0*o"t%+t to h!' th! %0o/+ts $ &hih th!s!

o0*o+!+ts %"! *"!s!+t9 Th!s! %0o/+ts h!.* to !t!"0i+! th!i" o+!+t"%tio+s,

&hih i+ t/"+ #o"0 th! %sis #o" !>%./%ti+- s/h *%"%0!t!"s %s th! o+>!"sio+ o#

!th%+o., th! $i!. o# !%h *"o/t (i!th$. !th!" %+ !th$.!+!) %+ s!.!ti>it$ o#

5


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!%h *"o/ts9 A.so *"o*!" %+%.$sis o# *"o/t st"!%0 h!.*s to -!t *%"ti%.

*"!ss/"! %t% &hih %"! >!"$ /s!#/. #o" 0o!.i+- o# "!%tio+ 'i+!tis9

92949 FLO MONITORING

As !s"i! i+ th! %+%.$sis, th! "st s!t/* *"o>i! th! !st 0!%+s o#

o+t"o..i+- o&"%t! o# th! !th%+o., $ o/+ti+- th! +/0!" o# "o*s o# .i/i

!th%+o. "o**i+- *!" ti0!9 Th! %/"%$ o# this 0!tho ho&!>!" &%s /+"!.i%.!

%+ 0ost i0*o"t%+t.$ o/. +ot t%'! %"! o# th! F.o&"%t! o# -%s!s, &hih #o"0

th! 0%o"it$ o# th! *h%s!s !i+- !%.t &ith i+ th! !@*!"i0!+t9 F.o&"%t! is /s/%..$

% /s!#/. *%"%0!+t!" to 0o+ito" #o" this "!%tio+ %s it h!.*s to i+i%t! /%+titi!s

o# 0%t!"i%.s *!" ti0!, %+ i+>%"i%.$ th! s*!i 'i+!ti *%tt!"+ o# th! "!%tio+9

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

51 CONCLUSION

To%$, %.0ost %.. !th$.!+! is *"o/! #"o0 *!t"o.!/0 !"i>%ti>!s, /t io0%ss

%+ %.so ! /s! %s %+ %.t!"+%ti>! #!!sto' #o" th! *"o/tio+ o# io

oi+- this, % %t%.$st &hih *"o>i!s #o" #%st!" "!%tio+ %+ !+h%+! $i!.s o#

5


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!th%+o. is i+!>it%.!9 A0o+- th! %t%.$sts %*%.! o# !+h%+i+- this .%ss o#

"!%tio+s %"! !o.it! %t%.$sts, %+ i+ this "!s!%"h &o"', th! !i!+$ o# %

.o%..$!.$ *"o/! !th$.!+!9 Ho&!>!", 0o+ito"i+- o# !ss!+ti%.

"!%tio+ o+itio+s s/h %s t!0*!"%t/"! o# "!%tio+, *%"ti%. *"!ss/"! o# -%s!o/s

*"o/ts, o&"%t!s o# "!%t%+ts %+ *"o/ts %.i'!, %+ s*%!! i/.t9 To % .%"-! !@t!+t s!>!"%. 0oi%tio+s to th! si0*.!

s!t/* &!"! /s! to i0*"o>! th! /%.it$ o# "!s/.ts -ot %+ th/s %**"o@i0%t! th!

*!"#o"0%+! o# th! -i>!+ %t%.$st9 It is !.i!>! th%t F"o0 th! o/to0! o# o/"

!@*!"i0!+t%tio+ it is o+>!+i!+t to st%t! th%t th! %t%.$st *"o0is!ssho&s% .ot o#

!o+o0i *ot!+ti%. #o" th! i+/st"i%.

%+ /+"!%t! !th%+o. %0o/+t &%s %hi!>!, i+>%"i%.$ 0!%+i+- th%t i+ th!

*"!s!+! o# s/i!+t t!0*!"%t/"!s %+ *"o*!" o+t%ti+- o# %t%.$st %+

"!%t%+t, th!"! &i.. ! >!"$ !i!+t $i!.s o# !th$.!+!9

Fi+%..$, th! *ot!+ti%. #o" io

&i.. !*!+ o+ th! #/t/"! %>%i.%i.it$ %+ *"i! o# th! io0%ss #!!sto', &hih

%"! .i+'! to !>!.o*0!+ts i+ #oo !0%+ %+ th! /s! o# io0%ss #o" io#/!.s,

h!%t %+ !.!t"iit$ *"o/tio+9 Th! ost o# io

5J


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th! .o%. *"i! o# th! io0%ss #!!sto' %+ is sti.. hi-h!" th%+ th%t o#

*!t"oh!0i%. !th$.!+! i+ 0ost sit/%tio+s9

I+ Ni-!"i% th! %>%i.%i.it$ o# th! Ns/ .%$ *"i0%"$ *"!/"so" #o" th! %t%.$st /s!

#o" th! "!%tio+ 0%'!s #o" so 0/h +%+i%. -%i+s, h!+! th! +!! #o" #/"th!"

"!s!%"h i+to th! *"os*!ts o# #/..$ !>!.o*i+- this %t%.$st #o" -"!%t!" !o+o0i

-"o&th, %+ th! %o0*%+$i+- !+-!+!"i+- o# % -"!!+!" #/t/"!9

5! RECOMMENDATIONS

Fo" th! s/!ss o# #/"th!" st/$ o# th! %t%.$st th/s t!st! it is !ss!+ti%. to

o+si!" th! #o..o&i+- "!o00!+%tio+s7

Th! *"o/ts ot%i+! sho/. ! %+%.$s! &ith % G%s Ch"o0%to-"%*h$ /+it

i+ o"!" to *"o>i! *%"%0!t!"s +!!ss%"$ #o" 'i+!ti st/i!s9

A+ !.!t"i h!%t!" &ith th!"0ost%t sho/. ! /s! to !+s/"! th%t "!%tio+

t%'!s *.%! %t s*!i t!0*!"%t/"!s9

A "!%to" o+-/"%tio+ sho/. ! /s! to %..o& #o" !tt!" o+t%ti+-

!t&!!+ !th%+o. %+ th! %t%.$st to !+s/"! %!/%t! 0!%s/"!0!+t o#

%t%.$st *!"#o"0%+!9

Th! *"!ss/"! o# th! s$st!0 sho/. ! 0!%s/"! to !+%.! 'i+!ti st/i!s o#

th! "!%tio+9

63


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61


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REFERENCES

A.., T T, A3-;;.;;4

; 97 >434?;.4 4> 97

?9@47;.@ 4;, V, J99, B, C9;.@, R C L., , R.>, JB *1""&+ M943.@ @ 9=;.6.;.9@ 9 6943 IV

#3..4 ?;38;.? ?7?.@ @.;A%ChE Journal, $$ *"+, !0#&-!0"

E@P? *!00+ &ow and Crystalse announce plans to make polyethylene from

su!arcane in 'ra(il# R4;7.44 S4=;46247 !, !011 796

< ;; =: // 4 @ = ? ? 9 6 / 9 - @ - ? 7 8 > ; 3> 4 - @@ 9 @ ? 4 - = 3 @ > - ; 9 - 6 4 -

= 9 38 4 ; 7- ? @ 4 - .@ - 2 7 .3/

F7.4@;4 .@

I@;47@;.9@3 O7@.;.9@ 9 P.>;@. W964@ E@.@447>

G.434@, D, B4@@?47, ', T6, C *!01!+ %EA Petrochemical Scenarios for *+,+-

*+.+: Ener!y Technolo!y Perspecties# P=47 74=97;4 28 I@;47@;.9@3 E@478A4@?.4> P7.>

ICIS *!005+ /ill the !reen reolution work0 R4;7.44 S4=;46247 !, !011, 796

< ;; =: // .? .> ? 9 6 / A 7 ; .? 34 > /!005 / 10/!" / !0105 / .33- ; < 4 - 7 4 4 @ - 7 4 9 3 ; .9 @ -

9 7 < ; 6 3

433.@, M J9>9@, I *!010+ Surfactants from renewable sources S44@

9.6, M, A., T, A>6., Y *1"&1+ C;38>; 97 =79?;.9@ 9 4;


75/79

Computer and Chemical En!ineerin!, !1, S&&-S&"!

M9, R L V, L44>4, P, M?L47?< A@38>; *!01!+ /orld ethanol production forecast *++1-*+2* by

country3 millions of !allons R4;7.44 M7?< 10, !01!, 796

< ;; =: // 6 7 4 ; 7 4 > 4 7 ? < @ 38 > ; ? 9 6 /!00& / 01/!# / 9 7 3 - 4 ; < @ 9 3- = 7 9 ? ; .9 @ -

9 7 4? > ; - !00& - !01!/

M;7, S H;?, G3 P794>>.9@3 P23.>? 97 #& 48 =79?4>>4>Journal of Ener!y, %! *+, 110$-11!%

N4; R4>97?4> I@;47@;.9@3 *!011+ 'raskem Ethanol-to-Ethylene plant3 'ra(il

R4;7.44 S4=;46247 !# !011 796 < ;; =: / / ? < 4 6.? 3>-

; 4? / 2 7 > 4 6 - 4 ; < @ 9 3/

N4@; *1""+ Ethylene ia catalytic naphtha crackin!# R4;7.44 O?;9247 !&, !011,

796 < ; ; =: / / ? < 4 6 > 8 > ; 4 6 > ? 9 6 /7 4 = 9 7 ; > /> 4 7 ? < / 9 ? > / 2 > ; 7 ? ; > /"# > 1! 2 > =

N4@; *!00&+ $reen polyethylene R4;7.44 O?;9247 1%, !011, 796< ;; =: // ? < 4 6 > 8 > ; 4 6 > ? 9 6 /7 4 = 9 7 ; > /> 4 7 ? < / 9 ? > /2 > ; 7 ? ; > /0#0 S 11Q 2 > =

G!o"-! O9 A, G94==47;, A, P7>


76/79

T9, R, P;43, M, B39, ' *!00#+ O34.@> 796 ?9@4@;.9@3 @ ;9?>: E@478 >4 .@ >;46 ?7?.@ @ 3;47@;.4 =79?4>>4> Journal of

Ener!y, %1 *$+, $!5-$51

T4@, J, W@, R, .4, Z, G@, Y *!00&+ 6ew olefin production technolo!ies in

S%69PEC S0R%PT P=47 =74>4@;4 ; W973 P4;79436 C9@74>>, S=.@

T>9, U H97, B *1""+ P79?;.9@ 9 4; .@

;B"!ht L%#o"! (2314) Up!radin! of bioethanol: kinetic modelin! of the

catalytic conersion of (eolitesMS? T.>, [email protected]>.;8 9 G4@;

B"i-!&%t!", A9 ;9Chemical # En!ineerin! # Journal, !00%, "1, &10!

Ch723, A P *!00$+ R4?;.9@ 4@.@447.@ >;.4> .@ .9@4?.@ ?;384 4>;47.?;.9@ 74?;.9@> [email protected]>.;8 9 P@4

Ch!0%t/" E+-i+!!"i+- G"o/*, S&!!+ , Ethylene from Ethanol@

Ch!+, Y9Q /, Y9Q T%o, L9Q D%i, B9Q Y%+-, M9Q Ch!+, 9Q h/, =9 D!h$"%tio+ "!%tio+ o#

io!" 0oi! SAPO %t%.$sts9 :9 I+9 E+-9 Ch!09 2313, 16,

1229

G.%sto+! T"i! (1)9 :o/"+%. o# Ch!0i%. Soi!t$ 2, 369


77/79

Ho, C9 RQ D!i.!, :9 FQ Chi%+-, HQ Hi'0%+, D9A Bh%+, (+9) A# inetics3

5echanism and site re8uirements of Ethanol &ehydration on ;-Al*9,

D4=7;64@; 9 C S?.4@?4 [email protected]>.;8 9

M.@@4>9; M.@@4=93.>, MN *@+

I*%ti!?, ;9 (1J32)9 No Tit.!9 B!"9 Ch!09 G!s, 45, 139

+i!., LQ i+t!", O Sto"', %". (1J3)9 Ethylene3 keystone to the

petrochemical industry N4 Y97: M D447 ISBN 0-&!$-#"1$-

M%"ti+, B*!01%+ P79?;.9@ 9 B.9-4;4 1&;9@ 9 ;; T8=4> .@ ;


78/79

i+!., M9 E9 (1J63)9 i+!tis o# th! !h$"%tio+ o# %.oho. o+ %./0i+%9 C%t%.$sis,

, J9

Y/!, P9 L9, O.%o#!, O9 (1J)9 'i+!tis o# %/!o/s *h%s! %t%.$ti !h$"%tio+ o#

2< *"o*%+o.9 Ch!09 E+-9 R!s9 D!s, 2

h%+-, =9Q %+-, R9Q Y%+-, =9Q h%+-, F9 Co0*%"iso+ o# #o/" %t%.$sts i+ th!

%t%.$ti !h$"%tio+ o# !th%+o. to !th$.!+!9 Mi"o*o"o/s M!so*o"o/s M%t!"9

233, 116, 2132159

APPENDI

Fi-/"! A7 I0%-! Sho&i+- B"o0i+! %t!", !#o"! %+ %#t!" Disso.>i+- Eth$.!+!


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Fi-/"! B7 E@*!"i0!+t%tio+ %t N!& Co+!*ts L%9, Oi+!

Fi-/"! C7 ;i!& o# E+ti"! P"o!ss S!t

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