Sponges and CnidariansBy Tim Allen, Tim Kang, Niko Escanilla,

and Paul Woo

Sponges

Phylum = Porifera› Scientific name = Calcareous sponge

Common Name = Yellow Calcareous Sponge

Sponges

Phylum = Porifera› Scientific name = Spongia officinalis

Common Name = Bath Sponge

Cnidarians

Phylum = Cnidaria› Scientific name = Physalia utriculus

Common Name = Bluebottle

Cnidarians

Phylum = Cnidoria› Scientific name = Octocorallia alcyonacea

Common Names = Red Sea Soft Coral

Evolution of Sponges

Sponges were one of the first animals living on Earth, dating back 730 million years ago.

Most are marine (9,000+ species) They share some characteristics with living

animals today. Sponges are multicellular but are thought to

have evolved from unicellular protists.› Multicellularity

If they are put through a fine mesh, they separate and then come back together to form a new sponge.

Various shapes, sizes, habitats, and colors Sponges date back to the Precambrian era

Evolution of Cnidarians

One of the first animals fossils that were recognized were cnidarians

The first cnidarians were composed of soft tissue

The earliest Cnidarian fossil discovered is 580 million years of age

Symmetry of Sponges

Sponges › Asymmetrical

They lack symmetry › Acoelomate

Do NOT have a body cavity› Can also have radial symmetry

Pic from- http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=72139&rendTypeId=35

Body Plan of Sponges

Vocabulary Sessile

› Firmly attaching to surfaces and not moving

Choanocytes › Flagellated cells that are found on the interior of the sponge

Ostia› pores

Osculum› The opening at the top of a sponge

http://www.marinefoundation.org/sponge2.gif

Symmetry and Body Cavity of Cnidarians

Has radial symmetry› A body plan that can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane at any along a central axis

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/radial.jpg(this website is for the works cited for this radial symmetry pic)

Cnidarians have two tissue layers› Outer- epidermis› Inner- gastrodermis

In the center of the body is that gastrovascular cavity a hollow gut

Body Plan of Cnidarians

Vocabulary Medusa

› Bell-Shaped› Specialized for swimming

Polyp› Vase-Shaped› Specialized a sessileexistence sessile existence

Being able to attachfirmly to a surface and not move

Structural Support of Sponges

Some sponges are supported by spongin› Flexible protein fibers acting as a skeleton for support

Other sponges are supported by spicules› Small-needlelike made of silicate (silicon dioxide) or calcium carbonate

Structural Support of Cnidarians

The structural support in Cnidarians is Mesoglea› Jelly like substance provides structural

support in water

Nutrition and Digestion of Sponges

Sessile, do not have the ability to pursue food Filter Feed

› Choanocytes beat flagellum, pumping water in through the ostia, pores

› Sponges filter the food out of the water› Choanocytes trap the food in their small hair-like

projections› Water leaves through osculum or mouth

Water/food IN through ostia

Water-OUTthrough osculum

Nutrition and Digestion of Cnidarians

Cnidocysts capture prey › Tentacles are used to capture food› Trigger triggers the nematocyst to be

expelled The nematocysts sting the prey the spine

and trap food with the fillaments › Trap food with mucous found at mouth and

tentacles

Transportation and Circulation of Sponges

Transportation: During the premature stage

› The larva moves by means of flagella until they find a place to attach to and thus begin their sessile stage

Sessile› During adulthood

Circulation:› A sponge has water flow in through its

ostia and go out through its osculum

Transportation of Cnidarians

Many adult cnidarians are free-floating› In the larval stage, they are free swimmers

Larval stage- part of the life cycle of a cnidarian

http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-cnidaria.jpg

Circulation of Cnidarians

No specialized systems found in cnidarians that aid in circulation› Circulation mainly achieved through

diffusion

Respiration of Sponges

Does not have a respiratory system› Takes in water (H2O) through its pores

They have canals that move the water throughout the sponge

Respiration of Cnidarians

Goes through diffusion› There small body size allows oxygen to

diffuse from water through their thick membrane No respiratory structures are needed

Lungs, gills, etc.

Water Balance and Excretion in Sponges

Sponges beat the flagella of certain cells to pump water in and out of its osculum

Sponges have carbon dioxide and other wastes removed quite easily› The water moves it in and out through the

pores

Water Balance and Excretion in Cnidarians

Maintain water balance by osmosis Diffuse water through their tissue

Reproduction in Sponges

Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually› Asexual reproduction- Budding internally

and externally› The new sponges are similar to their

parents

Reproduction in Cnidarians

Reproduce both asexually and sexually› Asexually- budding or binary fission

Binary fission- splitting a parent cell into two equal parts

› Sexually- an asexual cnidarian reproduces Produces an organism that can reproduce

sexually This leads to the variation in generations

A Sponges Nervous System

Sponges do not have a nervous system› Lack sensory cells and nerve cells

A Cnidarians Nervous System

Contains a nerve net› Has a network of nerve fibers

Able to communicate when overlapped Not cephalized

Unique Facts about Sponges

Unique facts about Sponges

The largest sponge ever measured was a Monoraphus sponge › It was ten feet wide!!

In the Caribbean Sea, sponges can filter all of the water in one day!!

Within a sponge, it is possible to find 16,000 other animals!

Unique Facts about Cnidarians

Over 10,000 species› 130 of those species recorded in Sydney

Harbor Group name Cnidarian comes from the

word nettle The body of the a Cnidarian is a sack

with an opening, such as a medusa or a polyp

WORKS CITED

"http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=72139&rendTypeId=35." Marriam-Webster. 2006. 7 Apr 2009

http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/exhibits/dino/geotime/geo_time_graphic.gif." 7 Apr 2009

Bird, Jonathan. "http://www.marinefoundation.org/sponge2.gif ." 7 Apr 2009

"http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-cnidaria.jpg ." 7 Apr 2009 Postlethwait, John, and Janet Hopson. Modern Biology.

Austin: A Harcourt Education Company, 2006. "iod.ucsd.edu/~amanda/Files/lab5InvertsI.ppt." 7 Apr 2009

ERA PICK IS FROM http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/ex

hibits/dino/geotime/geo_time_graphic.gif