Download ppt - 1 MIS, Chapter 3 ©2013 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning DATABASE SYSTEMS, DATA WAREHOUSES, AND DATA MARTS CHAPTER 3 Hossein BIDGOLI MIS

1MIS, Chapter 3

©2013 Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning

DATABASE SYSTEMS, DATA WAREHOUSES, AND DATA

MARTS

CHAPTER 3

Hossein BIDGOLI

MIS

2MIS, Chapter 3


LO1 Define a database and a database management system.

LO2 Explain logical database design and the relational database model.

LO3 Define the components of a database management system.

LO4 Summarize recent trends in database design and use.

LO5 Explain the components and functions of a data warehouse.

l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s

Chapter 3 Database Systems, Data Warehouses, and Data Marts

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LO6 Describe the functions of a data mart.

LO7 Define business analytics, and describe its role in the decision-making process.

l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)


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Databases

• Database – Collection of related data that can be stored in

a central location or in multiple locations – Usually a group of files

• File– Group of related records– All files are integrated

• Record – Group of related fields

• Data hierarchy

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Exhibit 3.1 Data Hierarchy

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Databases (cont’d.)

• Critical component of information systems – Any type of analysis that’s done is based on

data available in the database

• Database management system (DBMS) – Creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing

database files

• Advantages over a flat file system

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Exhibit 3.2 Interaction between the user, DBMC, and Database

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Types of Data in a Database

• Internal data– Collected within organization

• External data– Sources

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Methods for Accessing Files

• Sequential file structure– Records organized and processed in numerical

or sequential order– Organized based on a “primary key”– Usually used for backup and archive files

• Because they need updating only rarely

• Random access file structure– Records can be accessed in any order– Fast and very effective when a small number of

records needs to be processed daily or weekly

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Methods for Accessing Files (cont’d.)

• Indexed sequential access method (ISAM)– Records accessed sequentially or randomly– Depending on the number being accessed

• Indexed access– Uses an index structure with two parts:

• Indexed value • Pointer to the disk location of the record

matching the indexed value

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Logical Database Design

• Physical view – How data is stored on and retrieved from

storage media

• Logical view – How information appears to users – How it can be organized and retrieved – Can be more than one logical view

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Logical Database Design (cont’d.)

• Data model – Determines how data is created, represented,

organized, and maintained – Includes

• Data structure• Operations• Integrity rules

• Hierarchical model – Relationships between records form a treelike

structure

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Exhibit 3.3 A Hierarchical Model

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Logical Database Design (cont’d.)

• Network model – Similar to the hierarchical model– Records are organized differently

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Exhibit 3.4 A Network Model

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The Relational Model

• Relational model– Uses a two-dimensional table of rows and

columns of data

• Data dictionary – Field name– Field data type– Default value– Validation rule

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The Relational Model (cont’d.)

• Primary key– Unique identifier

• Foreign key– Establishes relationships among tables

• Normalization – Improves database efficiency– Eliminates redundant data – 1NF through 3NF (or 5NF)

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The Relational Model (cont’d.)

• Data retrieval– Select– Project– Join– Intersection– Union– Difference

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Components of a DBMS

• Database engine • Data definition • Data manipulation • Application generation • Data administration

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Database Engine

• Heart of DBMS software • Responsible for data storage,

manipulation, and retrieval • Converts logical requests from users into

their physical equivalents

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Data Definition

• Create and maintain the data dictionary • Define the structure of files in a database• Changes to a database’s structure

– Adding fields– Deleting fields– Changing field size– Changing data type

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Data Manipulation

• Add, delete, modify, and retrieve records from a database

• Query language– Structured Query Language (SQL)

• Standard fourth-generation query language used by many DBMS packages

• SELECT statement– Query by example (QBE)

• Construct statement of query forms• Graphical interface

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Application Generation

• Design elements of an application using a database– Data entry screens– Interactive menus– Interfaces with other programming languages

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Data Administration

• Used for:– Backup and recovery– Security– Change management

• Create, read, update, and delete (CRUD)

• Database administrator (DBA) – Individual or department– Responsibilities

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Recent Trends in Database Design and Use

• Data-driven Web sites• Natural language processing• Distributed databases• Object-oriented databases

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Data-Driven Web Sites

• Data-driven Web site– Interface to a database– Retrieves data and allows users to enter data

• Improves access to information• Useful for:

– E-commerce sites that need frequent updates – News sites that need regular updating of

content – Forums and discussion groups – Subscription services, such as newsletters

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Distributed Databases

• Distributed database– Data is stored on multiple servers placed

throughout an organization

• Reasons for choosing • Approaches for setup

– Fragmentation– Replication– Allocation

• Security issues

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Object-Oriented Databases

• Object-oriented database– Object consists of attributes and methods

• Encapsulation– Grouping objects along with their attributes

and methods into a class

• Inheritance– New objects can be created faster and more

easily by entering new data in attributes

• Interaction with an object-oriented database takes places via methods

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Data Warehouses

• Data warehouse – Collection of data used to support decision-making

applications and generate business intelligence

• Multidimensional data• Characteristics

– Subject oriented– Integrated– Time variant– Type of data– Purpose

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Data Warehouse Applications at InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) • IHG operates 4,000+ hotels in the world

– Migrated from entry-level data mart to an enterprise data warehouse (EDW)

– Chose Teradata Data Warehouse– Increased the company’s query response time

from hours to minutes

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Exhibit 3.6 A Data Warehouse Configuration

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Input

• Variety of sources– External– Databases– Transaction files– ERP systems– CRM systems

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ETL

• Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)

• Extraction – Collecting data from a variety of sources– Converting data into a format that can be used in

transformation processing

• Transformation processing – Make sure data meets the data warehouse’s needs

• Loading – Process of transferring data to the data warehouse

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Storage

• Raw data• Summary data• Metadata

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Output

• Data warehouse supports different types of analysis – Generates reports for decision making

• Online analytical processing (OLAP)– Generates business intelligence– Uses multiple sources of information and

provides multidimensional analysis– Hypercube– Drill down and drill up

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Exhibit 3.7 Slicing and Dicing Data

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Output (cont’d.)

• Data-mining analysis– Discover patterns and relationships

• Reports– Cross-reference segments of an organization’s

operations for comparison purposes – Find patterns and trends that can’t be found

with databases – Analyze large amounts of historical data

quickly– Assist management in making well-informed

business decisions

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Data Marts

• Data mart– Smaller version of data warehouse– Used by single department or function

• Advantages over data warehouses• More limited scope than data warehouses

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Business Analytics

• Business analytics (BA)– Uses data and statistical methods to gain insight

into the data– Provide decision makers with information to act on

• More forward looking than BI• Several types of BA methods

– Descriptive and predictive analytics

• Major providers of business analytics software– SAS, IBM, SAP, Microsoft, and Oracle

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Summary

• Databases – Accessing files– Design principles– Components– Recent trends

• Data warehouses, data marts, and business analytics

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PERSONAL, LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 4

Hossein BIDGOLI

MIS

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Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems

LO1 Discuss information privacy and methods for improving the privacy of information.

LO2 Explain the effects on information privacy of e-mail, data collection, and censorship.

LO3 Discuss the ethical issues related to information technology .

LO4 Discuss the principles of intellectual property and issues related to the infringement of intellectual property.

l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s

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LO5 Discuss information system issues that affect organizations, including the digital divide,

electronic publishing, and on the connection between the workplace and employees’ health. LO6 Describe green computing and the ways it can

improve the quality of the environment.

l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)

Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems

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Privacy Issues

• Concerns about privacy in the workplace – Employers search social networking sites– Employee monitoring systems

• Misuse and abuse of information gathered by:– Healthcare organizations– Financial institutions– Legal firms

• Defining privacy is difficult – Information technologies have increased ease of

access to information

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Social Networking Sites and Privacy Issues

• Stacy Snyder– Former student at Millersville University of

Pennsylvania– Posted a photo of herself on MySpace, wearing

a pirate’s hat and drinking

• Millersville administrators – Considered the image unprofessional – Refused to grant her an education degree and

teaching certificate

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Privacy Issues (cont’d.)

• Number of databases increasing rapidly • Enforcement of federal laws has been lax • Index and link databases using Social

Security numbers – Direct marketing companies major user of this

information

• U.S. government began linking large databases to find information

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• Federal laws now regulate collecting and using information on people and corporations – 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act

• Acceptable use policies– Set of rules specifying the legal and ethical use

of a system and the consequences of noncompliance

• Accountability– Issues involving both the user’s and the

organization’s responsibilities and liabilities

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• Nonrepudiation– Method for binding all the parties to a contract

• Hardware or software controls – Determine what personal information is

provided on the Web

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E-mail

• Presents some serious privacy issues • Spam

– Unsolicited e-mail sent for advertising purposes – Sent in bulk by using automated mailing

software

• Ease of access – People should assume that others have access

to their messages – Any e-mails sent on company-owned

computers are the property of the organization

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Data Collection on the Web

• Number of people shopping online is increasing

• Many customers reluctant to make online purchases – Concerns about hackers getting access to their

credit card numbers – Many credit card companies reimburse

fraudulent charges

• Other electronic payment systems are being developed

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Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)

• Concerned about computers’ contents being searched while they’re connected to the Web

• Information users provide on the Web – Combined with other information and

technologies to produce new information

• Cookies – Small text files with a unique ID tag– Embedded in a Web browser – Saved on the user’s hard drive– Many users disable cookies

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Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)

• Log files– Generated by Web server software– Record a user’s actions on a Web site

• Data collected on the Web must be used and interpreted with caution

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Ethical Issues of Information Technologies

• Ethics means doing the right thing– What is “right” can vary from one culture to

another and even from one person to another – More difficult to determine than legal versus

illegal

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Ethical Issues of Information Technologies (cont’d.)

• Information technology offers many opportunities for unethical behavior – Cybercrime, cyberfraud, identity theft, and

intellectual property theft

• Many experts believe management can reduce employees’ unethical behavior– Codes of ethics

• Many associations promote ethically responsible use of information systems and technologies – Codes of ethics

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Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics

• Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people

• Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer work

• Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s files

• Thou shalt not use a computer to steal• Thou shalt not use a computer to bear

false witness

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Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (cont’d.)

• Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you have not paid

• Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without authorization

• Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual output

• Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you write

• Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration and respect

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Censorship

• Who decides what should be on the Web?• Types of information

– Public– Private

• Whether or not something can be censored depends in part on who is doing the censoring

• Restricted access to the Web– Burma, China, and Singapore

• U.S. citizens don’t want the government controlling Web access

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Censorship (cont’d.)

• Parents are concerned about what their children are exposed to– Pornography, violence, and adult language

• Search keywords• Guidelines to teach their children to use

good judgment while on the Web • Programs such as CyberPatrol, CyberSitter,

Net Nanny, and SafeSurf

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Intellectual Property

• Intellectual property – Protections that involve copyrights, trademarks,

trade secrets, and patents for “creations of the mind” developed by people or businesses

• Industrial property– Inventions, trademarks, logos, and industrial

designs

• Copyrighted material– Literary and artistic works– May apply to online materials– Exceptions under Fair Use Doctrine

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Intellectual Property (cont’d.)

• Trademark– Protects product names and identifying marks

• Patent – Protects new processes – Organizations can benefit from patents

• Software piracy • Laws

– Telecommunications Act of 1996 – Communications Decency Act (CDA) – Laws against spamming

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Intellectual Property (cont’d.)

• Internet use policy – Avoid legal risks

• Cybersquatting– Registering, selling, or using a domain name to

profit from someone else’s trademark

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Verizon’s Cybersquatting Suit

• Verizon sued OnlineNic • OnlineNic registered domain names

containing Verizon trademarks – myverizonwireless.com– iphoneverizonplans.com– verizon-cellular. com

• Verizon won this suit

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Social Divisions and the Digital Divide

• Digital divide – Computers still aren’t affordable for many

people– Companies installing cables for Internet

connections might subject their communities to a type of economic “red-lining”

– Children are often victims of this divide

• Funding for computers at schools and libraries

• Loaner programs

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The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace • New jobs for:

– Programmers– Systems analysts– Database and network administrators– Network engineers– Webmasters– Web page developers– e-commerce specialists– Chief information officers (CIOs)– Technicians

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The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace (cont’d.)• Web designers• Java programmers• Web troubleshooters • Telecommuting and virtual work • Job deskilling

– Skilled labor eliminated by introducing high technology

– Job downgraded from a skilled to a semiskilled or unskilled position

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Potential benefits and potential drawbacks of telecommuting Table 4.1

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The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace (cont’d.)• Job upgrading

– Clerical workers who now use computers

• One skilled worker might be capable doing the job of several workers

• Virtual organizations– Networks of independent companies, suppliers,

customers, and manufacturers– Connected via information technologies – Share skills and costs – Have access to each other’s market

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Information Technology and Health Issues

• Reports of health-related issues caused by video display terminals (VDTs)– No conclusive study – Health problems associated with the

environment in which computers are used

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Information Technology and Health Issues (cont’d.)

• Other reports of health problems – Vision– Musculoskeletal– Skin– Reproductive– Stress-related

• Amount of time some people spend on the Web

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Health and Social Issues of Online Gaming

• Online games World of Warcraft and EverQuest blamed for a host of problems– Poor academic performance, divorce, suicide,

and the death of a child because of parental neglect

• Fantasy worlds in online games believed to be addictive and to affect marriages and careers

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Green Computing

• Computing that promotes a sustainable environment and consumes the least amount of energy

• Helps an organization save on energy costs

• Improves the quality of the environment in which we live and work

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Green Computing (cont’d.)

• Green computing– Involves the design, manufacture, use, and

disposal of computers, servers, and computing devices

– Monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications equipment

– Minimal impact on the environment

• Implemented without the cooperation of both the private and the public sector

• Goals

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Summary

• Privacy issues related to information technologies – Methods for protecting privacy: Personal

information and organizations’ data resources

• Ethical issues related to information systems– Censorship, intellectual property laws, digital

divide

• Effect of information systems on the workplace and possible heath issues

• Green computing– Impact on the environment