Download pdf - 20 Pronouns · y Note the difference between Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives. A possessive pronoun replaces a noun. Example: This paint box is mine. A possessive adjective

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Read

Note how many times the word ‘Veena’ has been used. We can write the above sentences differently without using the word Veena.

Now read the sentences below.

Veena is twelve years old. She studies in Union Park High School. She travels to school in a school van. Her father takes her for badminton classes in the evening.

Let’s Learn

A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or noun-equivalent.

y The use of pronouns helps us to avoid repetition of nouns.

y The noun for which a pronoun stands is called its antecedent.

Example: ○ Veena (noun) is the antecedent of the pronoun ‘she’.

Kinds of Pronouns A. Personal Pronoun

Person Singular PluralSubjective Objective Subjective Objective

First I me we usSecond you you you youThird Masculine he him

they themFeminine she herNeuter it it

B. Demonstrative Pronoun: y It is used to point to the object/objects to which it refers.

y Demonstrative pronouns are ‘this’, ‘that’ (singular) and ‘these’, ‘those’ (plural).

Pronouns 20

Veena is twelve years old. Veena studies in Union Park High School.

Veena travels to school in a school van. Veena’s father takes Veena

for badminton classes in the evening.

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Examples:

○ This is a wonderful book.

○ That is a card which was given to me.

○ These are colourful pictures.

○ Those are the locations which I wanted to visit.

To indicate person(s)/thing(s) that is(are) near the speaker Use this and these

To indicate person(s)/thing(s) is(are) far away from the speaker. Use that and those

y Difference Between Demonstrative Pronouns and Demonstrative Adjectives

A demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun.Example:

○ This is the classroom. ○ That is my bag.

A demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun and answers the question ‘which’.Example:

○ I was looking for this classroom. ○ That bag is mine.

C. Interrogative Pronoun y It asks a question and is usually used at the beginning of a sentence.

‘Who’ is used for a person ○ Who came to deliver the parcel?

‘Whom’ is used for a person ○ Whom did you ask?

‘Which’ is used for both persons and things ○ Which is my parcel?

‘What’ is used for things ○ What was found inside the cardboard

box?

‘Whose’ is used to ask questions about people or objects, related to possession

○ Whose is this parcel?

y Difference between interrogative pronouns and interrogative adjectives.

An interrogative pronoun replaces a noun.Example:

○ Which is your seat? ○ What are you cooking tonight?

An interrogative adjective qualifies a noun.Example:

○ Which seat have you reserved? ○ What dish are you cooking tonight?

D. Possessive Pronoun y It shows possession, i.e. belongingness, and indicates that something belongs to

someone.

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Personal Pronoun Possessive PronounPerson Subject Object

First person(person speaking)

I me minewe us ours

Second person(person spoken to)

you you yours

Third person(person spoken about)

he him hisshe her hersit it its

they them theirs

Example: ○ This necklace is hers.

○ Ask if the letters are theirs.

○ The next chance to play is mine.

y Note the difference between Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives.

A possessive pronoun replaces a noun.Example:

○ This paint box is mine.

A possessive adjective qualifies a noun. Example:

○ This is my paint box.

E. Reflexive Pronoun y When the subject and the object of the verb refer to the same person, a reflexive pronoun

is used for the object. Here, the action of the subject reflects/goes back to the doer (antecedent).

y If the reflexive pronoun is removed from the sentence, the meaning of the sentence is unclear.

y The words itself, myself, yourself, ourselves are the objects of the verb in the sentence. But they refer to the same person as the subject does.

Example: ○ Radhika is looking at herself in the mirror.

(Radhika is looking at in the mirror.) Here, the meaning of the sentence is unclear when the reflexive pronoun is removed.

F. Emphatic Pronoun y It is used to add emphasis to a noun or pronoun.

y If the emphatic pronoun is removed from the sentence, the meaning of the sentence is retained.

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Example: ○ I myself am performing the puja.

(I am performing the puja.) Here, the meaning of the sentence is retained although the emphatic pronoun is removed.

○ You yourself could ask him and clarify your doubts.

(You could ask him and clarify your doubts.) Here, the meaning of the sentence is retained although the emphatic pronoun is removed.

y Note the difference between Reflexive Pronouns and Emphatic pronouns.

Reflexive pronoun: action reflects back to the doer Example:

○ I cut myself while shaving this morning.

Emphatic pronoun: emphasizes the noun.

Example:

○ It’s quicker if you yourself do it.

G. Relative Pronoun y It links a phrase or clause in a sentence.

y It relates to the noun that comes before it. The words who, which, that, whom, whose and what are Relative Pronouns.

y Compound words such as whoever, whomsoever, whatever and whichever are also Relative Pronouns.

Example:

○ I know the man who made this furniture.

○ This is the engineer whom I was talking about.

○ Please recheck whatever he wrote.

Remember that ‘who, which, whom, whose and what’ are used as Interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The same words, when used as relative pronouns, link a noun to the rest of the sentence.

y Difference between Interrogative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns.

Interrogative Pronoun: only asks questions.

Example ○ Who is ringing the bell?.

Relative Pronoun:- links noun to the rest of the sentence. Example

○ He is the boy who was ringing the bell.

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Let’s Exercise

1. Identify the Demonstrative Adjectives (DA) and Demonstrative Pronouns (DP) in the following sentences.

a) This was made by Sahil and gifted to those boys from the local Rotary Club.

b) These are old flowers. It is better to replace them with those flowers.

c) This bag was gifted to me by my sister.

d) That calendar is old. Take it off the wall and replace it with this.

e) This is the game that my father had brought.

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate interrogative pronouns.

a) answered the phone?

b) do you think about the new school?

c) railway station is nearest to the office?

d) With will you attend the drama auditions?

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive or emphatic pronouns.

a) My mother made this handbag .

b) They started arguing among .

c) We made this cake .

d) John hurt while climbing a tree.

e) I had to finish the project .

f) I need to get some new shoes.

4. Read the following sentences. Use suitable pronouns to replace the underlined words.

a) Ravi has a farm. The farm that you see opposite the petrol pump is Ravi’s.

b) His wife is an expert musician. The DVDs and CDs you saw in their hall are his wife’s.

c) The Patel family is our neighbour. The car in the parking lot is the Patel family’s.

d) I’m gifting you two sets of necklaces. Henceforth, it will be your jewellery.

e) I purchased these two Italian sofas. They are my sofas.

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5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns.

a) The camera you wanted is on sale at Leena Electronics.

b) you journey to, eat food from a good and hygienic hotel.

c) he asks will tell him the way to our building.

d) The man wondered they were talking about.

e) This is the postman delivers post to us regularly.

6. In the following passage one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word in the sentences of the paragraph, along with the word that comes before and after in the space provided.

Before Missing word After

Ms Ria and a friend of came to the classroom. e.g. of hers cameMs Ria spoke first. congratulated the a.students won the elocution competition. b.Her friend asked to bring a list of things for c.for tomorrows’ craft competition. were excited d.

At a Glance Kinds of Pronouns

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Read

Clara was a sea nymph who wore a gorgeous yellow gown woven from seaweed and few seashells. One day a mermaid sang her a melodious song about a lot of golden light above the water. Clara wanted to witness it! She swam to the surface with much force and climbed onto the shore. She saw the golden light described in the song. It was the bright burning sun!

In the above paragraph the highlighted words are adjectives.

Let’s Learn

An adjective qualifies, describes or tells us more about the noun or pronoun.

Example: ○ One day a mermaid sang her a melodious song about a lot of golden light above

the water.

Here ‘melodious’ describes the kind of song, ‘a lot’ and ‘golden’ speaks about the quantity and kind of light. y Adjectives do not change their form depending on the gender or number of the noun.

A. Adjective of Quality

y It denotes the quality, strength, weakness, attributes, or peculiarities of a person, thing or object or state of being.

○ It answers the question ‘what kind?’

Example:

○ During festivals market places are often crowded.

○ Diya received a huge box as a parcel.

B. Adjective of Quantity

y It denotes the quantity of a thing or an idea. It is used with uncountable nouns.

It answers the question ‘how much?’

Adjectives21

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Example:

○ With a little encouragement from her teacher Tanya managed to get full marks in her exams.

○ The artist began adding some colour to the painting.

C. Adjective of Number/Numeral Adjective

y It denotes the number of persons or things. It is used with countable nouns.

It answers the question ‘how many?’

It can be further classified as; y Definite numeral adjective

Gives exact number of the noun

Cardinal numbers one, ten, twenty etc.Ordinal numbers first, tenth, fifty third etc.

Example:

○ The seventh person in the queue is my father.

○ Ten books are to be catalogued and arranged.

y Indefinite numeral adjective It answers the question how many, but does not provide the exact number.

Example:

○ Several shops were gutted in the fire.

○ A few people went missing.

y Distributive numeral adjectives: It talks about each one of the numbers separately.

The words ‘either’, ‘neither’, ‘each’ and ‘every’ are used as distributive adjectives.

Example:

○ Every man is capable of writing his own destiny.

○ Each boy in the class attended the training program.

Difference between Adjective of Quantity and Indefinite Numeral Adjective

y Indefinite numeral adjectives can also be used as adjectives of quantity. When they are used as adjectives of quantity, they are followed by singular uncountable nouns.

y Though adjectives of quantity and indefinite numeral adjective seem similar they answer different questions.

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Adjective of quantity

Ask – How Much?

○ Lots of milk spilled out of the can.

○ They made some progress on the construction of the bridge.

Indefinite Numeral Adjective

Ask- How Many?

○ Lots of people donated blood on the occasion of Gandhi Jayanti.

○ In our neighbourhood, some buildings require immediate renovation.

D. Possessive Adjective y It denotes possession or ownership of noun or pronoun.

It answers the question ‘whose?’

Example: ○ My pen is missing.

○ Your shirt is stained.

○ Is his dog.

○ Her shoes are red.

E. Demonstrative Adjective y It points out which person, animal or thing is being spoken about.

It answers the question ‘which?’

‘This’ is used for a singular noun that is near the speaker.

‘These’ is used for a plural noun that is near the speaker.

‘That’ is used for a singular noun that is far away from the speaker.

‘Those’ is used for a plural noun that is far away from the speaker.Example:

○ This cat is fat.

○ That stick is long.

○ Those samosas are hot.

○ These fields are mine.

F. Interrogative Adjective y They are used before a noun to ask questions.

Forms a ‘Wh’ question with the noun. Example:

○ What dish are you cooking?

○ Whose car are you cleaning?

○ Which room is yours?

G. Proper Adjective y Often adjectives are derived from proper nouns as adjectives of quality. We call them

Proper Adjectives.

Example:

○ These are Tanjore paintings.

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○ He is following up for the Canadian visa.

○ Hyderabadi biryani is very tasty.

H. Participial Adjectives y folded paper, broken glass, cracked tile, tiring work, etc. y The words in red are examples of the present/past participle form of the verb, but are

used as adjectives. Such adjectives ending with –ed or-ing are known as Participial Adjectives, because they have the same endings as verb participles.

Example:

○ Vani’s talking parrot imitates Mother to perfection.

○ The bored boy began to fidget with the things kept on the table.

○ Growing children need good food to grow strong and healthy.

Let’s Exercise

1. Identify the adjectives in the following sentences and state their kind.

a) Please call the fifth person sitting in this row and give him these papers.

b) Your aunt is carrying a heavy parcel and walking with two children.

c) We ordered Chinese noodles for lunch. Some soup was also served.

d) Neither boy was ready to applogize so the futile argument continued.

e) A few drops of honey will make this salad very tasty.

f) Anita won two awards at the literature festival.

g) Check each item of baggage before loading it in that plane.

h) Whose bag was forgotten?

2. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word from the box given below.

flat every his those

a little many industrious contaminated

a) child should be vaccinated.

b) The fields near the well are well irrigated by the farmers.

c) Use milk to make this mixture.

d) car had a tyre and had to be towed.

e) children fall ill due to water.

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3. In the following passage one word (adjective) has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word, in the sentences of the given paragraph, along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after it in the space provided. The first one has been done for you. (The missing words are adjectives.)

Before Missing word After

Sunday we are throwing a party. e.g. On this Sunday

Sixty people and children are expected to attend.

a.

Please invite your uncle and cousin too. b.

Italian food has been ordered for guests. c.

There is a take away for guest as well. d.

Formation of Adjectives

Add an appropriate prefix or suffix to the word.

How do I form Adjectives?

Example:

Prefix Word formed

unfortunate-unfortunate, comfortable-uncomfortable, just-unjust

im-/in-/ir-/il-

mature-immature, patient-impatient, probable-improbable, convenient-inconvenient, replaceable-irreplaceable, legal-illegal

non- non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral

disloyal-disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest

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Example:

Suffix Rule used WordAdjective formed

-y-Add -y as a suffix

-If ending has an ‘e’, remove it-imagine -imaginary

-alAdd -al as a suffix

-If ending has an e, remove it and add -al or -ial or –ual

-magic

-nature

-magical

-natural

-ly -Add -ly as a suffix -earth -earthly

-fulAdd -ful as a suffix

-If ending in -ty, replace it with i-beauty -beautiful

-ory-Add -ory as a suffix

-If ending has an ‘e’, remove it

-introduction

-advise

-introductory

-advisory

-ic-Add -ic as a suffix

-If ending in -y, remove it

-artist

-energy

-artistic

-energetic

-ous

Add -ous as a suffix

-If ending in -y, remove it

-If ending has an ‘e’, remove it

-Sometimes, words ending with -cle are replaced by -cul

-glamour

-fame

-mystery

-miracle

-glamourous

-famous

-mysterious

-miraculous

-ish Add -ish as a suffix -child -childish

-ive-Add -ive as a suffix

-If ending in -ion, remove it

-If ending in -e, remove

-description

-impulse

-descriptive

-impulsive

-en -Add -en as a suffix -gold -golden-some -Add -some as a suffix -trouble -troublesome-less -Add -less as a suffix -child -childless

Let’s Exercise

1. Form adjectives from the given words

word adjective form word adjective formdance charityuse heartdust terrorworry breathpoet valour

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2. Fill in the blanks with the adjective form of the words given in the brackets.

a) Harry Potter had a enemy. (power)

b) Madhavi found a box in the cupboard. (mystery)

c) Some countries have flags. (colour)

d) My grandmother is planning a tour this summer. (Europe)

e) His behaviour was a cause for concern. (violence)

f) Sara loves eating mangoes from our garden. (juice)

Degrees of ComparisonRead

Samad, Jay and Jason study together in Standard VII B. Jason is not as short as Samad. Jay is shorter than Jason. But, Samad is the shortest of them all.

Observe the words in red. We are comparing the heights of the boys in Standard VII.

Let’s Learn

y The simplest form of the adjective is called the positive degree.

y When two persons or things are compared, we use the comparative degree.

y When more than two persons or things are compared, we use the superlative degree. We use the following rules to form the degrees of comparison.

y Add ‘er’ and ‘est’ to an adjective in the positive degree.

Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree

bold bolder boldest

calm calmer calmest

y Add ‘r’ and ‘st’ to an adjective in the positive degree that ends in ‘e’


brave braver bravest

safe safer safest

y Remove the final ‘y’ if the positive degree has a consonant before the ‘y’ and add ‘ier’ and ‘iest’ to it.

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happy happier happiest

easy easier easiest

y Double the final consonant and add ‘er’ and ‘est’ if the positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it.


thin thinner thinnest

dim dimmer dimmest

y Use ‘more’ and ‘most’ if the adjective in the positive degree has three or syllables. This also applies to some adjectives with two syllables.


learned more learned most learned

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

y Some adjectives may not use the above rules to form the comparatives and superlatives.


good better best

bad worse worst

far farther/further farthest/furthest

many more most

well better best

y Some adjectives cannot be compared as they only have a positive degree.Example:

fatal wrong final blind universal

y Some Latin words like ‘junior, senior, inferior, minor, etc.’ do not have positive or superlative degrees. They are only used in comparative degrees. Such adjectives have ‘to/of’ instead of ‘than’ after them in a sentence.

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Example: ○ These grapes are of inferior quality compared to those. ○ Ranveer is senior to me in experience.

Let’s Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct degree of the adjective

Positive Comparative Superlative

a. diligent

b. drier

c. less expensive

d. valuable

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective.a) This monsoon is _________________ than the previous monsoon. (bad) b) David is _________________ boy in the class. (intelligent) c) Her painting is _______________ than yours. (colourful) d) The Sapphire Towers is _______________ than our office building. (tall) e) Have you heard _______________ news? (late)

3. Change the degree of the adjectives in the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentence.a) A bee is not as aggressive as a wasp. (comparative) b) No other batsman in the team is as good as Karan. (superlative)c) New York is one of the most crowded cities in America. (positive)

d) Seema is as beautiful as Asha. (comparative)

4. There is one error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the boxes. One has been done for you.

Error Correction

The malls are most popular than markets. e.g most more However, things in the mall are costliest than that in the market.

a.

Goods in the markets are priced at a reasonabler rate.

b.

Malls offer heavier discounts on their goods. c.

Fruits in that market may not always be gooder. d.

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At a Glance

Adjectives-: An adjective qualifies/describes or tells us more about the noun or pronoun.