Download pdf - 2011 03-30 thorste.schuetze-water.and.sanitation

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Integrate Urban Resource Management

Water and Sanitation

Towards sustainable urban water management Household centered planning approach

March 31, 2011 1 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

Structure of the lecture

•  The imperative of IURM •  The Global Situation •  Current Water and Sanitation Systems •  Sustainable Water & Sanitation

March 31, 2011 2 Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

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The imperative for IURM

Resources, Emissions and Biodiversity play a central role in sustainable development

(CIB: International Council for Research and Innovation in Building Construction, W82, “Future Studies in Construction”)

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

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[according to: UNEP – Industry and Environment, Vol. 26 No. 2-3, 2006]

•  Contribution of the building sector


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Ecological Footprint:

•  Demands (for processes & production) are converted into a measure of land area used in 'global hectares' (gha) per capita.

•  Today the average is 2,3 gha (1.2 worlds)

•  Average footprint gha per capita (2003) : •  USA: 9.5 gha •  Switzerland: 4 gha •  China: 1.5 gha, Shanghai: 7 gha •  UK: 5.6 gha, London: 6.63 gha

4 planets!

Mining, processing, consumption, freshwater use, biodiversity services & loss of bio-capacity from the release of wastes have been omitted = underestimation of footprint [Wackernagel et al. 2002]

[Best foot forward]

Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

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[World Primary Energy Outlook, reference scenario, International Energy Agency 2006 & 2008]

•  Non renewable resource and energy consumption •  Final energy demand to grow by 95% between 2005-2050 (reference scenario)


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•  Easy available oil production peaked already in 2006 •  As a result prices have to rise in long term •  Energy dependency:

Korea 96%, Japan 90%, USA 60%, Europe 50%

[The worldwide crude oil production, Energy Watch Group, 2007]


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•  The world is losing fertile top soil 10 to 20 times faster than it is replenishing it.

•  Phosphorous production is expected to peak at 2040. Currently estimated minable Phosphorous reserves will be depleted in 70 – 100 years.

Peak Phosphorous Curve [Cordell, 2009]


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•  World energy consumption, world fossil resources and annual solar energy potential

(Krauter 2006, p.2; adapted from Greenpeace)


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The challenge of IURM

Natural resources are the base for life for past, present and future generations


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From linear …

… to circular urban metabolism!

[Girardet & Mendonca 2009]


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•  Reduction of environmental impact by “living better on less” requires increase in efficiency and effectiveness, particularly of resource management systems.

Ten principles for global sustainable living on the local level [One Planet Living in Girardet & Mendonca 2009]


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Apply the Three Step Strategy for resource management (for instance for “energy”, “water & sanitation” and “material & waste”)

1.  Reduce demand and quantity of consumed resources without losses regarding social and economic aspects (demand management)

2.  Use renewable resources as much as possible, including (solar, wind, water, geothermal, bio, …)

3.  Use non renewable resources as efficient & effective as possible (optimization, innovation, reuse & recycling, …)

Use the local potential and apply this strategy also in the already built environment!


Introduction - The Global Situation


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Climate Conditions and Water Availability •  Averaged monthly rainfall and

precipitation in millimetres (1971 – 2000) over the period of one year in the Netherlands.

•  The summer water deficit is in more than 50% of the years exceeding the average value of 122 mm.

•  In 45% of the years it is up to approx. 280 mm, while in 5% of the years it is even exceeding this height.


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Climate Conditions and Water Availability

Average Precipitation and Evaporation

jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec per year

Precipitation 63.9 44.7 58.7 42.1 55.1 67.4 65.4 58.1 72.1 75.9 78.6 72 754 Evaporation -8.3 -15.7 -32.9 -56.4 -85.1 -90.2 -95.1 -83.1 -50.3 -27.8 -11.5 -6.5

-562.9


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Precipitation in the Netherlands – extreme years

•  1998: 1240 mm •  2003: 613 mm


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Fresh surface water

•  73% of the fresh surface water in the Netherlands originates from the Rhine (approx. 65%) and the Meuse (approx. 8%). The remaining 27% are originating from smaller rivers and from precipitation.

•  The water use is water supply (for drinking water, agriculture, industry and cooling water) as well as for transport (shipping) and recreation.

Middelkoop, 1999


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Water Resources & Withdrawal

•  Total renewable water resources: 89.7 cu km (2005)

Total Freshwater withdrawal: •  8.86 cu km/yr •  Domestic: 6% •  Industrial: 60% •  Agricultural: 34% •  per capita: 544 m3/yr (2001)

Middelkoop, 1999


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•  The total drinking water produced in the Netherlands origins to approx. 60% from groundwater and 40% of surface water.

•  High population densities and intensive farming practices cause a continuing increase of pollution and potentially hazardous substances in fresh water resources.

•  15 – 20% of the delivery costs for drinking water are often spent for the tracing and treatment of pesticides.

•  Collected river water is purified by sedimentation, aeration and the adding of iron-sulphur (elimination of phosphate), before it is either infiltrated in dunes for artificial groundwater recharge or stored in lakes.

Water and Water Supply Policy


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•  Nature-orientated purification by the “river-dune” or “river-lake” method (100 days holding time)

•  Further treatment in form of: •  softening in a reactor, •  treatment with activated carbon (for the elimination of

pesticides and a better taste) and finally •  sand filtration

Drinking Water from river water

Duinwaterbedrijf Zuid Holland, 2008


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Water Import Dependence

•  The ratio between the water footprint of a country's imports and its total water footprint yields.

•  (Beef 1/13500, Soybean 1/2750, Rice 1/1400, Milk 1/790)

Selected Countries, 1997-2001, Chapagain and Hoekstra, Water International, March 2008 / World Water Council


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Climate change – low flows and drought

•  The rising sea level and more frequent low river discharges during the summer will allow the salty sea water to flow further inland.

•  The salination of the river water will cause problems for the freshwater supply for drinking and regional agriculture.

•  Especially in case of salination of the Hollandsche IJssel, the Haringvliet and the Spui.

Rijkswaterstaat, 2007


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Climate change – water stress


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UNEP IETC DTIE & TU DELFT, (2008, in print) Every Drop Counts, Environmental Sound Technologies for water use efficiency in the urban and domestic environment.

Sustainable Water Management

•  Sustainable urban water management is including the different sections of the urban water cycle:

•  water supply & distribution •  water use & saving •  Water reuse and recycling •  water storage and augmentation

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Focus: •  Efficient use of ESTs •  Efficient is: optimizing the

balance between demand and safe and sufficient supply

•  Efficient and fit: selection and combination technologies that fit in with sustainable perspectives for the local situation


Sustainable Water Management

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Environmentally Sound Technologies in the Urban Water Cycle

•  Technological Description •  Construction, operation and

maintenance •  Relative Costs •  When appropriate technological

approach •  Advantages, disadvantages and

constrains •  Cultural acceptability •  Extent of use •  References, Links and Literature


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Storage and Augmentation ESTs •  Ponds and Reservoirs •  Artificial recharge of

Groundwater •  Water Tanks •  Rainwater runoff in surface

water •  Rainwater runoff in

groundwater •  Rainwater runoff in tanks •  Effluent in surface water •  Effluent in ground water


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Supply and distribution ESTs •  Surface water abstraction •  Groundwater abstraction •  Water supply reservoirs (tanks) •  Transfer of water •  Single pipeline systems (one

quality) •  Dual pipeline systems (two

qualities) •  Water containers (bottles, tanks) •  Centralised treatment systems •  Point of use treatment systems


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Use and Saving ESTs •  Waterless toilets (compost- and dry-) •  Water saving toilets •  Water saving urinals •  Waterless urinals •  Water saving taps •  Water saving showerheads •  Pressure reducers •  Water saving household appliances •  Economised water use: personal

hygiene •  Economised water use: cleaning &

watering Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

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Reuse, recycle & disposal ESTs quality and treatment issues

•  Domestic rainwater use •  On-site treatment of grey water •  Constructed wetlands •  On-site and near-site

treatment of black water and mixed sewage

•  Separating rainwater from sewer systems

•  Environmentally sound centralized sewage treatment in developing countries


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The urban water system


•  Every month, water-related diseases kill more than 250,000 individuals (1 individual every 10 seconds, or 1 plane crash every hour)

•  More than 1.1 billion people worldwide, or one-sixth of the global population, do not have access to safe drinking water, and

•  nearly 2.6 billion lack access to basic sanitation, according to the World Health Organization

Sustainable Sanitation


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[www2.gtz.de]



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Source: waterboard Valei en Eem Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

50 % dump 21% incineration 24 % composting 5 % agriculture


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Outgoing Waterstreams of a building


Composition wastwater Volume proportion •  Black water 30 % •  Grey water 70 %


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Simplified example for existing city

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[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance, 2008]

IURM related to water and sanitation


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Simplified example for enhanced sanitation in a city


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IURM approach for periphery or new urban developments ?

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Food faeces urine greywater drinking water

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IURM approach applied e.g. in Africa, India, Latin America...



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IURM approach for residential areas ?


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IURM approach applied e.g. in Sweden, India, Africa, Latin America Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

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IURM approach for downtown areas ?



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IURM related to water and sanitation IURM applied e.g. in Germany


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Better after implementation of IURM?


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IURM related to sanitation and water


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IURM related to sanitation and water


decentralized water system1


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decentralized water systems 2 and 3



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•  Rainwater collection and utilization

•  in many countries allowed for service water purpose

•  Possible drinking water source in areas with polluted fresh water resources (e.g. Arsenic, Fluor, Tin, etc.)

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Decentralized Water Management

Potsdamer Platz Berlin

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Supportive regulations for rainwater utilization


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Rainwater utilization in Australia


Adelaide

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•  On average, the collected rainwater from 10.1% of all installations (2.5% of all households) is used for drinking.

•  In South Australian households this percentage is even 22% (Rodrigo, 2009).

Rainwater utilization in Australia


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Sellected Decentralized Wastewater treatment systems

•  Aerated compact systems (Bioreactor etc.) •  Anaerobic Digestion •  Constructed Wetlands

•  Living machine


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•  Existing Infrastructure •  Culture & Social Acceptance •  Management/ Maintenance structure •  Treatment performance in relation to location •  Reuse options •  Available space •  Costs

Criteria wastewater system


Greywater recycling


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Greywater recycling


Greywater recycling


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Black- or brownwater-treatment


Membrane Bio Reactor


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Microfiltration


From Filtration to Reverse Osmosis


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Urine Separation

Precondition for the separated collection of yellow water / urine is the installation of urine separating toilets.


[ Johansson, M., VERNA Ecology; „Urine Separation“; Stockholm, Sweden, 2001]

Urine Separation


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Anaerobic digestion


Natural sound systems e.g. constructed wetland (Reedbed)


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Natural sound systems: e.g. constructed wetland (Reedbed)


Free Water Surface Wetlands


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Horizontal Flow Wetlands


Vertical Flow Wetlands

•  Black and/or grey water •  3 - 6 m² per person •  Integration in landscape •  Simple and robust


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Reedbed for rainwater in Amsterdam


Natural sound and technical systems:


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Zoo, Emmen


Esalen Institute California


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Sustainable management of water and waste

•  Prevent needles use •  Use renewable sources •  Use limited resources optimally

•  Reuse resources •  Prevent waste •  Recycle waste •  Process waste in a clean way

IN

OUT


•  Prevent waste

•  Recycle waste

•  Process waste in a clean way

•  Water saving toilet •  Compost toilet

•  Reuse nutrients •  Reuse effluent

•  Separation toilet •  Separate streams


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Earth-Filter Dipping Trickling Filter / Activated Sludge

Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)

Application Area/ Size - > 50 Inhabitants - > 200 Inhabitants - > 50 Inhabitants

max. energydemand (incl. pumping)

- 2 kWh/m³ -  MBR 3 – 5 kWh/m³ -  Dipping Trickling Filter < 2

kWh/m³ -  SBR-Belebung 1,5 kWh/m³

-  3 – 5 kWh/m³

-  < 2 kWh/m³

Space Demand - 1 - 2,5 m²/Inhabitant - 0,1 - 0,3 m²/Inhabitant - 0,05 - 0,3 m²/Inhabitant

Average Basic Conditions Greywatertreatment:

•  Anaerobic Digestion requires an additional centralized blackwater storage (7 litres per person and day) as well as space for facilities like Biogas reactor, gas storage, and vacuum facility, approx. 0.22 m2 x 2m (0,44 m3 per person and day)


Facility Type Membrane Bioreactor

(MBR)

Trickling Filter Constructed Wetland Sequency Batch Reactor (SBR)

Application Area/ Size 4 – 500 Inhabitants

4 – 1.000 Inhabitants



Investment costs High (reuse and savings)

very low High (low energy and

service cost)

low

Sludge Treatment per Year

500 l/Inh. 500 l/Inh. 300 – 1.500 l/Inh. Dependent on size

Space demand per Inhabitant

0,5 m² 0,5 m² 3 - 6 m² 0,3 m²

Purification capacity Service water class 1 - 2 class 2 - 5 class 3

Use of effluent (capacity of receiving waters)

Always possible (also in water

protection areas)

Not possible (only in strong

receiving waters)

Not possible (but possible in

sensitive receiving waters)

Not possible (but possible in

sensitive receiving waters)

Average Basic Conditions Grey/Blackwatertreatment:


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Thank you for your attention