Download pdf - 2g,3g,4g technology

4G Technology

Presented

By Nithin Raj

4G Definition

4G is not one defined technology or standard, but rather a collection of technologies at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data.

4G Networks are projected to provide speed of 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary.

0G (Zero Generation Mobile System)

At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network.

In the 1960’s, a system launched by Bell Systems, called, Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s.

1G Technology

1G refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology was developed in 1970’s.

1G had two major improvements: the invention of the microprocessor the digital transform of the control link

between the phone and the cell site. Analog signal

2G Technology

Around 1980’s

Better quality & capacity - More people could use there phones at the same time

Digital Signals – consist of 0’s & 1’s

Previous Technology - 2G

Digital – consist of 0’s and 1’s Digital signal:

1.Low level, 2.High level, 3.Rising edge

and 4.Falling edge

Previous Technology - 2G Digital data can be compressed and

multiplexed much more effectively than analog voice encodings

Multiplexing -multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal

For 1 and 2G standards, bandwidth maximum is 9.6 Kbit/sec, (I.E) approximately 6 times slower than an ISDN


Allows for lower powered radio signals that require less battery

Power–CODEC introduction -program that encodes and decodes digital data stream or signal Translates data from digital to analog and

vice versa


Advantages in Previous Technology - 2G

The digital voice encoding allows digital error checking increase sound quality lowers the noise level

Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data transfer SMS –“short message service” E-mail

Disadvantages in Previous Technology - 2G

Cell towers had a limited coverage area Jagged Decay curve

Abrupt dropped calls Analog –gradual sound reduction

“Spotty” coverage

3G Technology

Large capacity and broadband capabilities

Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to 2Mbps

Increased spectrum efficiency –5Mhz A greater number of users that can be

simultaneously supported by a radio frequency bandwidth

High data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G–Global roaming


CDMA –Code Division Multiple Access

Form of multiplexing

Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency

Encodes data with a special code associated with each channel

Code Division Multiple Access

Types of Multiplexing

FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access Each phone call is allocated one

frequency for the entire duration of the call


TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access Each phone call is allocated a spot in the

frequency for a small amount of time, and "takes turns" being transmitted


CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access Each phone call is uniquely encoded and

transmitted across the entire spectrum, in a manner known as spread spectrum transmission

Reasons for New Research

Even though 3G has successfully been introduced to mobile users, there are some issues that are debated by 3G providers and users. High input fees for the 3G service licenses

Great differences in the licensing terms

3G phones are expensive

Fourth Generation

What is 4G?

Fourth Generation Technology Faster and more reliable 100 Mb/s Lower cost than previous generations Multi-standard wireless system Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless Ad Hoc Networking IPv6 Core OFDM used instead of CDMA Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n Most information is proprietary

Communications Architecture

Broadcast layer: fix access points, (i.e.) cell tower

connected by fiber, microwave, or satellite (ISP)

Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer: wireless LANs (i.e. internet at Starbuck’s)

Communications Architecture

Personal Layer Gateway: devices that connect to upper layers; cell phone,

fax, voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs

Info-Sensor layer: environmental sensors

Fiber-optic wire layer: high speed subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic

cables and repeaters

Ad Hoc Networks

Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices

Not necessarily connected to internet

4G will create hybrid wireless networks using Ad Hoc networks

Form of mesh networking–Very reliable

Enhance Mobile Gaming

Experience enhance wireless capabilities that deliver mobile gaming interaction with less than five seconds

Play online multi player games while traveling at high speeds or sitting outside

Broadband access in Remote location

4G will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access

I will provide first opportunity for broadband access in remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.

Thanking You