41. PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLES FROM SITES 259,261, AND 263, LEG 27,DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT

Julie F. Wiseman and Alan J. Williams, West Australian Petroleum Pty. Ltd.Perth, Western Australia

ABSTRACT

The occurrences of Mesozoic dinoflagellates, pollen, and sporesfrom Sites 259, 261, and 263 are described, and from thesedescriptions the sediments studied are dated Early Cretaceous. Thedinoflagellate stratigraphy is compared with a worldwide range chartcompiled for this study; the spore and pollen stratigraphy iscompared with previously described zonations. This is a preliminarystudy and, consequently, includes few taxonomic considerations.

The dinoflagellates were studied by Wiseman and the spores andpollen by Williams.

INTRODUCTION

Twenty-two samples were studied from Site 259, 11from Site 261, and 24 from Site 263. Most samplesyielded varied and well-preserved assemblages ofpalynomorphs. However, the upper samples from Sites259 (Cores 10-17) and 261 (Cores 9-12) were barren, andSite 263, Core 3, was also barren. No obvioussedimentological differences were observed which wouldaccount for the lack of palynomorphs in these samples.

Virtually all of the samples with palynomorphs hadpredominantly marine assemblages. Percentages ofmarine palynomorphs in the total assemblages werecounted and the results summarized in Figures 1, 2, and3.

SITE

CORE

18

19

20

2 1

23

25

26

27

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29

30

31

32

33

2 5 9 % Marine

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3

3

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0-17 are barren of palynomorphs.

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21

22

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261

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Figure 1. Percentage of marine (left side of graph) againstland-derived (right side of graph) palynomorphs in sam-ples from Site 259.

Figure 2. Percentage of marine (left side of graph) againstland-derived (right side of graph) palynomorphs in sam-ples from Site 261.

DISCUSSION

Dinoflagellates

The previous stratigraphical ranges of thedinoflagellates encountered in this study are sum-marized in Figure 4. The main sources of reference forthis chart were Evans (1966), Eisenack (1967, 1971),Sarjeant (1967), Singh (1971), and Davey and Verdier(1971). The ranges of a number of species have beenslightly modified in accordance with unpublished datafrom studies undertaken at West Australian Petroleum,notably by H. L. Ott, during the drilling of exploratoryoil wells in Western Australia.

The ranges of 86 species are shown. The taxonomyemployed is that of current usage and, where changes ofgeneric assignments have been made, the author respon-sible for the reassignment is given together with theoriginal author.

Several species have rather more restricted knownstratigraphical ranges in Western Australia than thoseshown on the worldwide range chart. Muderongiamcwhaei Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 is usually

915

J. F. WISEMAN, A. J. WILLIAMS

SITE 263

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PALYNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLES, SITES 259, 261, AND 263

JURASSIC

LATE

CRETACEOUS

EARLY

NEOCOMIAN

LATE

SENONIAN

36 Achomosphaera πeptuπi k.l958l Davey and Willi<

5 Gonyaulacysta perfot

55 Canningii

tundata Cooksi

Cookson and Ei:

56 Canπingiπopsi; Cookson and Ei;

57 Carpodinium graπula

58 Chlamydophore Cookson and Ei<

A,.".;.?: Dauey,1969

44 ? Cordosphaeπdii

13 Cyclonephβliijm

C. densebarbatt

Deflaπdre and Cook:

68 C. membranipho

Cookson and Eù

39 ?Dingodin.umalberli

Neale and Sarjeant.1%2Cookson and Ei:

53 G. hadra Sarjeant.1 966

11 G. helicoidea and Cookson.1960

61 G• muderongeπs

5 G. perforans Cooks

k.1958i Wiggins.1969

amphiacaπthum Cookson and

71 H. ohgacanlhum Deflandre and Cookson,1955

iNeαle and Sar/earn.19S2) Clarke and Verdiβf.1967

22 H niilchrum Deflandre.19

I Albert,. 19611 Clarke and Vβrdiet.1967

Clarke and Verdier.1 967

Deflandre.1937

'4 Hystrichosphaeridii

Neale and Sarjeant,1962

3 M. mcwhaei

ola Sarjeanl.19

26 O. operculata J 9331 Deflaπdre. 1937

:9 ? Oligosphaeridiun- 19591 Davey and Willi

1842i Davey and Williams.1966

1.1959. Davey and Wil

84 0. prolixospin Davey and Wil

955; Davey and Williams.1966

49 Paranetrelytron !

1 Pareodinia aptielia Cooksi

Deflandre.1947

tβocht.19571 Millioud.1967

7 Prolixosphaeridilim parvi:

Cookson and Ei!

Hurt Cookson and Eisenack. 1962

64 Scriπiodinium atladalt I Cookson and lisenack. 19581

IDellandre.1938) Klement.1957

I Deflanttre, 19381 Mei

9 Surculosphaeridii

77 Tanyospnaer•dit IDet/andre and Cookson.1955) Davey and Wil

7 Prolixospt•aeridn

9 SurculosphaeridiL

28 Apteodinium granula•

36 Achomosphai

42 Oligosphaeridii

44 ? Cordosphaeridi>

56 Caππiπginopsis denticule

58 Chlamydophorelta nyei

60 Cyclonβphelium ? altadalii

69 Exochosphaeridii

77 Tanyosphaeridii

81 Oligosphaehdum dij

65 Canntngic

Figure 4. Compilation of previously described stratigraphical ranges in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous of dinoflagellates re-corded in this study. (*denotes a range beyond the limits of chart.)

917

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These samples probably range into the late Aptian toearly Albian. This is suggested by the occurrence inCores 8 and 5 of Cleistosphaeridium ancoriferumCookson and Eisenack, (1960) 1968; Hystrichodiniumoligacanthum Deflandre and Cookson, 1955;Hystrichosphaera speciosa Deflandre, 1937; and Ex-ochosphaeridium striolatum var. truncatum Davey, 1969.

Core 3 was barren of palynomorphs. Core 2contained a poorly preserved, restricted assemblage ofdinoflagellates of Early Cretaceous aspect. These areconsidered to be reworked and not indicative of the ageof these sediments.

A number of reworked dinoflagellates wererecognized in the Aptian assemblages. These includeCyclonephelium densebarbatum Cookson and Eisenack,1960 (Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian) in Cores 28 and 26;Scriniodinium erystallinum (Deflandre, 1938) Klement,1957 (Callovian to Kimmeridgian) in Core 28;Cyclone phelium areolatum Cookson and Eisenack, 1960(Tithonian), Gonyaulacysta perforans Cookson andEisenack, 1958 (Oxfordian to Tithonian), and Surculo-sphaeridium cribrotubigerum (Sarjeant, 1960) Davey etal., 1966 (Kimmeridgian to Tithonian) in Core 26; andGonyaulacysta cretacea Neale and Sarjeant, 1962(Hauterivian) and G. longicornis Downie, 1957(Tithonian) in Core 7.Spores and Pollen

Range charts of spores and pollen for Sites 259, 261,and 263 are given in Figures 8-10. Overall, spores andpollen comprise a minor part of the microfloralasemblages (see Figures 1-3), particularly in the samplesstudied from Site 261 and the upper part of Site 263.There is a rough correlation between a greater diversityof species recorded and samples with relatively highpercentages of spores and pollen (e.g., at Site 259,contrast the assemblages recovered from Core 26 withCore 27, and Core 29 with Core 30); this is probably afunction of the availability of spores and pollen, andtheir transport and sorting, partly by air but largely bywater (Muller, 1959), into the marine environmentindicated by the microplankton.

Balme's papers (1957, 1964) remain the main workson Early Cretaceous spores and pollen of Western Aus-tralia. Dettmann and Play ford (1969) have reviewed thepalynology of the Lower Cretaceous in Australia andcompared it with extra-Australian records. The assem-blages recorded here are of Late Jurassic to Early Cre-taceous aspect, containing many bryophytic, pterido-phytic, and gymnospermous elements reportedpreviously from sediments of this age, (Dettmann andPlayford, 1969) especially from Australia, India, andSouth America; no angiosperm pollen was recorded.

The zone ranges of the key species of Dettmann andPlayford (1969) are not well verified in Western Aus-tralia, and some species (e.g., C. stylosus) are rarelyrecorded. The C. stylosus and D. speciosus zones are notprecisely dated (Dettmann and Playford, 1969, p. 186-190), but probably fall, respectively, within the limits ofLate Jurassic to Early Neocomian, and Late Neo-comian to Late Aptian. The datings from spores andpollen are considered together with microplanktondatings (see Conclusions).

At Site 259 the occurrence of Microcachryiditesantarcticus Cookson, Podocarpidites ellipticus Cookson,and Inaperturopollenites limbatus Balme, frequently insome numbers, and Cicatricosisporites spp.,Acanthotriletes levidensis Balme, and Concavisporitesinfirmus Balme, indicate a correlation with Balme's(1964) Microcachryidites Assemblage (Neocomian toAptian), at least up to Core 20. Although the occurrenceof Crybelosporites stylosus Dettmann in Core 31suggests that the lower part of the interval examinedmay be assigned to the C. stylosus Zone of Dettmannand Playford (1969), in the light of evidence from thedinoflagellates, this probably represents reworking ofolder sediments. The upper limit of Contignisporitescooksonii (Balme) and the presence of Dictyotosporitesfilosus Dettmann indicate that most of the interval, atleast up to Core 20, is in the Dictyotosporites speciosusZone (Dettmann and Playford, 1969).

The samples up to Core 11 at Site 263 are assigned tothe Microcachryidites Assemblage; they yielded thesame species as listed for the MicrocachryiditesAssemblage at Site 259 together with Murospora florida(Balme) and Reticuloidosporites arcus (Balme). Theoccurrence of Aequitriradites hispidus Dettmann andPlayford implies assignment to the C. stylosus Zone forthe assemblage from Core 29. However, in view of theBarremian age determined from the dinoflagellatespresent, this probably represents reworking. The oc-currences of Murospora florida and Krauselisporiteslinearis (Cookson and Dettmann) and the top of therange of Contignisporites cooksonii indicate that theassemblages up to Core 12 correlate with the lower partof the D. speciosus Zone, and the occurrence of D.speciosus Cookson and Dettmann (D. speciosus Zone) inCore 11 is the highest occurrence of a key species.

Recovery of spores and pollen was low from thesamples from Site 261. The assemblages are consistentwith an Early Cretaceous age.

Reworked palynomorphs were recorded from somesamples. They may give some clue to sediment sourceand are included on the range charts, together with theirage ranges.

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGYThe taxa described are only those which differ markedly from

previously described forms, either in morphologic or stratigraphicoccurrence. New species are herein given informal designations.

Genus BELODINIUM Cookson and Eisenack, 1960

Belodinium sp. cf. B. dysculum

Remarks: This is most likely a separate species from B. dysculumCookson and Eisenack, 1960, since there is a wide stratigraphicseparation between the occurrence of the two forms, Cookson andEisenack's species being restricted to the Late Jurassic. However, theonly distinguishing morphological feature recognized is that B. cf.dysculum has a longer apical horn than B. dysculum s.s. In mostobserved specimens, this horn has been lost during archeopyleformation and is, therefore, not generally useful in distinguishing aseparate species. Until other morphological differences are observed,it is considered unwise to erect a separate species for the EarlyCretaceous forms.

Occurrence: Site 259, Cores 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31.Site 261, Cores 21, 24, 26. Site 263, Cores 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15.

Inferred age: Aptian.

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Genus CANNINGIA Cookson and Eisenack 1960

Canningia sp. cf. C. rotundata Cookson and Eisenack, 1961

Remarks: C. cf. rotundata is reserved for those specimens of C.rotundata with thick walls (~5µ) and a strongly vermiculate orreticulate ornamentation. These forms were included in Cookson andEisenack's original description of the species but are readilydistinguishable from the more typical thin-walled and indistinctlyornamented specimens.

Occurrence: Site 259, Cores 25, 30. Site 261, Cores 21, 22, 23, 24, 26.Site 263, Cores 6, 13, 15, 17, 18.

Inferred age: Aptian.

Genus DRUGGIDIUM Habib, 1973

Druggidium sp. A.

Description: Small, oval to spherical, proximate cysts with atabulation of 4', 6", 6g, 6'", lp, 1"". Plates smooth, bordered by low,simple ridges. Archeopyle precingular, formed by loss of plates 2" and3".

Sizes of observed specimens range between 35 and 46 meters.Remarks: This species most closely resembles D. apicopaucicum

Habib 1973, described from Leg 11, Hole 105 (Valanginian-Tithonian). It differs in that the septa marking the plate boundariesare smooth, straight, and not crenulated. It differs from D.rhabdoreticulatum Habib, 1973 in that it does not possess the raisedmembrane described for that species.are smooth, straight, and not crenulated. It differs from D.rhabdoreticulatum Habib, 1973 in that it does not possess the raisedmembrane described for that species.

Occurrence: Site 259, Cores 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 38, 30, 31, 33.Site 261, Cores 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24. Site 263, Cores 6, 7, 8, 9, 11,15, 17.

Inferred age: Aptian.

Genus SENONIASPHAERA Clarke and Verdier, 1967

Senoniasphaera sp. A.

Description: A species of Senoniasphaera with pronouncedantapical horns and lateral horns, the inner body protruding into theantapical horns. Apical horn not observed due to archeopyleformation.

Remarks: This species closely resembles S. protrusa Clarke andVerdier, 1967, described from the Senonian of the Isle of Wight. Theantapical horns in Senoniasphaera sp. A are equal in length and morepronounced.

The size range observed is 93-125µ for the overall length and 67-86µfor the overall width.

Occurrence: Site 263, Cores 22, 25, 26.

Genus TANYOSPHAERIDIUM Davey and Williams, 1966

Tanyosphaeridium sp. cf. T. isocalamus

Remarks: The specimens observed are very similar toTanyosphaeridium sp. Singh, 1971 from the Albian of the Peace RiverArea, Alberta, in that they vary from T. isocalamus s.s. in havingslightly buccinate extremities to the processes.

Occurrence: Site 259, Core 30. Site 261, Cores 24, 26. Site 263,Cores 12, 13.

Inferred age: Early Aptian.

Genus TENUA (Eisenack 1958) Sarjeant, 1968

Tenua sp. A.

Description: Relatively small, ovoidal species of Tenua with noindication of tabulation. The wall is thick (~5µ) and possesses strongvermiculate ornamentation.

Remarks: Tenua sp. A is probably closely related to Canningia sp.cf. C. rotundata Cookson and Eisenack, 1961. However, the twospecies do occur in different samples, although they are not mutuallyexclusive and have similar stratigraphic ranges.

Occurrence: Site 259, Cores 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30. Site 261, Cores14, 16, 21, 22. Site 263, Cores 5, 6, 8, 13, 15.

Inferred age: Aptian to ?early Albian.

Genus et species indet. 1

Remarks: This genus is probably closely related toDichadogonyaulax Sarjeant, 1966 since it is tabulate and has anepitractal archeopyle. It will be formally described at a latter date.

CONCLUSIONS

The ages obtained from study of the dinoflagellatesfrom Sites 259, 261, and 263 agree well with the agesindicated by the pollen and spores present.

Site 259, Cores 18-33 are all considered to be Aptianand probably range from early to late Aptian. The ageof Cores 10-17 could not be determined by palynologicalmeans.

Site 261, Cores 14-26 range from early Aptian to lateAptian or early Albian in age. The age of Cores 9-12could not be determined by palynological means.

Site 263, Cores 5-29 range from Barremian to lateAptian or early Albian in age. The ages of Cores 2 and 3are indeterminable by palynological means.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank B. E. Balme (University of WesternAustralia), B. S. Ingram (Burmah Oil Australia), M. H.Johnstone, P. G. Quilty, and P. W. Nygreen, West AustralianPetroleum Pty. (WAPET) for their constructive help andcriticisms. Thanks is also extended to the staff of WAPET whoprovided assistance in the preparation of this paper,particularly J. J. McKenny who did much of the drafting andspecimen counts, C. A. Howard, V. E. Slater, G. Beacher, andW. Canters who prepared the samples, and M. Sullivan whodrafted the range charts.

J. J. Veevers and H. Bolli provided much helpfulinformation.

Finally the authors acknowledge with gratitude the time andfacilities made freely available by West Australian Petroleumfor this work.

REFERENCES

Balme, B. E., 1957. Spores and pollen grains from theMesozoic of Western Australia: Coal Res. CommonwealthSci. Indust. Res. Org. Tech. Contrib., v. 25, p. 1.

, 1964. The palynological record of Australian pre-Tertiary floras. In Ancient Pacific floras: Honolulu (Univ.Hawaii Press), p. 49.

922

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Davey, R. J. and Verdier, J. P., 1971. An investigation of themicroplankton from the Albian of the Paris Basin: Verh. K.Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Ser. 1, v. 26, p. 58.

Dettmann, M. E. and Playford, G., 1969: Palynology ofAustralian Cretaceous: a Review. In Essays in palaeon-tology: Sydney (Australian National University Press, p.174.

Eisenack, A. E., 1967. Katalog der fossilien Dinoflagellaten,Hystrichosparen und verwandten Mikrofossilien. Band I:Dinoflagellaten: Stuttgart (Stuttgart).

, 1971. Katalog der fossilien Dinoflagellaten,Hystrichospharen und verwandten Mikrofossilien. Band II:Dinoflagellaten: Stuttgart (Stuttgart).

Evans, P. R., 1966. Contribution to the palynology ofNorthern Queensland and Papua: Bur. Min. Resour.Australia Rec. 1966/68 (unpublished).

Muller, J., 1959. Palynology of Recent Orinoco delta and shelfsediments: Micropaleontology, v. 5, p. 1.

Sarjeant, W. A. S., 1967. The stratigraphical distribution offossil dinoflagellates: Rev. Palaeobotan. Palynol., v. 1, p.323.

Singh, C , 1971. Lower Cretaceous microfloras of the PeaceRiver area, Northwestern Alberta: Res. Counc. AlbertaBull., v. 28, p. 301.

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