US Army Aviation S&TUS Army Aviation S&T

10 July 2013

This information product has been reviewed and approved for public release; distribution unlimited. Review completed by the AMRDEC Public Affairs Office 1 Jul 2013; PR0001.

Presented by:

Dr. Bill LewisDirector, Aviation Development Dir.

U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center

Presented to:

2 AMRDEC CSD HDC Edwards_AAAA04-12.pptx

Aviation AppliedTechnology Dir.Ft. Eustis, VA

Aeroflightdynamics Directorate

NASA Ames–Moffett Field, CA

AMRDEC HQRedstone Arsenal Huntsville, AL

AMRDEC Aviation S&T MissionAMRDEC Aviation S&T Mission

• Manage and conduct basic research (6.1), applied research (6.2), and advanced technology development (6.3)

• Provide one-stop life cycle engineering and scientific support for aviation systems and UAS platforms

• Mature technology to maintain relevance of current fleet• Develop and mature technologies to support the future fleet

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Bottom Line Up FrontBottom Line Up Front

• Aviation S&T supports both the current helicopter and future rotorcraft fleets in improving survivability, performance, and affordability

• Current efforts are focused on platforms, power, survivability, vehicle management, and operations support and sustainment

• Future efforts are focused on Future Vertical Lift (FVL)– Joint Multi-Role (JMR) Technology Demonstrator (TD)– Focus on Transition to PEO Aviation

Army Aviation S&T balances the needs of the current and future fleets

Current Future

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The Rotorcraft Technical Challenge

The Rotorcraft Technical Challenge

Complex, highly interactive physical phenomena…major scientific barriers remain

Shock induced flow separation

Retreating blade

Low angle of attackCompressibility, shocks Transonic drag divergence

Free Stream

UT V r

• Rotor wake geometry• Tip vortex formation

& core structure• Blade-vortex interaction (BVI)

near & close encounters• Fuselage flow; bluff body wakes• Interference flows - main/tail rotors,

fuselage, ground effect• Hover, transition, forward flight regimes

High angle of attackAirfoil stall, dynamic stallReverse flow

Basic rotor aerodynamicsin forward fight

Advancing blade

UT V r

Free Stream

Flow field featuresMulti-disciplinary phenomena

Power

Angle of Attack

5 1 - AMRDEC Overview.pptx

Aviation S&T Focus and Technology Areas

Aviation S&T Focus and Technology Areas

Concept Design and Assessment

PowerPlatform

Mission Systems Sustainment

• Structures• Aeromechanics/Rotors• Vehicle Mgt & Control • Subsystems

• Engagement and Effects

• Survivability • Teaming, Autonomy &

Info Mgmt• Human Sys Interface • Avionics / Networking

• Engines & Other Power Sources

• Drives

Basic Researchdisplacement

force

pitc

h-li

nkst

iffne

ss

0 60 120 180 240 300 360-5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

Flap

Hin

ge R

otat

ion

(deg

)

Azimuth (deg)

HealthyFaulty

0 60 120 180 240 300 3602000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Verti

cal H

inge

Loa

d (lb

s)

Azimuth (deg)

HealthyFaulty

*one blade shown for clarity

Pitch Rod Wear / Play Representation

Rotor Aero-Elastic Model

hub

pitch rod

swash plateassembly

scissors assembly

f ixed system

shaf textender

f lap/lag/pitchhinges

lag damper

blade

Flap HingeRotation (deg)

Pitch Rod Load (lb)

ControlSystem Model

Hinge Load (lb)

Vertical Flap

Rotor Aeroelastic Models

Force Signals (3)

Moment Signals (3) ElectronicsModule

PowerHarvester

InertialSensors

Spherical Bearing Thrust Bearing

Spherical Bearing

Thrust Bearing

MDOF Main Rotor Motions & Loads

Energy Harvester

Load Sensor

Harvester Circuit, Microprocessor, and RF Transmitter

RF Antenna

Rod-End Loads

Push-Rod Loads

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Focus Area ActivitiesFocus Area Activities

Power• Increased Fuel Efficiency• Lightweight Drive Trains• Improved Reliability and Durability• Reduced Weight/Vibration• Alternative Concept Engines

• Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstrator*

• Rotorcraft Airframe Technology• Lightweight, Durable, & Damage

Tolerant Structures• Advanced Flight Control Systems• Reduced Vibrations• Reduced Acoustic Signature• Adaptive Vehicle Management• Improved Vehicle Performance• Advanced Rotors• Aircrew Protection

Platforms

Sustainment• Reduced Maintenance Actions• Improved Reliability• Improved Mission Readiness• Reduced Spares Logistics• High Reliability Prognostics/Diagnostics

Mission Systems• DVE Mitigation• Common Human Machine Interface• Increased Levels of Autonomy • Manned-Unmanned Intelligent Teaming• Cognitive Decision Aiding• Reduced Vehicle Signatures• Advanced Threat Protection• Weapons Integration

• Advanced Concept Studies & Design• Attribute and Effectiveness Assessment

Concept Design & Assessment

• Rotor Aerodynamics• Flow Control• VLRCOE

Basic Research

Gather Desired

Capabilities

Set Sizing Constraints

Execute Sizing

Explore Design Space

Generate Output/Reports

Mission Description Geometry ConstraintDesign Loadings

Mission(s)Military LoadFlt Envelope

Draft Platform Specification

Tech Factors

Vehicle Description &Performance

ParametricTrade-offs

RepresentativeConcept

Identification

Gather Technology

Inputs

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Basic ResearchFocus Area

Basic ResearchFocus Area

Notional 35,000lb FVL230+ KTAS cruise

Vertical Lift ResearchCenters Of Excellence (J17)

Computational structures/fluidsmethod development

6.1 (H45) ILIR (91A) Example Thrust: FVL Compound 35,000lbs 230+KTAS• Compressibility and blade stall effects impact max range• Interactional aerodynamics of rotor and wing • Complex computational structures/fluids tools required to

understand– Is there a way to push the aerodynamics of the wing and rotor in a way that reduces the rotor speed change requirement and simplifies the variable speed drive problem?

Experimental investig. of phenomenon Such as lift, drag, stall, and flow control

• Fulfills vital role in AMRDEC Portfolio • Resources IN-HOUSE DOD SMEs and facilities• Pursuit of longstanding technology/physics barriers• Transitions to AMRDEC 6.2 and 6.3 programs• RX / TX to other Tech Areas within ADD

• Looking at the un-invented GAPS can be:• Flight performance limiters of existing or proposed aircraft • Validation of methods, tech factors, new ideas into design

space• Analytical/predictive methods used in aeromechanics• Understanding of fundamental physics critical to flight

• 3 funded POM Project lines in the Basic Research Focus Area• Close collaboration with other DoD agencies (ARL, ARO, NAVY), NASA SME’s and facilities• University collaboration using Grants, Post Docs, VLRCOE, and international collaboration using MOAs and MOAs with France, Germany, and Israel

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PlatformPlatform

Major Thrusts

Apply technology solutions to aerodynamic performance, cost, crew protection and sustainment gaps and demonstrate payoffs to aviation airframe, rotor, and flight control / vehicle management systems.

Major Identified Gaps

Current R/W platforms fall short in hover and cruise aerodynamic performance, pilot workload and handling qualities, battlefield sustainment and survivability, and procurement and sustainment costs.

• Rotorcraft Airframe Technology• Platform Durability and Damage Tolerance• Advanced Flight Control Systems• Reduced Vibrations• Reduced Acoustic Signature• Adaptive Vehicle Management• Improved Vehicle Performance• Advanced Rotors• Aircrew Protection

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High Strain Rate Effects Modeling

Key Technologies• Embedded / virtual sensors• Smart structures • Low area-density armor • Adaptive energy attenuation • Self repairing structures

Multi-functional Structures

Non-linear Analyses

Multi-body and Dynamic Response Modeling

Large, Integrated Structures

Structures and Subsystems S&TStructures and Subsystems S&T

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Key Technologies• Improved Airfoils• Active On-Blade Control• Rotor Durability and Vibration Control• Optimum Speed Rotor• Lightweight Actuators and

Integrated Control System

Rotors /Aeromechanics Provides the Foundation for Significant Increase In Affordably and Operational Capability

Rotors/AeromechanicsRotors/Aeromechanics

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Key Technologies• Autonomous Guidance • Partial & Full-authority Architectures • Adaptive /Re-configurable Systems

Active Controllers

Vehicle Management/ControlsVehicle Management/Controls

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Power Focus Area

Drive Systems Engine Demonstrators Engine Components

Payoffs:• Increased mission radius• Increased payload capability• Significant O&S cost savings

• Decreased maintenance downtime• Increased mission availability• Reduced crew fatigue

Explore, develop and transition critical engine, drive, and maintenance technologies that enhance the effectiveness of Army Aviation

• Improve the power-to-weight ratio, specific fuel consumption, durability and cost of turboshaft engines• Improve the weight, noise, and durability and cost of rotorcraft drive systems• Improve the effectiveness of aircraft maintenance methods, techniques and equipment

Objectives:

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Key Technologies• Flow control devices• Compact, high heat release combustor• Non - metallic engine components• Torque Splitting Face Gears • Light Weight/Corrosion Resistant Composite

Gearbox

CH-47 Composite HousingAH-64 Face Gear Transmission

Combustor HPT Nozzle Ceramic shroud

Dual CentrifugalCompressor

Propulsion & Drives S&TPropulsion & Drives S&T

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VAATE

THE PARTNERSHIP THE MISSION

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE, AFRL-WS 07-1431

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Drive Technology

Payoffs• Face gear design allows for 3400hp

rating• Reduced parts count (from 3 stage, to

2 stage transmission)• Improved VROC• Improved reliability

Payoffs• Improved main transmission and tail

drive system allows for 3850hp rating• Reduced noise levels• Reduced weight

Apache Block III

Apache Block III Lot 7Enhanced RotorcraftDrive System

RDS-21

Split Torque Face Gear Transmission

Fielding began in FY12

Fielding begins in FY20

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UNCLASSIFIED16 FileName.pptx

UNCLASSIFIED

Missions SystemsMissions Systems

Major Thrust: Develop and demonstrate operator interfaces, scalable effect weapons, precision time-sensitive delivery, and multipurpose sensors, integrated for the mission; Improve safety and effectiveness of rotorcraft pilots in degraded visual environments (DVE); manage high workload cockpits with adaptive aiding and autonomy to more efficiently & effectively control, manage, and interact with manned and unmanned aviation assets.

Major Identified Gap: Current subsystems have limited or inadequate capabilities, that result in operator overload, collateral damage, inefficient application of effects and excessive sensors due to federated systems, ASE subsystems have limited or lacking capabilities, result in excessive parasitic weight, are not well integrated, and do not take advantage of advanced technologies.

• DVE Mitigation• Common Human Machine Interface• Increased Levels of Autonomy • Manned-Unmanned Intelligent Teaming• Cognitive Decision Aiding• Advanced Threat Protection• Active Jammers & Decoys• Weapons Integration

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Mission Systems Research Areas

Mission Systems Research Areas

Communication• LOS Voice and Data• BLOS Voice and Data• Integrated Tactical Networks

(SRW, WNW, JTRS, etc)• Advanced Antennas (Conformal

, Multi-band, etc.)• Interoperability with DHS• Backwards compatibility

Navigation/Pilotage• Integrated GPS• Transponders• Integrated IFF• Decision Aiding/OPV• Integrated DVE/CA/OA

Avionics Architecture• Advanced Mission Processing• High Speed Backplanes• Data Concentrators• Solid State Recording Devices• High Speed Interconnects• Open Systems Standards (JCA /

FACE)• Information Assurance • Multi-level Security

Crew Station• Fully Integrated Next-Gen

cockpit • HMI Designed-In• Advanced Controls and

Displays• Multi-Function• Helmet Mounted• Heads up• Effective cueing• EDM (Electronic Data Manager)

Situation Awareness• Real-time information

(threat, weather, a/c state, BC, etc.)

• 360 Spherical Sensing• Information Mgmt• Data Fusion, Decision

Aiding• COP (GIG, BFT, etc.)

MUM-T• LOI 4 / LOI 2• Decision Aiding• Wingman

Engagement & Effects• Scalable effect warheads &

weapons• Directed Energy• Counter-UAS and Air-to-Air• Hostile Fire Detection• Next Gen Integrated

Targeting, SA, DVE sensor suite

• Decision Aiding for optimal , synchronized use of on- and off-board effects

• Maritime search, track, and identification of surface and subsurface targets

Survivability•Signature Management / Suppression

•Survivability SA and Planning•Advanced Countermeasures•Tunable Pyrotechnics•Hostile Fire Indication•IASE•Advanced Warning Receivers

Flexibility• Mission reconfigurable• Upgradable• Land based and

maritime operations• Tactical and peace-time

operations

Distribution Unlimited

Yourfilename.ppt

Joint Common Architecture Approach

Joint Common Architecture Approach

Current Integration Process• Point to point integration• Lengthy Development Cycles (18-33

months)• Requires each platform to maintain

expertise for each product

ARC-186

ARC-201D

ARC-231

JTRS AMF-A

Future Process• Integrate to standard interfaces• Cross-platform portable• Sync new capability across fleet

16 platform integration activities

UNCLASSIFIED19 FileName.pptx

UNCLASSIFIED

Sustainment Focus AreaSustainment Focus Area

PropulsionPower management and Continuous power assuranceImproved Torque AccuracyPhysics-based LRU ModelsBearing and Erosion

Drive System and MechanicalGearbox models for prognostics and vibration predictionPlanetary gear fault detection Wear detection prognostics Non-metallic debris monitoring

Electrical System and WiringWiring functional and fault propagation modelsAdvanced wiring sensorsElectrical component prognostics

StructuresLoad and Usage MonitoringFatigue damage detectionImpact damage detectionCorrosion Monitoring

Rotors and Dynamic ComponentsIntegrated load/motion sensingAeroelastic and blade dynamic fault modelsBlade damage detectionWireless transfer to fixed system

Vehicle Management SystemFault models for VMS componentsMechanical controls/bearing prognostics Pump and Actuator prognostics

System IntegrationGlobal Data FusionIntegrated multilevel system reasoners

Pitch LinkPitch Link

Corrosion Detection

Damage Detection

displacement

force

pitc

h-li

nk

stiff

nes

s

0 60 120 180 240 300 360-5

-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

Flap

Hin

ge R

otat

ion

(deg

)

Azimuth (deg)

HealthyFaulty

0 60 120 180 240 300 3602000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Ver

tical

Hin

ge L

oad

(lbs)

Azimuth (deg)

HealthyFaulty

*one blade shown for clarity

Pitch Rod Wear / Play Representation

Rotor Aero-Elastic Model

hub

pitch rod

swash plateassembly

scissors assembly

f ixed system

shaf textender

f lap/lag/pitchhinges

lag damper

blade

Flap HingeRotation (deg)

Pitch Rod Load (lb)

ControlSystem Model

Hinge Load (lb)

Vertical Flap

Rotor Aeroelastic Models

Force Signals (3)

Moment Signals (3) ElectronicsModule

PowerHarvester

InertialSensors

Spherical Bearing Thrust Bearing

Spherical Bearing

Thrust Bearing

MDOF Main Rotor Motions

& Loads

Energy Harvester

Load Sensor

Harvester Circuit, Microprocessor, and RF Transmitter

RF Antenna

Rod-End Loads

Push-Rod Loads

Transition to Current and Future Fleet

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Future Low Maintenance AircraftFuture Low Maintenance Aircraft

Technology Needs

• Sand/FOD Tolerant Engines – advanced particle separators• Active Vibration-cancelling • Flight control laws to limit peak loads/adapt to vehicle health • Carefree maneuvering without component degradation• Permanent Erosion Protection – up to 10X improvement • Reliable Icing Protection – 100X improvement• Multi-Path, Multi-Function wiring configurations• Reduced avionics footprint through open architectures• New qualification specifications• LCC sensitivity models for optimized design• Oil-free bearings

• Adaptive engine controls• Improved engine and gearbox seals• In-Flight RTB Adjustments• Composite/corrosion resistant gearbox housings• Durability and damage tolerance structures/self repairing• Advanced materials• Damage tolerant life management through M&S • Health awareness through damage detection and loads / usage

monitoring• Embedded Diagnostics and Prognostics to reduce maintenance

and enable autonomic logistics

Affordability dictates greatly reduced O&S costs – Achieved by moving from today’s

maintenance burden to low maintenance.

Current

Low Maintenance Future

• 10,000 Hour Life• Increased operational availability rates

• Highly accurate fault detection and isolation

• Reduction of maintenance man-hours/flight-hour

O&S Design Goals

AVN Rev Guidance/Format 13 Nov 08 .ppt21

Concept Design & Analysis Focus Area

Concept Design & Analysis Focus Area

Range

Pay

load

Tech

Assess Tech ImpactAssess Tech Impact

Empty Weight + Fuel

Gro

ss W

eigh

t

Tech

Create DesignsCreate Designs

UAVs

Manned

Be flexible: Criticality of customer needs determines projects supported & priorityBe flexible: Criticality of customer needs determines projects supported & priority

Evaluate ConceptsEvaluate Concepts

X2 Demo

A160 UAV

X-49A

Dsgn & Assess MthdsDsgn & Assess Mthds

Gather Desired

Capabilities

Set Sizing Constraints

Execute Sizing

Explore Design Space

Generate Output/Reports

Mission Description Geometry ConstraintDesign Loadings

Mission(s)Military LoadFlt Envelope

Draft Platform Specification

Tech Factors

Vehicle Description &Performance

ParametricTrade-offs

RepresentativeConcept

Identification

Gather Technology

Inputs

NDARC

• Mission: Lead multidisciplinary design of advanced vertical lift aviation systems for manned and unmanned platforms, enable the enterprise to formulate new CONOPS, establish feasible requirements, guide informed technology investments by incorporating technologies in system synthesis across all Focus Areas, and satisfy materiel solutions analysis and development milestones.

• Technology Objectives:

– Enhance Design Certainty– Expand Assessment Capability– Improve Timeliness of the Design Cycle

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Configuration Configuration Trades Configuration Explorations

• Slowing Rotor/Gearing• Utility Layouts for Troop Egress• Internal/External Stores• Folding

• Pressurization• Shipboard Takeoff/landing

Options

• Slowing Rotor/Clutching/Gearing

• Wing/Rotor Lift Share• Trim/Control Strategies• Utility Layouts for Troop Egress• Internal/External Stores• Folding• Wing/Sponson Fuel

• Anti-Torque Methods• Envelope Limitations

• Active Rotor• Hub Drag Reduction• Maneuver Wing• Utility Layouts for Troop Egress• Fuel Layout

• Deployment Options• Reduced Signatures

250kt+

180-250kt

170-180kt

Government Design Exploration

Government Design Exploration

22

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• Advanced Helicopter

• Big-Wing Compound

• Advanced Tilt Rotor

Armor layout Concept Design for Dismounted Troop Accommodation

Dismounted Soldier Egress

Survivability Assumptions

Dismounted Soldier Seated Space Volume

Design EffortsDesign Efforts

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Future Vertical Lift (FVL) Rotorcraft Vision

Future Vertical Lift (FVL) Rotorcraft Vision

• FVL describes a family of vertical lift aircraft – Includes multiple sizes/classes of vehicles– Considers the vertical lift needs across the

DoD– Achieves significant commonality between

platforms– Addresses the capability gaps identified in

the Army Aviation Operations CBA, and the OSD-sponsored Future Vertical Lift CBA

• Objective vehicle attributes– Scalable common core architecture– Integrated aircraft survivability– Speed 170+ kts– Range 424 km (combat radius)– Performance at 6,000 feet and 95⁰F (“6k/95”)– Shipboard Compatible– Fuel Efficient– Supportable– Affordability– Optionally Manned – Commonality

LightMediumHeavyUltra

Worldwide operations

Affordability

Performance

Survivability

Sustainability

Environmental

RangePayload

Fuel EfficiencyStation Time

Speed

Operational Availability

Operations & Support Costs

SurvivabilityIR/RF/Laser

Kinetic ThreatSmall Arms

AffordabilitySize

ScaleRisk Future

AviationCapabilities

6K/95All Weather Ops in Degraded Visual

Environment

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JMR Technology Demonstrator (TD)

JMR Technology Demonstrator (TD)

Purpose:• Demonstrate transformational vertical

lift capabilities to prepare the DoD for decisions regarding the replacement of the current vertical lift fleet

Products:• Demonstrated and refined set of

technologically feasible and affordable capabilities

• Technology maturation plans • Cost analysis for future capabilities • Two demonstrator test bed aircraft

Payoff:• Reduced risk for critical technologies• Acquisition workforce with improved

skill sets to develop specifications and analyze technical data

• Data readily available to support future DoD acquisitions

Capability to Perform Worldwide Operations

Affordability

Performance

Survivability

Sustainability

Environmental

RangePayload

Fuel EfficiencyStation Time

Speed

Operational Availability

Operations & Support Costs

SurvivabilityIR/RF/Laser

Kinetic ThreatSmall Arms

AffordabilitySize

ScaleRisk Future

AviationCapabilities

6K/95All Weather Ops in Degraded Visual

Environment

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

26 AMRDEC CSD HDC Edwards_AAAA04-12.pptx

QuestionsQuestions

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