Ofentse Sithole

Department of Biological Sciences

University of Botswana

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FRUGIVOROUS FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE,

DACINAE) FAUNA IN BOTSWANA

THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF THE TEPHRITID WORKERS OF EUROPE, AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (TEAM) IN STELLENBOSCH DURING THE 11-14 APRIL 2016

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgements

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FRUGIVOROUS FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE, DACINAE) FAUNA IN

BOTSWANA

Botswana -latitude 18°S and 27°S; longitudes 20°E and 29°E Area= 582, 000 square kilometres GDP= USD 17.22 billion in 2014 Total Population= 2,155,784 Unemployment Rate= 20 % in 2013 Literacy Rate= definition: age 15 and over can read and write, total population: 85.1% male: 84.6% female: 85.6% (2011 est.) Land-locked country (Biosecurity risks): 675 km inland from the Indian Ocean and 1025 km form the Atlantic Ocean

Map of Botswana

http://www.indexmundi.com/botswana/demographics_profile.html http://www.tradingeconomics.com/botswana/unemployment-rate www.tradingeconomics.com/botswana/gdp

Imports Exports

Commodity Quantity(Tons) Value(pula) Quantity(Tons) Value(pula)

Guavas,

Mangoes &

Mangoteens

1956.663 5,246,727.00 0.08 2,574.00

Tomatoes 5101.782 24,860,529.00 96.874 399,843.00

Watermelon 958.183 1,126,968.00 0.524 708.00

Pawpaws 951.410 1,682,334.00 0.01 119.00

Bananas 9342.548 35,254,653.00 0.29 2,039.00

Citrus 480.974 2,462,316.00 0.392 2,926.00

Peaches,

nectarines

629.573 3,613,091.00 0.068 414.00

Fresh grapes 1110.666 6,111,220.00 0.03 1,430.00

Table 1.0: Summary of annual Horticultural Produce Imports-Exports for 2010

Source: Statistics Botswana; International Merchandise Trade Statistics; +267 3934968

Botswana Climate Situation

Dry season- May to October - Winter

• There is little to no rain; humidity is low, typically 20-40%.

• May - The temperatures are relatively cool, typically 10°C/50°F in

the morning and 28°C/80°F in the afternoon.

• June, July & August - Temperature (morning-afternoon) range

6°C/42°F to 25°C/78°F.

• September & October - Temperature : very hot in October

(38°C/100°F), but the average temperature remains around

34°C/93°F in the afternoon.

Wet season - November to April - Summer

• November & December - Cooler temperatures and occasional late

afternoon showers. In December: temperatures between 20°C/69°F

in the morning and 33°C/91°F in the afternoon.

• January & February - These are the wettest months- torrential

downpours in the afternoon . Daytime temperatures : 32°C/90°F and

the humidity is between 50-80%.

• March & April - Rainfall decreases and it steadily cools. The nights

tend to be cooler but the days are very temperate at 30°C/87°F.

http://www.botswanacraft.bw/~mettest/

Botswana has a predominantly sub-tropical climate

Influence horticultural production & fruit fly population

Farmer benefit constrained by frugivorous fruit flies

List of symptoms/signs Fruit - internal feeding Fruit - lesions: black or brown Inflorescence - internal feeding Leaves - internal feeding Roots - internal feeding Stems - internal feeding

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgements

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FRUGIVOROUS FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE, DACINAE) FAUNA IN

BOTSWANA

• Fruit flies were collected through an Area-Wide Detection Survey of under the technical assistance of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Government of Botswana during 2009-2010;

• Furthermore, fruit fly collection was done during 2010-2015 in various ecological regions of Botswana, in accordance with the IAEA (2003) guidelines and Protocol

• Fruit fly trapping was done using the following para-pheromone dispensers (plugs and membrane) baited with Dichlorvos in Chempac® fruit fly traps :

• Methyl Eugenol (ME)

• Cue lure

• Terpinyl Acetate (TA)

• Trimedlure (TML)

• Biolure -3 Component lure

The southern parts of Botswana are generally cooler whereas the northern parts are hotter The western parts of Botswana have generally extremes of cold and hot conditions

• All fruit flies were preserved dry or in 70% ethanol.

• The material was taxonomically identified and shipped to the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium (RMCA) or the University of Pretoria, South Africa for authoritative confirmation

• In addition, information included in this presentation was supplemented with published literature records and older records in entomological collections.

• Some material deposited in the collections of Royal Museum for Central Africa (Belgium), Department of Agricultural Research (Botswana) and University of Pretoria (South Africa)

• The database ca be consulted at http://projects.bebif.be/fruitfly/index.html.

• http://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?TAXON_KEY=3520&COUNTRY=BW

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgements

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FRUGIVOROUS FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE, DACINAE) FAUNA IN

BOTSWANA

Table 3.0: Occurrence of fruit flies in the districts of Botswana-Central (CE), Chobe (CH), Francistown (FR), Gaborone (GA), Ghanzi (GH), Kgalagadi (KG), Kgatleng (KL), Kweneng (KW), Lobatse (LO), North

East (NE), North West (NW), South East (SE)

Genus Species District of occurrence

CE CH FR GA GH KG KL KW LO NE NW SE

Ceratitis

Subfamily:

Dacinae

Tribe: Ceratitidini

capitata x x x x x x x x x x x

cosyra X x x x

rosa x x

quinaria x x

Dacus

Subfamily:

Dacinae

Tribe: Dacini

bivittatus x x

bistrigulatus x

ciliatus X x x x

famona x

frontalis x x x x x

kariba x

rufus x x

vertebratus X x x x x

x x

fuscatus x

siliqualactis x x

Bactrocera

Subfamily:

Dacinae

Tribe: Dacini

dorsalis X x x x x

Perilampsis

Subfamily:

Dacinae

Tribe: Ceratitidini

curta

X

woodi x

Fruit fly occurrence in relation to the land suitability for rainfed crop production

• High fruit fly diversity in Chobe, Central & North West districts-Major horticultural production areas

• Low fruit fly diversity in Kgalagadi, Ghanzi, North East districts-Minor or negligible horticultural production areas

59% 23%

12%

6%

Fruit fly Species Composition Dacus Ceratitis Perilampsis Bactrocera

Dacus Ceratitis Perilampsis Bactrocera

Number of species 10 4 2 1

Percentage (%) 59 23 12 6

• A total of 17 fruit fly species occur in different districts of Botswana

• All belong to the Dacinae subfamily

• 16 species native to Afrotropical region

• First record of the exotic Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) in 2009

Global Origin of the major Tephritid

Genera found in Botswana

• Ceratitis (Afrotropical); Dacus (Majority Afrotropical-some

Saharo-Arabian and Oriental); Bactrocera (All but 10 Oriental-

some Sino-Japanese Drew (2004) ), Bishop Mus. Bull. Entomol.

12: 165-178} ; Map-Courtesy: Holt, et al. (2014), Science 339, 74.

Notes on the economic importance of the

Dacinae fruit flies

Fruit fly species Host preference

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824),

Ceratitis rosa Karsch, 1887, Bactrocera

dorsalis (Hendel, 1912), Dacus ciliatus Loew,

1862, Ceratitis rosa Karsch, 1887

Polyphagous (numerous hosts)

Ceratitis cosyra (Walker, 1849), Ceratitis

quinaria (Bezzi, 1918), Ceratitis rosa Karsch,

1887, Dacus siliqualactis Munro, 1939

Anacardiaceae-feeders (mango family)

Ceratitis quinaria (Bezzi, 1918), Ceratitis

cosyra (Walker, 1849), Ceratitis rosa Karsch,

1887

Rutaceae-feeders (citrus family)

Ceratitis rosa Karsch, 1887 Solanaceae-feeders (tomato family)

Dacus frontalis Becker, 1922, Dacus bivittatus

(Bigot, 1858), Dacus vertebratus Bezzi, 1908,

Dacus ciliatus Loew, 1862

Cucurbitaceae-feeders (cucurbits family)

Ceratitis cosyra (Walker, 1849), Ceratitis rosa

Karsch, 1887

Mytaceae-feeders (guava family)

Notes on the economic importance of the Dacinae fruit flies

Genus Perilampsis Bezzi 1920

Larvae infest the family, Loranthaceae , which contains several species of parasitic plants-Pupation occurs inside the fruit (the Perilampsis are not of economic importance). Loranthaceae is a serious pest of mango in India.

1. Perilampsis curta Munro, 1938-Occurs also in Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania. Attracted to methyl eugenol in Ditladi. Occurs in Central district

2. Perilampsis woodi (Bezzi, 1924)-Occurs in Angola, Ivory Coast, Malawi,

Nigeria, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Attracted to cue-lure in Ditladi. Occurs in Central district

Notes on the economic importance of

Bactrocera dorsalis Districts in which B. dorsalis occur

• First recorded in Chobe district (Kasane)

in August 2009 (Possibly spread from

Zambia-in July 2009 B. dorsalis occurred

in southern Zambia)

• Also occurs in South East (Tlokweng

Border) and Lobatse (Pioneer border),

(60 km from Zeerust town of South

Africa, the North West Province) districts

-probably spread from North West-ZA,

where it was reported in January 2013

• Central (Tuli Block areas, including

Martin’s Drift Border)-Adjacent to

Limpopo Province of South Africa, where

B. dorsalis was first detected in May

2010 and July 2010 in Groblersbrug

• North East (Ramokgwebana border)

district near Zimbabwe border of

Plumtree.-Possibly spread from

Zimbabwe, where B. dorsalis was

reported in April 2013

Genus Bactrocera Macquart, 1835

Highly polyphagous, destructive

horticultural pests

of global significance

1. Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912)

Formerly known as Bactrocera invadens

Drew Tsuruta & White,2003-Attacking over

40 fruit species and recorded from more than

30 African countries

• Commercial hosts include Mango, citrus,

banana, tomato

• Known wild hosts include Monkey orange

(Mogorogorwane), Strychnos

cocculoides; Morula, Sclerocarya birrea

• Male attracted to methyl eugenol

https://www.ippc.int/en/countries/

I want to write about the economic importance of these fruit flies,

but there is no published data for Botswana host plants-advice?

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgements

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FRUGIVOROUS FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE, DACINAE) FAUNA IN

BOTSWANA

Conclusion • The Dacine fruit flies occurring in Botswana are summarized in Table 3.0.

With Seventeen confirmed species (including a record of Bactrocera

dorsalis, which is now established)

• Ceratitis capitata is widespread across the country, possibly due high

adaptability to varying climatic conditions and polyphagy

• Ceratitis rosa is confined to the south eastern district, possibly due to cooler

climatic conditions

• The Dacini fauna of Botswana exhibits a rather limited diversity

• Fifteen of the species are of economic importance whereas two

(Perilampsis curta and Perilampsis woodi) are not of economic importance

• Most representatives are taxa that are widespread throughout the

Afrotropical Region, including the exotic Bactrocera dorsalis which is of

Asian origin

• Fruit fly composition is likely to be lower than the actual number of

Tephritids in Botswana

• Future extensive survey and rearing of fruit flies is necessary for a complete

faunal diversity and host fruit data to be availed

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

3. Results and Discussion

4. Conclusion

5. Acknowledgements

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FRUGIVOROUS FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE, DACINAE) FAUNA IN

BOTSWANA

Acknowledgements

Marc De Meyer Ian White Mervyn Mansell Sunday Ekesi Marks Ditlhogo Stephan Coetzee