Avoiding Avoiding Plagiarism with Plagiarism with

MLAMLAIntegrating and Citing Integrating and Citing

SourcesSources

Tamara KesslerTamara Kessler

A Writer’s Reference, 6A Writer’s Reference, 6thth Ed.Ed.

Hacker, Diana. Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s ReferenceA Writer’s Reference. . 66thth ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009. Print.2009. Print.

Essential QuestionEssential Question How can I appropriately borrow from other How can I appropriately borrow from other

sources without violating my academic sources without violating my academic integrity?integrity?

Language ObjectiveLanguage Objective Read Diana Hacker’s MLA guide as a Read Diana Hacker’s MLA guide as a

resource document.resource document. Write a correct citation for a website, Write a correct citation for a website,

using MLA.using MLA. Appropriately integrate sources and in-Appropriately integrate sources and in-

text citations in student’s own work.text citations in student’s own work.

VocabularyVocabulary

CitationCitation Works CitedWorks Cited In-text CitationIn-text Citation

SummarySummary ParaphraseParaphrase QuoteQuote Embedding Embedding

QuotesQuotes

A Working BibliographyA Working Bibliography All extended essays are submitted in MLA All extended essays are submitted in MLA

format.format. Use MLA format to compile bibliographical Use MLA format to compile bibliographical

information for any source consulted, information for any source consulted, whether print, visual, or web.whether print, visual, or web.

The working bibliography is often larger The working bibliography is often larger and more extensive than the final works and more extensive than the final works cited page.cited page.

Annotate the working bibliography with a Annotate the working bibliography with a few sentences for each source. Focus on few sentences for each source. Focus on key points and the role of this source in key points and the role of this source in your paper.your paper.

Avoiding Plagiarism in Avoiding Plagiarism in NotesNotes

Borrowing language in note taking Borrowing language in note taking can lead to plagiarism. can lead to plagiarism.

Changing up a few words or mixing Changing up a few words or mixing the source’s words with your own is the source’s words with your own is still plagiarism.still plagiarism.

Place quotations marks around any Place quotations marks around any quoted materials, and avoid looking quoted materials, and avoid looking at the source when summarizing. at the source when summarizing. Use your own language.Use your own language.

3 Kinds of Note Taking3 Kinds of Note Taking

Summarizing: Condensing information, Summarizing: Condensing information, for example from a chapter to a short for example from a chapter to a short paragraph.paragraph.

Paraphrasing: Retelling information Paraphrasing: Retelling information without reducing the content. without reducing the content.

Quoting: Copying the text exactly, Quoting: Copying the text exactly, including mechanics. Remember to including mechanics. Remember to place quotations around this information place quotations around this information in your notes so as not to forget which in your notes so as not to forget which information is a direct quote.information is a direct quote.

Quoting Sources (362)Quoting Sources (362)

Do not quote excessively. Do not quote excessively. Focus on using your own words to Focus on using your own words to

summarize and paraphrase sources, summarize and paraphrase sources, and to explain your own ideas. and to explain your own ideas.

Do use quotesDo use quotes When language is especially vivid or When language is especially vivid or

expressive.expressive. When exact wording is needed for When exact wording is needed for

technical accuracy.technical accuracy.

Quoting Sources (362)Quoting Sources (362)

When it is important to let the When it is important to let the debaters of an issue explain their debaters of an issue explain their positions in their own words.positions in their own words.

When the words of an important When the words of an important authority lend weight to an authority lend weight to an argumentargument

When language of a source is the When language of a source is the topic of your discussion (as in an topic of your discussion (as in an analysis or interpretation) analysis or interpretation)

Embedding QuotesEmbedding Quotes

Use ellipsis mark (three periods, Use ellipsis mark (three periods, with spaces between) to indicate with spaces between) to indicate what’s been removed, but keep the what’s been removed, but keep the sentence grammatical.sentence grammatical.

…… Do not use ellipsis marks at the Do not use ellipsis marks at the

beginning or the end of a quote, as it beginning or the end of a quote, as it is commonly accepted that the quote is commonly accepted that the quote is a part of a larger whole.is a part of a larger whole.

Embedding QuotesEmbedding Quotes

Use brackets to insert words or Use brackets to insert words or letters to keep the quote letters to keep the quote grammatical and to clarify meaning.grammatical and to clarify meaning.

[ ][ ] Use a signal phrase to introduce the Use a signal phrase to introduce the

author and the purpose of including author and the purpose of including the quote.the quote.

Hjortshoj, Keith. Hjortshoj, Keith. Transition to College WritingTransition to College Writing, Chapter 6: , Chapter 6: Theft, Fraud, and the Theft, Fraud, and the Loss of Voice. Retrieved 24 Loss of Voice. Retrieved 24 August 2007, August 2007, fromhttp://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/ fromhttp://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/ plagiarismtutorial/pages/bcs-plagiarismtutorial/pages/bcs- main.asp?main.asp?v=&s=01000&n=00470&i=01470.01&o=v=&s=01000&n=00470&i=01470.01&o=

1.1. The readers should always know whose The readers should always know whose language they are reading.language they are reading.

2.2. Sentences you assemble with Sentences you assemble with quotations should read grammatically.quotations should read grammatically.

3.3. Your use of quotation (including Your use of quotation (including splices, ellipses, and brackets) should splices, ellipses, and brackets) should not distort the original meaning of the not distort the original meaning of the quoted material.quoted material.

(181)(181)

Embedding QuotesEmbedding Quotes

MLA FormatMLA Format

Give the author’s full name on first Give the author’s full name on first mention.mention.

Give page numbers for all quoted, Give page numbers for all quoted, summarized, and paraphrased summarized, and paraphrased materials.materials.

Use present tense verbs to “evoke Use present tense verbs to “evoke the timelessness of a literary text” the timelessness of a literary text” (349).(349).

www.dianahacker.com/www.dianahacker.com/resdocresdoc

In orange: Humanities/MLAIn orange: Humanities/MLA On the left: Documenting SourcesOn the left: Documenting Sources MLA list of Works CitedMLA list of Works Cited Works Cited entries are directly Works Cited entries are directly

correlated to In Text Citationscorrelated to In Text Citations www.dianahacker.com/resdocwww.dianahacker.com/resdoc

Source for Vocabulary Source for Vocabulary TermsTerms

International Baccalaureate International Baccalaureate Organization. Organization. Academic Honesty: Academic Honesty: Guidance for Schools.Guidance for Schools. Geneve, Geneve, Switzerland: International Switzerland: International Baccalaureate Organization, 2003. Baccalaureate Organization, 2003. Retrieved 23 August 2007, from Retrieved 23 August 2007, from http://www.okcps.org/hs/classen_sashttp://www.okcps.org/hs/classen_sas/IB/Valerie/Academic%20Honesty.pd/IB/Valerie/Academic%20Honesty.pdff

plagiarismplagiarism

““The representation of the ideas or The representation of the ideas or work of another person as the work of another person as the candidate’s own” (IBO, 2.1). candidate’s own” (IBO, 2.1).

““Copying works of art, whether Copying works of art, whether music, film, dance, theatre arts or music, film, dance, theatre arts or visual arts, also constitutes visual arts, also constitutes plagiarism” (IBO, 2.3). plagiarism” (IBO, 2.3).

academic honestyacademic honesty

Authenticity and Intellectual Authenticity and Intellectual Property. IBO, 2.2, “all ideas and Property. IBO, 2.2, “all ideas and work of other persons, regardless work of other persons, regardless of their source, must be of their source, must be acknowledged.”acknowledged.”

Antonym: academic dishonestyAntonym: academic dishonesty

intellectual property—intellectual property—

IBO, 1.3 “Forms of intellectual and IBO, 1.3 “Forms of intellectual and creative expression (for example, creative expression (for example, works of literature, art or music) works of literature, art or music) must be respected and are normally must be respected and are normally protected by law.”protected by law.”

authentic authorshipauthentic authorship

IBO, 1.2 “An authentic piece of work IBO, 1.2 “An authentic piece of work is one that is based on the is one that is based on the candidate’s individual and original candidate’s individual and original ideas with the ideas and work of ideas with the ideas and work of others fully acknowledged.”others fully acknowledged.”

malpracticemalpractice

““behaviour that results in, or may behaviour that results in, or may result in, the candidate or any other result in, the candidate or any other candidate gaining an unfair candidate gaining an unfair advantage in one or more advantage in one or more assessment component” and assessment component” and includes plagiarism, collusion, includes plagiarism, collusion, duplication of work, etc. (IBO, 2.1).duplication of work, etc. (IBO, 2.1).

Examples of MalpracticeExamples of Malpractice The following list is taken from IBO, 2.7:The following list is taken from IBO, 2.7: Paraphrasing without acknowledgingParaphrasing without acknowledging Fabricating dataFabricating data Taking unauthorized material into the Taking unauthorized material into the

examination roomexamination room Misbehaving and disrupting an Misbehaving and disrupting an

examinationexamination Exchanging or helping to exchange Exchanging or helping to exchange

information about the examination—information about the examination—telling B-day what the test coveredtelling B-day what the test covered

Examples of Examples of MalpracticeMalpractice

Copying Copying Referring to unauthorized material—Referring to unauthorized material—

sparknotes, bookrags, pinkmonkeysparknotes, bookrags, pinkmonkey Failing to comply with instructions from test Failing to comply with instructions from test

supervisor, proctor, etc.supervisor, proctor, etc. Impersonating another studentImpersonating another student Offensive material with no academic or Offensive material with no academic or

intellectual purposeintellectual purpose Stealing examsStealing exams Talking about exams with othersTalking about exams with others Using unauthorized calculator during examUsing unauthorized calculator during exam

collusioncollusion

““supporting malpractice by another supporting malpractice by another candidate, as in allowing one’s work candidate, as in allowing one’s work to be copied or submitted for to be copied or submitted for assessment by another” (IBO, 2.1) assessment by another” (IBO, 2.1)

This is different from collaboration This is different from collaboration in that the assessment criteria in that the assessment criteria requires each student to produce an requires each student to produce an authentic and original product.authentic and original product.

collaborationcollaboration

working together when approved by working together when approved by teacher or assessment guidelines. teacher or assessment guidelines. This is different from collusion in This is different from collusion in that the final product is allowed to that the final product is allowed to be a group effort. be a group effort.

duplication of workduplication of work

multiple submissionsmultiple submissions ““the presentation of the same work the presentation of the same work

for different assessment components for different assessment components and/or diploma requirements” (IBO, and/or diploma requirements” (IBO, 2.1).2.1).

paraphraseparaphrase

IBO, 4.9: “Paraphrasing is the IBO, 4.9: “Paraphrasing is the rendition of another person’s words rendition of another person’s words presented in a presented in a new stylenew style and and integrated grammaticallyintegrated grammatically into the into the writing.” (Emphasis Kessler’s.) writing.” (Emphasis Kessler’s.)

Intellectual PropertyIntellectual Property

IBO, 4.8: more than just regular IBO, 4.8: more than just regular print and electronic sources, it print and electronic sources, it “include[s] the use of footnotes or “include[s] the use of footnotes or endnotes to acknowledge the source endnotes to acknowledge the source of an idea if that idea emerged as a of an idea if that idea emerged as a result of discussion with, or listening result of discussion with, or listening to, a fellow student, a teacher or any to, a fellow student, a teacher or any other person.”other person.”

academic infringementacademic infringement IBO, 11.1—When a student’s work does not “conform to IBO, 11.1—When a student’s work does not “conform to

the standard academic practice of clearly acknowledging the standard academic practice of clearly acknowledging all ideas and words that are not the candidate’s own,” but all ideas and words that are not the candidate’s own,” but is not considered “a deliberate attempt by a candidate to is not considered “a deliberate attempt by a candidate to gain an unfair advantage.” Although not as serious, gain an unfair advantage.” Although not as serious, because not intentional, as academic malpractice, this because not intentional, as academic malpractice, this offense can still affect a candidate’s score. IBO, 12.5, “No offense can still affect a candidate’s score. IBO, 12.5, “No marks will be awarded for the component part (or parts) marks will be awarded for the component part (or parts) of the component,” but the student will still be able to sit of the component,” but the student will still be able to sit for the exams and be considered for the subject certificate for the exams and be considered for the subject certificate and the diploma. However, having lost the opportunity to and the diploma. However, having lost the opportunity to gain the points from the component part may adversely gain the points from the component part may adversely affect the certificate score for the subject area.affect the certificate score for the subject area.