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B. R. Ambedkar
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Ambedkar in 1939
Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee
In office29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950
1st Minister of Law and Justice
In office15 August 1947 – September 1951
President Rajendra Prasad
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by Position established
Labour Member, Viceroy's Executive Council
In office1942–1946
Preceded by Feroz Khan Noon
Succeeded by Position abolished
Personal details
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ([bʱiːmraːw raːmdʑiː aːmbeːɽkər]; 14 April 1891 – 6 December1956), popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician andsocial reformer who inspired the Modern Buddhist Movement and campaigned againstsocial discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), women and labour. He wasIndependent India's first law minister and the principal architect of the Constitution ofIndia.[4][5][6][7]
Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning a law degree and various doctorates fromColumbia University and the London School of Economics, and gained a reputation as ascholar for his research in law, economics and political science. In his early career he wasan economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; hebecame involved in campaigning and negotiations for India's independence, publishingjournals advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and contributingsignificantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism,initiating mass conversions of Dalits.[8][9][10][11]
In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferredupon Ambedkar.[12][13][14][15] Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials anddepictions in popular culture.
Ambedkar was born in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces
Born 14 April 1891Mhow, Central Provinces, India (now in Madhya Pradesh)
Died 6 December 1956 (aged 65)Delhi, India
Spouse(s) Ramabai (m. 1906)[2]
Savita Ambedkar (m. 1948)[3]
Alma mater University of MumbaiColumbia UniversityUniversity of LondonLondon School of Economics
Religion Buddhism
Awards Bharat Ratna
Signature
Early life and education
(now in Madhya Pradesh).[16] He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, aranked army officer at the post of Subedar and Bhimabai Murbadkar Sakpal.[17] His familywas of Marathi background from the town of Ambavade (Mandangad taluka) in Ratnagiridistrict of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar was born into a poor low Mahar (dalit)caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economicdiscrimination.[18] Ambedkar's ancestors had long been in the employment of the army ofthe British East India Company, and his father served in the British Indian Army at theMhow cantonment.[19] . He used his position in the army to lobby for his children to studyat the government school, as they faced resistance owing to their caste. Although able toattend school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given littleattention or assistance by the teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. Evenif they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste would have to pour that waterfrom a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel thatcontained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon,and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; the situation he later inhis writings described as "No peon, No Water".[20] He was required to sit on a gunny sackwhich he had to take home with him.[21]
Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly aftertheir move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt,and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – andtwo daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars would go on to survive them. Ofhis brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar succeeded in passing his examinations andgraduating to a high school. His original surname Ambavadekar comes from his nativevillage 'Ambavade' in Ratnagiri district.[22] His Brahmin teacher, Mahadev Ambedkar, whowas fond of him, changed his surname from 'Ambavadekar' to his own surname'Ambedkar' in school records.[22]
Matriculation
In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Bombay where Ambedkar became the onlyuntouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, his marriage to a nine-year-oldgirl, Ramabai, was arranged.[2]
In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he enteredElphinstone College, which was affiliated to the University of Bombay, becoming the first
Higher education
from his untouchable community to do so. This success provoked celebrations in hiscommunity and after a public ceremony he was presented with a biography of the Buddhaby Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend.[2]
Degree in Economics and Political science
By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from BombayUniversity, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. Hiswife, by then 15 years old, had just moved his young family and started work, when he hadto quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.[23]
Ambedkar as a student.
Postgraduation in Economics, Columbia University
In 1913, he moved to the United States. He had been awarded a Baroda State Scholarshipof £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by theGaekwad of Baroda that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduateeducation at Columbia University in New York City. Soon after arriving there he settled inrooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. Hepassed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in Economics, with Sociology, History,Philosophy and Anthropology as other subjects of study; he presented a thesis, AncientIndian Commerce.
Economics, Columbia University
In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India-A Historic andAnalytical Study for another M.A., and finally he received his PhD in Economics in 1927[24]
for his third thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he read his paper Castes in India:Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by theanthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser.
London School of Economics
In October 1916 he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn, and at the same time enrolledat the London School of Economics where he started working on a doctoral thesis. In June1917, however, he was obliged to go back to India as the term of his scholarship fromBaroda ended. However, he was given permission to return to submit his thesis within fouryears. His thesis was on the "Indian Rupee." Ambedkar came back to London at the firstopportunity and completed his studies. At the London School of Economics he took amaster's degree in 1921 and in 1923 he took his D.Sc.in Economics, and the same year hewas called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. His third and fourth Doctorates (Ll.D, Columbia, 1952and Ll.D., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris causa.
During his journey (1917) he travelled separately from his collection of books, which werelost when the ship on which they were dispatched was torpedoed and sunk by a Germansubmarine.[23]
Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922
As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. Hewas appointed as Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit within a short time. He
Opposition to untouchability
described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.[20] Thereafter he tried tofind ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as anaccountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when hisclients learned that he was an untouchable.[25] In 1918 he became Professor of PoliticalEconomy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Even thoughhe was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing the samedrinking-water jug that they all used.[26]
Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which waspreparing the Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creatingseparate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religiouscommunities.[27] In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak (Leader of theSilent) in Mumbai with the help of Shahaji II (1874–1922), Maharaja of Kolhapur.[28]
Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926 he successfully defended threenon-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and werethen subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that "The victory was resounding,both socially and individually, for the clients and the Doctor".[29]
While practicing law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to uplift the untouchables in orderto educate them. His first organised attempt to achieve this was the Bahishkrit HitakariniSabha, which was intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, aswell as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to as depressed classes.[30] For thedefense of Dalit rights he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, andEquality Janta.[31]
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-EuropeanSimon Commission in 1925.[32] This commission had sparked great protests across India,and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate setof recommendations for the future Constitution of India.[33]
By 1927 Ambedkar had decided to launch active movements against untouchability. Hebegan with public movements and marches to open up and share public drinking waterresources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led asatyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw waterfrom the main water tank of the town.[34] In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publiclycondemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmrti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically
Protests
justifying the system of caste discrimination and “untouchability,” ceremonially burningcopies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, thousands of people burnt copies ofManusmriti under leadership of Ambedkar.[35][36]
In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement. This was a non-violentmovement for which he was preparing for three months. About 15000 volunteersassembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions ofNashik. The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women andmen walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. Whenthey reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. This movement wasfor human dignity and self-respect.[37]
In 1932, British announced the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes"in the Communal Award. Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables,saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community into twogroups.[38][39][40] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jailof Poona. Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan MohanMalaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and hissupporters at Yerwada.[41] On 25 September 1932, the agreement known as Poona Pactwas signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) andMadan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reservedseats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the generalelectorate and not by creating a separate electorate. Due to the pact, the depressed classreceived 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the CommunalAward earlier proposed by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The text usesthe term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were latercalled Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later IndianConstitution of 1950.[42][43]
In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Bombay, aposition he held for two years. Settling in Bombay, known today as Mumbai, Ambedkaroversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than50,000 books.[44] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness in the same year. It had been
Poona Pact
Political career
her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused tolet her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism'sPandharpur which treated them as untouchables. Speaking at the Yeola ConversionConference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to adifferent religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.[44] He would repeat hismessage at numerous public meetings across India.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested the 1937Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 generalseats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.[45]
Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste in the same year. It strongly criticisedHindu orthodox religious leaders and the caste system in general,[46] and included "arebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.[47]
Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee[48] and the Viceroy's ExecutiveCouncil as minister for labour.[48]
In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar attempted to explain the formation ofUntouchables. He saw the Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritualhierarchy of the caste system, as being separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversawthe transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation, although itperformed poorly in the elections held in 1946 for the Constituent Assembly of India. Laterhe contested from Bengal where Muslim League was in power and he got elected intoconstituent assembly.[49]
Babasaheb Ambedkar contested from Bombay North in the first Indian General Election in1952 but lost to the Congress candidates Narayan Kajrolkar, who had been his assistantonce. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably as an appointed member. Hetried to enter Lok Sabha again in 1954 when he contested the by-election from Bhandarabut he was placed third in the ballot won by Congress. By the time the second generalelection was held in 1957, Ambedkar had already died.
Ambedkar was also critical of Islam and its practices in South Asia. While justifying thePartition of India, he condemned the practice of child marriage, as well as themistreatment of women, in Muslim society.
No words can adequately express the great and many evils of
polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to“
People paying tribute at the centralstatue of Babasaheb Ambedkar in Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar MarathwadaUniversity in Aurangabad.
Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led government invitedAmbedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, hewas appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by theAssembly to write India's new Constitution.[51]
Granville Austin has described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first andforemost a social document'. ... 'The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either
a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that
Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery
existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic
countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just
and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are
praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support
to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among
Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.[50]
”Drafting India's Constitution
directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolutionby establishing conditions necessary for its achievement.'[52]
The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for awide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, theabolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkarargued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and also won the Assembly'ssupport for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools andcolleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other BackwardClass, a system akin to affirmative action.[53] India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate thesocio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classesthrough these measures.[54] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by theConstituent Assembly.[55]
Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951 following the stalling in parliament of hisdraft of the Hindu Code Bill, which sought to enshrine gender equality in the laws ofinheritance and marriage.[56] Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to thelower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, but was defeated in the Bombay (North Central)constituency by a little-known Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 138137 votescompared to Ambedkar's 123576 votes.[57][58][59] He was appointed to the upper house, ofparliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain as member till death.[60]
Opposition to Article 370
Ambedkar opposed Article 370 in the Constitution of India, granting a special status to theState of Jammu and Kashmir, which was included against his wishes. Balraj Madhokreportedly said, Ambedkar had clearly told Sk. Abdullah: "You wish India should protectyour borders, she should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, andKashmir should get equal status as India. But Government of India should have onlylimited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to thisproposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the LawMinister of India, will never do it." Then Sk. Abdullah went to Nehru, who directed him toGopal Swami Ayyangar, who approached Sardar Patel asking him to do something, as hesaid it was a matter of prestige for Nehru, who has promised Sk. Abdullah accordingly.Patel got it passed when Nehru was on a foreign tour. On the day the article came up fordiscussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it though he did participate on otherarticles. All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar.[61][62][63]
Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue an Economics doctorate degree abroad.[64]
According to him the industrialization and agricultural industry growth could enhance theeconomy of the nation.[65] He stressed on money investment in the agricultural industry asthe primary industry of India.[66] According to Sharad Pawar, Ambedkar’s vision benefitedthe government in accomplishing the food security goal.[67] He supported economic andsocial development of the society for nations progress. He also emphasised on education,public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities.[65] His DScthesis "The problems of Ruppee, its origin and solution (1923)" reveals the factorsresponsible for Rupee fall.[66] He proved the importance of price stability than exchangestability. He analysed the silver and gold rate exchange and its effect on Indian economy.He found out the reasons for the failure of British Indian economy’s public treasury.[66] Hefound the loss made by British rule on Indian development.[68]
He is creditworthy to establish Finance Commission of India. He did not support theincome tax policy for the lower income group community. He contributed in Land RevenueTax and excise duty policies to stabilise the Indian economy.[66] He played an importantrole in the land reform and the state economic development.[69] According to him, thecaste system divided labours and it was one of the hurdles for the economic progress. Heemphasised on free economy with stable rupee which India has adopted recently.[66] Headvocated the birth control rate to develop the Indian economy. This policy has beenadopted by Indian government as national policy for family planning. He emphasised onequal rights to women for economic development.[66] He laid the foundation of industrialrelations after Indian independence.[69]
Formation of Reserve Bank of India
Ambedkar was an economist by training and until 1921 his career was as a professionaleconomist. It was after that time that he became a political leader. He wrote threescholarly books on economics:
Administration and Finance of the East India Company,
The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India
The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution[70][71][72]
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to theHilton Young Commission.[70][72][73][74]
Economic planning
Ambedkar's first wife had died in 1935 following a long illness. After the completion of thedrafting of India's constitution in the late 1940s, Ambedkar went to Bombay for treatment.He was suffering from lack of sleep, had neuropathic pain in his legs, and was taking bothinsulin and homeopathic medicines. There he met Dr. Sharada Kabir, a Saraswat Brahmin,whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended thathe needed a companion who was both a good cook and a possessor of medicalknowledge and could thus care for him.[75] She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar andtook care of him for the rest of his life.[3]
Dikshabhumi, a stupa at thesite in Nagpur, whereAmbedkar embracedBuddhism along with many ofhis followers
Ambedkar had considered converting to Sikhism, which saw oppression as something tobe fought against and which for that reason appealed also to other leaders of scheduledcastes. He rejected the idea after meeting with leaders of the Sikh community andconcluding that his conversion might result in him having what scholar Stephen P. Cohendescribes as a "second-rate status" among Sikhs.[76]
He studied Buddhism all his life, and around 1950, he turned his attention fully toBuddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the WorldFellowship of Buddhists.[77] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkarannounced that he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that as soon as it was finished,he planned to make a formal conversion to Buddhism.[78] Ambedkar twice visited Burma in1954; the second time in order to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship ofBuddhists in Rangoon.[79] In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or theBuddhist Society of India.[80] He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, in1956. It was published posthumously.[80]
Second marriage
Conversion to Buddhism
After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,[81]
Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpuron 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhistmonk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with hiswife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gatheredaround him.[78][82] He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewelsand Five Precepts. He then traveled to Kathmandu in Nepal to attend the Fourth WorldBuddhist Conference.[79] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution andcounter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.[83]
Annal Ambedkar Manimandapam,Chennai
Bust of Ambedkar at AmbedkarMuseum in Pune
Since 1948, Ambedkar had been suffering from diabetes. He was bed-ridden from June toOctober in 1954 owing to side-effects from his medication and failing eyesight.[78] He hadbeen increasingly embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health. His health
Death
worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha andHis Dhamma, Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.
A Buddhist cremation[84] was organised for him at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7December,[85] attended by half a million grieving people.[86] A conversion program wasorganised on 16 December 1956,[87] so that those who had attended the cremation werealso converted to Buddhism at the same place.[87]
Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003.[88] and his son Yashwant(known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar).[89] Ambedkar's grandson, Ambedkar PrakashYashwant, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India,[90] leads the BharipaBahujan Mahasangh[91] and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament.[91]
A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar'snotes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa,which probably dates from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and theUntouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of 1951.[78]
A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. Hisbirthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti.He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in1990.[92]
On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at hismemorial in Mumbai.[93] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. Hismessage to his followers was "educate, organise, agitate!".[94]
Legacy
A bookseller in Chaitya Bhoomipeddles Buddhist calendars andbooks by Ambedkar
Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India.[95][96]
In post-Independence India his socio-political thought has acquired respect across thepolitical spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformedthe way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative actionthrough socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to hisappointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee responsibleto draft a constitution. He passionately believed in the freedom of the individual andcriticised equally both caste society. His allegation of Hinduism foundation of castesystem, made him controversial and unpopular among the Hindu community.[97] Hisconversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India andabroad.[98]
Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb AmbedkarInternational Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. R. AmbedkarNational Institute of Technology, Jalandhar is also named in his honour. A large officialportrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. Ambedkar was votedas the "Greatest Indian" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN. Nearly20 million votes were cast, making him the most popular Indian figure since the launch ofthe initiative.[99][100] Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indianeconomist,[101] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Indian economist of alltimes."[102] Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", Sen continuesthat "he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality.His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered
forever."[103][104] Osho a spiritual teacher remarked "I have seen people who are born in thelowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the untouchables,so intelligent: when Indiabecame independent, the man who made the constitution of India, Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar, was a sudra. There was no equal to his intelligence as far as law is concerned– he was a world-famous authority." [105] President Obama addressed the Indianparliament in 2010, and referenced Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the great and reveredHuman Rights champion and main author of India’s constitution.[106]
Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties,publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially inMaharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophyamong sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organisedby human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of1956.[107] He is regarded as a Bodhisattva by some Indian Buddhists, though he neverclaimed it himself.[108] Outside India, at the end of the 1990s, some Hungarian Romanipeople drew parallels between their own situation and the situation of the downtroddenpeople in India. Inspired by Ambedkar's approach, they started to convert to Buddhism.[109]
Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts ofAmbedkar. Jabbar Patel directed the English-language film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in2000 with Mammootty enacting the lead role. This biopic was sponsored by the NationalFilm Development Corporation of India and the government's Ministry of Social Justiceand Empowerment. The film was released after a long and controversial gestationperiod.[110] David Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical ethnographer,has established Arising Light – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulateinterest and knowledge about the social and welfare conditions in India. Arising Light is afilm on the life on Ambedkar and social welfare in India.[111] In Samvidhaan,[112] a TV mini-series on the making of the Constitution of India directed by Shyam Benegal, the pivotalrole of B. R. Ambedkar was played by Sachin Khedekar. The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi,directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominentpersonalities of its title.[113]
Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability is a graphic novel narrates episodes from thelife of Ambedkar using Pardhan-Gond style by Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam. Thebook published by Navayana Books was identified as one of the top 5 political graphicnovel by CNN.[114] Author Prabhakar Joshi, began writing a biography of Ambedkar in
In popular culture
Sanskrit in 2004. Joshi is a recipient of Maharashtra Government's 'Mahakavi Kalidas'award. The completed work, Bhimayan, comprises 1577 shlokas and is intended as anatonement for the injustice done to the young Bhimrao by some teachers.[115]
The Ambedkar Memorial has been constructed at Lucknow is dedicated in his memory.The chaitya consists of monuments showing his biography.[116][117]
Google commemorated his 124th birthday through a homepage Doodle[118] on 14 April2015.[119] The doodle was featuring in 7 countries apart from India across 3 continents,including Argentina, Chile, India, Ireland, Peru, Poland, Sweden and the UnitedKingdom.[120][121][122]
The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra (Mumbai) published thecollection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes.[123]
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development and 11 Other Essays
Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round TableConferences, 1927–1939
Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the Pre-requisites of Communism; Revolution andCounter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx
Riddles in Hinduism[124]
Essays on Untouchables and Untouchability
The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India
Who Were the Shudras?
The Annihilation of Caste (1936) (The 2014 annotated edition, published by Navayana inIndia, and Verso in North America, has an extended introduction by Arundhati Roy)
Pakistan or the Partition of India
What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and theEmancipation of the Untouchables
Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46
The Buddha and his Dhamma
Unpublished Writings; Ancient Indian Commerce; Notes on laws; Waiting for a Visa ;
Writings and speeches
Miscellaneous notes, etc.
Ambedkar as the principal architect of the Constitution of India
(2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu Code Bill
Ambedkar as Free India's First Law Minister and Member of Opposition in IndianParliament (1947–1956)
The Pali Grammar
Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Struggle for Human Rights. Events startingfrom March 1927 to 17 November 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and hisEgalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and religious activities. Events starting fromNovember 1929 to 8 May 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his EgalitarianRevolution – Speeches. (Events starting from 1 January to 20 November 1956 in thechronological order.)
Ambedkar’s Speeches and writing in Marathi
Ambedkar’s Photo Album and Correspondence
Deekshabhoomi
Chaitya Bhoomi
Statue of Equality
List of civil rights leaders
1. ^ Pritchett, Frances. "youth" . Columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 25 June2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
2. ^ a b c Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1900s" (PHP). Retrieved 5 January 2012.
3. ^ a b Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1940s" . Retrieved 13 June 2012.
4. ^ "Do we really respect Dr Ambedkar or is it mere lip service?" .
5. ^ "Ambedkar in Modi's quiver, says Gandhis insulted father of Indian Constitution" .
6. ^ "Home for Ambedkar 'house' " .
7. ^ "The Constitution of India: Role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar" .
See also
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