Body Systems

Anatomy:

• The structure of an organism

• body structure

Physiology:

• The function of an organism

• Physical and chemical processes of a living thing

Tissues• Group of cells that perform a similar

function• 4 typesEpithelial tissueMuscleConnectiveNerve

Epithelial tissue• Lines internal and external body surfaces• Protects• Certain types perform specialized functions

secretionabsorptiondiffusionfiltration

Examples

• Skin• Mucous membranes• Lining of the intestinal tractMucous membranes• Endodermal in origin

Germ layerGive rise to all organs and tissues by what is known as organogenesis

• Involved in absorption and secretion• line cavities that are exposed to the external

environment and internal organs• At several places, continuous with the skin

NostrilsMouth

Lips Eyelids

Ears Genital area Anus

• The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and glands is termed mucus

Body cavities with mucous membranes• Most of the respiratory system• Glans penis• Glans clitoridis• Prepuce• Clitoral hood• urethra

• The secreted mucus traps the pathogens in the body, preventing any further activities of diseases.

Muscle tissue• Capability of contracting when stimulatedConnective tissue• Most abundant tissue in the body• Support, connection, insulation• Examples

bonescartilagefatsometimes blood

Nerve tissue

• Transmit electrical impulses throughout the body

Integumentary system

• Largest organ

• Approximately 16% of TBW

Consists of

• Epidermis

• Dermis

• Subcutaneous

Integumentary System• Latin for integere meaning “to cover”Functions:• Waterproof• Protection of the deeper tissues• Cushion• Excrete waste• Regulate temperature

• Detect pain, sensation, pressure• Vitamin D synthesis

ultimately protects against microbial invaders

Epidermis• Made up of epithelial cells

function: secretion selective absorption

transcellular transportsensation

• Epidermis does not contain blood vessels

Function

• Protection

• Absorption of nutrients

• Homeostasis

The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte; rub off daily, waterproofed

Cells that make up the epidermis

• Squamous cells

• Basal cells

• Melanocytes

Squamous epithelium cells• Flat, scale-like cells• Function ranges from nutrient exchange to

protectionBasal Cells• The deepest layer• Undifferentiated• Proliferate• Human nails grow

Melanocytes

• Gives skin its color

• Ultimately Shields against UV radiation

Langerhan’s cells

• Formed in bone marrow and migrates to the epidermis

• Part of the immune defense system

Dermis• Middle layer of skin• Gives elasticity• Endings of blood vessels and nervesEpidermis• Connective and fatty tissues• Functions: Insulation

Energy storageAnchoring

The Skull

Divided into two parts• Cranium; houses and protects the brain • FaceCranium; 8 bones• Occipital• Parietal (2)• Frontal• Temporal (2)• Sphenoid

Occipital

• Base of the cranium

• Contains the foramen magnum

central opening for the spinal cord

Parietal

• Forms the sides and roof of the skull

Frontal

• Forms the forehead

• Forms the roof of the orbits and nasal fossae

Temporal

• Sides and base of the skull

Sphenoid

• One of seven bones that articulate to form the orbit

Ethmoid

• Light and spongy

• Anterior part of the base of the cranium between the two orbits and the root of the nose which it contributes to form

Facial bones• 14• Nasal (2)• Superior maxillary (2)• Lachrymal (2)• Malar (2)• Plalate (2)• Inferior turbinated (2)• Vomer• Inferior maxillary

Lachrymal• Smallest and most fragile of facial bones• Anterior part of the inner wall of the orbitMalar• Form the prominence of the cheekPalate bones• Formation of three cavities

floor and outer wall of the noseroof of the mouthfloor of the orbit

Vomer

• Forms part of the septum of the nose

Inferior maxillary bone

• Largest and strongest bone of the face

• Reception for the lower teeth

The skeleton is complex• Living system of cells• Salt deposits• Protein fibersFunctions• Protects vital organs• Movement• Stores salts and other substances for

metabolism• Produces RBCs

Haversian canals• Minute blood vessels• Travel lenghwise along the bone• Where nerves enter the boneOstercytes• Helps maintain the boneOsteoblasts• Creation of new boneOsteoclasts• Absorb and remove excess bone

Devascularization• Loss of blood vessels from a body partDiaphysis• Hollow shaft found in long bones• Supports weightEpiphysis• Towards the end of the bone• Diameter changes• Distributes weight over a larger surface

Medullary canal

• Contains the marrow

Periosteum

• Tough exterior covering a bone

Joints

Synarthroses

• Joints that do not permit movement

Diarthroses

• Synovial joints

• Permit relatively free movement

• Divided into three categories

monaxial joints

biaxial joints

triaxial joints

Monaxial joints

• Hinge joints

Biaxial joints

• Provides movement in 2 directions

Triaxial joints

• Ball and socket

Types of movement• Flexion• Extension • Adduction• Abduction• RotationSynovial fluid• Substance that lubricates synovial joints

Axial skeleton

• Bones of the head thorax and spine

• Form the axis of the body

• Protects the CNS

• Makes up the thoracic cage

the housing for respiration

Appendicular Skeleton

• Bones of the upper and lower extremities

• Includes shoulder girdle and pelvis

• Excludes the sacrum

• Major articulation of the body

Extermities• Arms• Legs• Wrist• Hands• Elbows• Shoulders• Ankles• Feet• Knees• Hips • plevis

Hands• Abduction

spreading the fingers out• Adduction

bringing the fingers back together

Made possible by the metocarpalphalangeal joint {MCP}

ElbowUlnar nerve• Funny bone• Largest unprotected {by muscle or bone}

nerve in the body• Directly connected to the little finger and

half of the ring finger• Supplies the palmar side of the afore

mentioned fingers