Transcript
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River landscapes and processes

Geography CCEA GCSE 2009

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The earth’s crust is modified by fluvial

processes which result in distinctive landforms

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Stages in the Stages in the Development of a Development of a

River ValleyRiver Valley

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The river cuts downward to form a ‘V’shaped valley. The river starts

to meander

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What happens next?What happens next?

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River uses its meanders to cut from side to side eating intothe valley Floodplain

starts to form1

2

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What happens next?What happens next?

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1

2

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What happens next?What happens next?

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Floodplain River bluffs

River cliff

Alluvialdeposits

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River ProcessesA river process is something that happens in the river. The main processes in the river are

Erosion - where parts of the river bed and bank get eroded / removed from the landscape

Transportation - where the eroded material is carried from one place to another through the river system

Deposition - where the river load becomes too heavy for the river to carry and is dumped down / deposited.

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A river can erode material from its bed and banks in 4 main ways • Abrasion – Moving water throws particles it is

carrying against the bed and banks of the river which dislodges more material

• Hydraulic Action - The sheer force of the water pounding into the bed and banks can dislodge material

• Attrition - Particles being carried downstream knock against each other, wearing each other down. This results in smaller, rounder particles as you move downstream

Use your text book to see if you can find the 4th type!

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Methods of Erosion

• Abrasion –

• Hydraulic Action -

• Attrition -

• Solution-

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Methods of Transportation

• Rivers transport material in 4 main ways • Solution - Some minerals (particularly in

limestone areas) dissolve easily in water and are not visible to the naked eye

• Suspension – As the speed or velocity of a river increases, it is able to pick up and carry larger and larger particles in its flow. Where particles are carried along in the flow and are not in contact with the river bed, they are said to be travelling in suspension.

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Methods of Transportation

• Saltation - Heavier particles may not be held in the flow all the time but may be bounced along the bed

• Traction - The heaviest particles are rolled along the bed. Such particles may only be moved when the river has a large volume of water in it

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Methods of Transportation

• Solution -

• Suspension-

• Saltation -

• Traction -

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solution

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River Features

• Rivers are eroding, transporting and depositing constantly within the drainage basin system.

• The river can be divided into 3 sections – Upper Course at the Source, Middle Course and Lower Course at the Mouth of the river. The river displays different characterisitics at each section

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How to take notes on each of the River Features!

Course: Upper / Middle / Lower

Feature: Eg Waterfall

Diagram to illustrate: (make sure that this is labelled!)

Notes to explain how the feature happens:

Example of this feature:

Make sure that you take a new page for each new feature!

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The V - Shaped Valley

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Can you mark the V-shaped valley’s on these photos?

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• http://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?file=55027&Groupid=12426

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How are V-shaped valleys formed ?

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• Why does it erode downwards?• How does it erode downwards?

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Use this sketch to help explain how they form

Vertical abrasion

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Also known as ‘Torrent’ or ‘Youth’ stages

Interlocking SpursIn the Upper Course, the river is fast flowing, but there is little water and load. The river is often called a stream and does not have the erosive power to remove the hillsides (spurs), but erodes downwards instead.

EROSION TYPE: Vertical and Headward

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Waterfalls and Gorges

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1. Draw the stages in the formation of a waterfall

2. Explain in as much detail what is happening at 3

3. What is happening here? (see next slide)

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Waterfall formation flash

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USA

Canada

Case study:Niagara Falls

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Canada

USA

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Canada Horseshoe

750 meters

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52 meters high

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American Bridal Falls

330 meters

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Both falls…the falls help to produce HEP

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The falls erode back at a rate of 1.5 meters a year

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Frozen Falls

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20 million visit the falls every year

Visitors !!!

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The Falls were stopped in 1969 to see if debris could be removed to improve the look !!

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Hard Resistant

Rock - Limestone

Weak Rock -

Shale

52 meters

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Gorges (Upper & Middle Course)

Case study: Niagara Falls (USA and Canada)

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• http://www.school-portal.co.uk/GroupDownloadFile.asp?file=55026&Groupid=12426

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Waterfall and Gorge 1

(OBLIQUE AERIAL VIEW)EROSION TYPE: Vertical and

Headward

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Waterfall and Gorge 2

(PROFILE VIEW)EROSION TYPE: Vertical and

Headward

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Use the Niagara Falls Pictures PowerPoint

Notes to be taken from Page 10 from the Green Connections books

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Meanders

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1. Can you mark the fastest flow on this?

2. What type of erosion do you

think is happening?

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..can you mark on this the fastest flow?

What is a meander?

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… where do you think erosion would take place?

What is a meander

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Can you draw a cross section x-y?

What is a meander?

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… this is what a cross section through a meander looks like

What is a meander?

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Meanders are formed because the current swings to the outside of a bend and concentrates the erosion there. Deposition occurs on the inside of the bed where there is not enough energy to carry load.EROSION TYPE: Lateral

Also known as the ‘Mature’ stage Meanders 1

(Aerial View)

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Meanders 2(Profile View /

Cross Section X - Y)

EROSION TYPE: Lateral

This cross section clearly shows the eddy current (near ’X’) formed by the velocity of the river being concentrated on the outside of the bend. These UNDERCUT the bank causing the formation of a RIVER CLIFF. On the inside (NEAR ‘Y’), a SLIP-OFF-SLOPE is formed where current is too slow to carry any load.

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… this is what a cross section through a meander looks like

What is a meander?

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Ox- Bow Lakes (Middle Course)

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Can you annotate this photo graph ?

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Can you annotate this photo graph ?

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Can you annotate this photo graph ?

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Can you annotate this photo graph ?

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What are Flood Plains and levees?

                             

Floodplain Levees

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…. What do you think might happen here?

What is Meander Migration

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What is Meander Migration

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Ox-Bow Lake 1(Aerial View)

EROSION TYPE: Lateral

Ox-bow lakes are formed when two meander RIVER CLIFFS are being eroded towards each other. These will eventually meet, causing the river to then flow across the bottom of the diagram.

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Ox-Bow Lake 2 (Aerial View)

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Levees

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Leeves

River

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Leveés and Raised Beds 1 (Front View)

DEPOSITION FEATURE: no erosion in the Lower

Course

Leveés are formed when rivers flood. The river water overflows the banks of the river and immediately slows down due to friction with the FLOODPLAIN. This drops the larger particles first, building up a raised river bank called a LEVEÉ.

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Leveés and Raised Beds 2 (Front View)

DEPOSITION FEATURE: no erosion in the Lower

Course

Raised beds form in the Summer months when the river volume and energy are low and load is dropped onto the river bed. The bed raises up and the capacity of the river reduces, causing flooding in the winter. This in turn builds up the leveés and the whole process raises up the level of the river in the landscape.

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Braided Channels (Oblique Side View)

DEPOSITION FEATURE: no erosion in the Lower

Course

In the Summer months, load is dropped by the low volume of low-energy water in the river. These build up to form obstructions in the river and it divides up to flow around them. In the winter, it is likely that the river volume will increase and remove these obstructions.

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Deltas

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Delta(Aerial View)

This deposition feature is one of the largest. When the flowing river hits the non-flowing sea, energy is suddenly lost. This causes all of the load in the river to drop in the river MOUTH. This builds up over time to create a delta – an area of land. The river divides into DISTRIBUTARIES to continue to the sea, which is now some way away from its original meeting point.

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Can you work out what the river is trying to do by using this diagram?

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Can you work out what the river is trying to do by using this diagram?