Cellular Energy StAIR
Chapter 6&7
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
All of the images present come directly from your textbook, Modern Biology by Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
In your notes write the page number where the graphic is located.
Obtaining Energy
ATP, adenosine triphosphate is the energy source used by all living things.
ATP provides the energy required for cellular activities like:– muscle contraction– protein synthesis– active transport
Obtaining Energy
Autotrophs use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds
Animals and other organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances are called heterotrophs.
Organisms that produce their own food are categorized how?
A. Heterotrophs
B. Autotrophs
C. Chemotrophs
D. Multitrophs
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Organisms that eat their food to obtain energy are called___________A. Heterotrophs
B. Autotrophs
C. Chemotrophs
D. Multitrophs
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What is Photosynthesis? (PSN)The prefix “photo” means lightThe word “synthesis” means to
make
What does photosynthesis literally mean?
A. To make light
B. Light making ability
C. To make with light
D. Make plants green
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Required Materials for Photosynthesis
1. light energy
2. inorganic materials
3. pigments
4. energy storage compound
Light energy
The light energy from sunlight is absorbed by pigments found in plant cells.
Inorganic materials
CO2 (carbon dioxide) is the source of carbon and oxygen for making glucose
H2O (water) is the source of hydrogen for making glucose and the oxygen given off as a byproduct
Pigments
Plant pigments absorb sunlight– Chlorophyll a absorbs indigo and
red lights– Chlorophyll b absorbs blue and
orange-red light– Chlorophyll c absorbs small
amounts of blue and orange light.
Pigments
Chlorophyll is located in the plant organelle called a chloroplast
Energy Storage CompoundATP, adenosine triphosphate,
provides the cells with the energy it requires to make glucose through PSN
Which of the following is NOT needed for PSN?
A. Water
B. Sunlight
C. Energy Storage compound
D. Soil
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Overview of PSN
Light energy from the sun is trapped by the chloroplasts and converted into a stored chemical energy (glucose) that can be used by living cells.
Overview of PSN
Each chloroplast consists of a double membrane enclosing stacks of green disc like structures called thylakoids.
Overview of PSN
Stacks of thylakoids make up grana
The thylakoids are surrounded by a dense fluid called the stroma
What are the three parts to a chloroplast?
A. Grandma, thiel, sloma
B. Grana, stacks, stomata
C. Grana, thylakoids, stroma
D. Grains, thylakoids, sloma
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Overview of PSN
Photosynthesis can be divided into two stages: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle– In the light reactions, light energy is converted
to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH.
– In the Calvin Cycle, organic compounds are formed using CO2 and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH.
Light Reactions
Occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts only when sunlight is present
Where do the light reactions occur?
A. Thylakoid membranes
B. Stroma
C. Grana
D. Stroma membranes
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Light Reactions
Light energy is captured 2 molecules of water are split
into 4 H+ (hydrogen ions) and O2 (a molecule of oxygen gas)
Light Reactions
NADP (a hydrogen acceptor) bonds with the H+ ions to form NADPH (an energy storage compound) that is used in the dark reactions
A molecule of ______ is split and _________ is released in the light reactions.
A. Oxygen, water
B. Glucose, Carbon dioxide
C. Water, oxygen
D. Carbon dioxide, glucose
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Dark Reactions
The reactions that DO NOT require light but can take place in the light
ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions are used to change carbon dioxide to sugar
Also called the Calvin cycle
Dark Reactions
In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds, a process called carbon fixation.
The products from the ___________ are used later in the _________.
A. Calvin cycle, dark
B. Dark, light
C. Light, dark
D. Calvin cycle, light
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Dark Reactions
CO2 combines with RuBP (a 5 carbon sugar) to form an unstable 6 carbon molecule
RuBP+CO2 compound breaks apart to form 2 molecules of PGA (3 carbon mol.)
Dark Reactions
PGA combines with the hydrogen which is taken from the NADPH from the light reactions and forms G3P (3 carbon molecule)
G3P can be used as a nutrient or combined to make glucose or RUBP
What is produced from the Calvin cycle?
A. Glucose
B. RuBP
C. G3P
D. PGA
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Chemical Equation for PSN
enzymes
6CO2 + 6H2O --->C6H12O6 + 6O2
sunlight
What are the reactants of the photosynthesis equation?
A. Enzymes and sunlight
B. Water and glucose
C. Oxygen and water
D. Carbon dioxide and water
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Photosynthesis Song
http://www.edublogs.tv/play.php?vid=880Click on the above link to listen to the
photosynthesis song. After listening once just close the browser window and come back to the StAIR.
Cellular Respiration
The process by which cells breakdown glucose to release energy and give off CO2 and H2O
Occurs in 2 stages–anaerobic–aerobic
Cellular Respiration: 2 types
Anaerobic– Occurs when
oxygen is NOT available
– Located in the cytoplasm of cells
– Inefficient energy producer (ATP)
Aerobic– Occurs when oxygen
is available– Located in the
mitochondrion of cells– Produces great
amount of energy (ATP)
This type of respiration is the most efficient because it creates the most energy.
A. Aerobic
B. Anaerobic
C. Glycolysis
D. Fermentation
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Cellular Respiration
1st stage is called Glycolysis– Glyco= pertaining to sugar– Lysis= cutting/splitting– Glycolysis is the process where
sugar is broken down for energy• Occurs in the cytoplasm and requires 2 molecules of ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose breaks down into pyruvic acid
4 molecules of ATP are produced
Glycolysis•Pictured to the right is the process of glycolysis
•One molecule of glucose enters the reactions and 2 molecules of pyruvate are produced along with a net gain of 2 ATP
Since glycolysis uses 2 ATP, what is the amount of ATP that can be used by the cell once glycolysis is completed?A. 34
B. 36
C. 4
D. 2
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2nd Stage-Aerobic RespirationIf oxygen is present pyruvic acid
enters the mitochondria to begin the Kreb’s or Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvic acid is broken down to acetic acid
Acetic acid forms citric acid
2nd Stage-Aerobic RespirationH2O and CO2 are given off as
waste products36 ATP are formed
Summary of Aerobic Respiration
2 ATP 2 ATP 34 ATP
How many ATP are produced from aerobic respiration alone?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 4
D. 2
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2nd Stage-Anaerobic RespirationIf no oxygen is present pyruvic
acid is broken down in the cytoplasm by the process of fermentation
2nd Stage-Anaerobic RespirationAlcohol
FermentationOccurs in plant
cellsProduces ethyl
alcohol
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in animal cells (muscle tissue)
Produces lactic acid
2nd Stage-Anaerobic Respiration
–The build up of lactic acid is what causes muscle soreness after a workout
–When O2 levels increase lactic acid converts back to pyruvic acid which can then be metabolized
Which type of fermentation would you enter after prolonged exercise?
A. Alcohol
B. Lactic Acid
C. Glycolysis
D. Pyruvic Acid
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Summary of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
2 ATP
2 ATP
34 ATP
2 ATP
0ATP
Balanced Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2+6H2O+36 ATP
Comparison of the Chemical Equations for Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +36 ATP
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are…..
Opposites!