Download ppt - CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular Respiration - The chemical breakdown of glucose (usually uses oxygen) to release energy. The energy released is used

CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCELLULAR RESPIRATION

Cellular Respiration - The chemical breakdown Cellular Respiration - The chemical breakdown of glucose (usually uses oxygen) to release of glucose (usually uses oxygen) to release energy. energy.

The energy released is used to make ATP. The energy released is used to make ATP. EQUATION FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATIONEQUATION FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + ATPO + ATP

G LYCOLYSISG LYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis – the production of ATP by Glycolysis – the production of ATP by changing glucose to 2 molecules of changing glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.pyruvic acid.

Occurs in the cytoplasm.Occurs in the cytoplasm. Does not require oxygen so is considered Does not require oxygen so is considered

anaerobic.anaerobic. 4 ATP’s are produced but two are used 4 ATP’s are produced but two are used

during the processduring the process NET GAIN of 2 ATP’sNET GAIN of 2 ATP’s

GLYCOLYSIS CONTINUEDGLYCOLYSIS CONTINUED

Glucose is split into two molecules of PGAL. Glucose is split into two molecules of PGAL. Each molecule of PGAL then loses hydrogen atoms and Each molecule of PGAL then loses hydrogen atoms and

becomes a molecule of pyruvic acid becomes a molecule of pyruvic acid Hydrogen atoms are given off during the formation of Hydrogen atoms are given off during the formation of

pyruvic acid.pyruvic acid. The hydrogen atoms are bonded to NAD+ forming The hydrogen atoms are bonded to NAD+ forming

NADH.NADH. NOTE: two NADH are produced because you have two NOTE: two NADH are produced because you have two

pyruvic acids.pyruvic acids. This entire process requires the energy from 2 ATP’s (to This entire process requires the energy from 2 ATP’s (to

split glucose into PGAL) but produces 4 ATP molecules.split glucose into PGAL) but produces 4 ATP molecules. Net GAIN of 2 ATP’sNet GAIN of 2 ATP’s

GLYCOLYSIS CONTINUEDGLYCOLYSIS CONTINUED GLUCOSEGLUCOSE / \/ \

PGAL PGALPGAL PGAL | || |

NAD+NAD+ H H H H NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADHNADH NADH Pyruvic Acid Pyruvic AcidPyruvic Acid Pyruvic Acid

Requires energy from 2 ATP molecules for the process but 4 ATP Requires energy from 2 ATP molecules for the process but 4 ATP molecules are produced. molecules are produced.

There is a net gain of 2 ATP moleculesThere is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

BREAKDOWN OF PYRUVIC ACIDBREAKDOWN OF PYRUVIC ACID

Pyruvic acid is changed to a two carbon Pyruvic acid is changed to a two carbon substance called acetic acid (or an acetyl group) substance called acetic acid (or an acetyl group) by removing carbon dioxide and a hydrogen ion.by removing carbon dioxide and a hydrogen ion.

The acetyl (or acetic acid) group is bonded to The acetyl (or acetic acid) group is bonded to coenzyme A forming acetyl Co-A.coenzyme A forming acetyl Co-A.

The hydrogen removed from pyruvic acid along The hydrogen removed from pyruvic acid along with the eletrons will bond to NAD+ and forms with the eletrons will bond to NAD+ and forms NADH. NADH.

The COThe CO22 is released from the organism is released from the organism NOTE: Since you have two pyruvic acid NOTE: Since you have two pyruvic acid

molecules you will have 2 NADH produced.molecules you will have 2 NADH produced.

PYRUVIC ACID PYRUVIC ACIDPYRUVIC ACID PYRUVIC ACID

CCoo2 2 coco22

NAD+NAD+ HH HH NAD+NAD+

NADH NADHNADH NADH

ACETYL GROUP/ACETIC ACIDACETYL GROUP/ACETIC ACID ACETYL GROUP/ACETIC ACIDACETYL GROUP/ACETIC ACID

KREBS CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID KREBS CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLECYCLE

Named after Hans KrebsNamed after Hans KrebsOccurs in the Mitochondrion of a Occurs in the Mitochondrion of a

cell.cell.

KREB’S CYCLE CONTINUEDKREB’S CYCLE CONTINUED

Acetyl coenzyme A transfers the acetyl Acetyl coenzyme A transfers the acetyl group to a 4 carbon compound group to a 4 carbon compound (called (called oxaloacetic acid).oxaloacetic acid). This forms a 6 carbon This forms a 6 carbon substance called citric acid (hence the substance called citric acid (hence the name citric acid cycle.) name citric acid cycle.)

Coenzyme A leaves the cycle to pick up Coenzyme A leaves the cycle to pick up another acetyl group. another acetyl group.

3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

KrebsCycle

1 Acetyl CoA (2C) - acetyl group

(one turn)(one turn)

OAA (4C)Oxaloacetic acid

Citric acid (6C)

KREB’S CYCLE CONTINUEDKREB’S CYCLE CONTINUED

The 6 carbon citric acid has two carbon The 6 carbon citric acid has two carbon atoms removed by enzymes (in the form of atoms removed by enzymes (in the form of carbon dioxide) – occurs in two stages. carbon dioxide) – occurs in two stages. Go to a five carbon then to a 4 carbon Go to a five carbon then to a 4 carbon substance.substance.


KrebsCycle

1 Acetyl CoA (2C) – acetyl group


OAA (4C) Citric acid (6C)

2 CO2

KREB’S OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE KREB’S OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE (CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)

Each time the Kreb’s (Citric Acid Cycle) occurs Each time the Kreb’s (Citric Acid Cycle) occurs hydrogen atoms go to coenzymes. Hydrogen hydrogen atoms go to coenzymes. Hydrogen atoms go to NAD+ forming 3 NADH; hydrogen atoms go to NAD+ forming 3 NADH; hydrogen goes to coenzyme FAD forming 1 molecule of goes to coenzyme FAD forming 1 molecule of FADHFADH2 2

REMEMBER there are two acetyl Co A’s REMEMBER there are two acetyl Co A’s (each from the two pyruvic acid molecules) (each from the two pyruvic acid molecules) so the process happens twice. TOTAL OF 6so the process happens twice. TOTAL OF 6 NADH produced and 2 FADHNADH produced and 2 FADH22

Produce ATP for the citric acid cycle – one Produce ATP for the citric acid cycle – one ATP for each of the two acetyl Co-A moleculesATP for each of the two acetyl Co-A molecules

so a total of 2 ATP’s.so a total of 2 ATP’s.


KrebsCycle

1 Acetyl CoA (2C) – acetyl group

3 NAD+

3 NADH3 NADHFAD

FADHFADH22

ATPATP ADP + P


OAA (4C) Citric acid (6C)

2 CO2

The original 4 carbon substance The original 4 carbon substance ((oxaloacetic acidoxaloacetic acid) can now unite with ) can now unite with another acetyl group and start the Kreb’s another acetyl group and start the Kreb’s cycle over again.cycle over again.


KrebsCycle

2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

6 NAD+

6 NADH6 NADH2 FAD

2 FADH2 FADH22

2 ATP2 ATP 2 ADP + P

(two turns)(two turns)

OAA (4C)Oxaloacetic acid

Citric acid (6C)

4 CO2

DO NOT COPYDO NOT COPY – Here is the “Real Story” – Here is the “Real Story”

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Most of the energy from the breakdown of Most of the energy from the breakdown of glucose is still in the electrons carried by glucose is still in the electrons carried by NADH and FADHNADH and FADH2. 2.

The molecules of the electron transport The molecules of the electron transport chain are located in the inner cristae chain are located in the inner cristae membrane of the mitochondrion and are membrane of the mitochondrion and are electron carriers.electron carriers.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)

As the hydrogen atoms (or electrons) are As the hydrogen atoms (or electrons) are passed down the electron transport chain they passed down the electron transport chain they lose energy.lose energy.

The energy lost is used to produce ATP.The energy lost is used to produce ATP.

The role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to The role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to accept the hydrogen at the end of the transport accept the hydrogen at the end of the transport chain. This will produce water molecules at the chain. This will produce water molecules at the end of the chain.end of the chain.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (CONTINUED)(CONTINUED)

10 NADH X 3 ATP = 30 ATP10 NADH X 3 ATP = 30 ATP

2 FADH2 FADH2 2 X 2 ATP = 4 ATP X 2 ATP = 4 ATP

TOTAL ATP FOR ELECTRON TOTAL ATP FOR ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN = 34TRANSPORT CHAIN = 34

Grand total of ATP produced by Grand total of ATP produced by aerobic breakdown of 1 Glucose aerobic breakdown of 1 Glucose

molecule: molecule: GLYCOLYSISGLYCOLYSIS 2 ATP2 ATP KREB’S CYCLE KREB’S CYCLE 2 ATP2 ATP ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN 34 ATP34 ATP

********TOTALTOTAL 38 ATP38 ATP

****HOWEVER, it requires energy to transport the 2 NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria so we subtract 2 ATP from our total.

****The true total ATP production is 36 ATP per one glucose molecule.

FERMENTATIONFERMENTATION

Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell.Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Anaerobic process – does not use oxygen.Anaerobic process – does not use oxygen. The breakdown of glucose in which The breakdown of glucose in which

organic substances organic substances (remember oxygen is (remember oxygen is INORGANIC) INORGANIC) are the final electron are the final electron acceptor.acceptor.

Fermentation only produces a net gain of Fermentation only produces a net gain of 2 ATP (compared to 36 in cellular 2 ATP (compared to 36 in cellular respiration.)respiration.)

FERMENTATION (CONTINUED)FERMENTATION (CONTINUED)

The first part of fermentation is The first part of fermentation is GLYCOLYSIS. GLYCOLYSIS.

After pyruvic acid is made during After pyruvic acid is made during glycolysis there are two types of glycolysis there are two types of fermenation depending on the organism:fermenation depending on the organism:

1. Alcoholic Fermentation – yeast do this 1. Alcoholic Fermentation – yeast do this process. process.

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation – many 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation – many organisms – including humansorganisms – including humans

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATIONALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

Anaerobic Anaerobic The conversion of pyruvic acid (made The conversion of pyruvic acid (made

during glycolysis) to ethyl alcohol and during glycolysis) to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.carbon dioxide.

Most of the energy is still in the ethyl Most of the energy is still in the ethyl alcohol – makes it a vital fuel.alcohol – makes it a vital fuel.

When yeast go through fermentation the When yeast go through fermentation the carbon dioxide given off makes bread carbon dioxide given off makes bread dough rise.dough rise.

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

AnaerobicAnaerobic Conversion of pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) to lactic acidConversion of pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) to lactic acid Important in the making of dairy products such as Important in the making of dairy products such as

cheese, buttermilk, and yogurt.cheese, buttermilk, and yogurt. Humans can do this when oxygen levels are low and Humans can do this when oxygen levels are low and

energy is required. The build up of lactic acid in the energy is required. The build up of lactic acid in the muscles produces muscle fatigue and a burning muscles produces muscle fatigue and a burning sensation. sensation.

To recover – return to aerobic respiration using oxygen.To recover – return to aerobic respiration using oxygen. The lactic acid will be carried by the blood to the liver The lactic acid will be carried by the blood to the liver

and changed to glucose.and changed to glucose.

CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA

CHARACTERISITCS IN COMMON 1. BOUNDED BY A DOUBLE

MEMBRANE2. INNER MEMBRANE FOLDS WITHIN THE STRUCTURE

3. Both contain DNA

CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA

1. SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR ATP PRODUCTION. a. CHLOROPLASTS - SUN b. MITOCHONDRIA - CHEMICAL BONDS

DIFFERENCES 2. COLOR

a. CHLOROPLASTS - GREEN b. MITOCHONDRIA - COLORLESS3. SIZE CHLOROPLASTS LARGER AND MORE IRREGULAR IN SHAPE4. FUNCTION a. CHLOROPLASTS - PHOTOSYNTHESIS (PRODUCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES)

b. MITOCHONDRIA - RESPIRATION (BREAKDOWN OF CARBOHYDRATES)