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Page 1: Cellular Respiration Powerpoint - Mr. Hall's Sitehall508.weebly.com/.../0/0/5100020/cellular_respiration_powerpoint.pdf · Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is

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Biology

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EQ What is glycolysis?What are the results from the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport ?

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy.

Animal

Plant

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Mitochondrion

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria.

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

MitochondrionOuter membrane Intermembrane

space

Inner membrane

Matrix

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Chemical Energy and Food

Chemical Energy and Food

One gram of the sugar glucose (C6H12O6), when burned in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 calories of heat energy.

A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Overview of Cellular Respiration

Cytoplasm

Pyruvicacid

Mitochondrion

Electrons carried in NADH

Electrons carriedin NADH and

FADH2

Glucose Glycolysis

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Overview of Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Overview of Cellular Respiration

The equation for cellular respiration is:

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + Energy

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Overview of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place in the mitochondria.

CytoplasmMitochondrion

Glycolysis

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Glycolysis

ATP Production

At the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up 2 molecules of ATP to start the reaction.

2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP

2 Pyruvicacid

2 ATP

Glucose

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Glycolysis

When glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been produced.

2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP2 ATP

Glucose2 Pyruvicacid

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Glycolysis

This gives the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

4 ADP 4 ATP

Glucose

2 ADP2 ATP

2 Pyruvicacid

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Glycolysis

NADH Production

One reaction of glycolysis removes 4 high-energy electrons, passing them to an electron carrier called NAD+.

Glucose2 Pyruvicacid

4 ADP 4 ATP2 ADP2 ATP

2NAD+

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Glycolysis

Each NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and becomes an NADH molecule.

Glucose2 Pyruvicacid

4 ADP 4 ATP2 ADP2 ATP

2NAD+2

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Glycolysis

The NADH molecule holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules.

To the electrontransport chain

2NAD+ 2 Pyruvicacid

4 ADP 4 ATP2 ADP2 ATP

2

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Glycolysis

The Advantages of Glycolysis

The process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds.

Glycolysis does not require oxygen.

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Fermentation

Fermentation

When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation.

Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

There are two main types of fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

Oxygen is required for the final steps of cellular respiration.

Because the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are aerobic.

During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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The Krebs Cycle

The energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid is

• 4 NADH• 1 FADH2

• 1 ATP

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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The Totals

The Totals

Glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of 36 molecules of ATP.

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The Totals

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions.

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9-1 Chemical Pathways

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Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

On a global level, photosynthesis and cellular respiration are also opposites.

• Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back.

• Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.

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9-1 Chemical Pathways Left Side Activity

• Write down the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Write down as many similarities and differences between them.

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