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Page 1: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Cellular Respiration

Page 2: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

What Is ATP?Energy used by all CellsEnergy used by all Cells

Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate

Organic molecule containing Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bondshigh-energy Phosphate bonds

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Page 3: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

ATP for energyATP powers cellular work- made in photosynthesis

and cellular respiration A cell does three main kinds of work:

Mechanical work, beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and movement of chromosomes(produces heat)

Transport work, pumping substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

Chemical work, driving endergonic reactions such as the synthesis of polymers from monomers

Page 4: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

High Energy Electrons and Molecules

Electron Carrier: a molecule that picks up the electron and uses this energy to break apart bonds.Examples of electron carriers: NADP and ATPNADP captures two electrons of H and becomes NADPH.ADP becomes ATP!!!

Page 5: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

How Do We Get Energy From How Do We Get Energy From ATP?ATP?

By breaking By breaking the highthe high--energy bonds energy bonds between the between the last two last two phosphates phosphates in ATPin ATP

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Page 6: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

How Does ATP Work? So what? Energy is stored in these bonds. So? The breaking of the chemical bond releases the

energy

ATP + H2O→ ADP + P + ENERGY ATP is made in photosynthesis and respiration!!!

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a a molecule that carries energy that cells can use.

Page 7: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

How Does ATP Work? The bonds between phosphate groups can be

broken by hydrolysis which produces energy!!!

ATP has 3 phosphate groups The bond to the third bond is easily broken. When the third bond is broken, energy is released. Becomes ADP – no energy!!

Page 8: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Chemical Structure of ATP

3 Phosphates

Ribose Sugar

Adenine Base

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Page 9: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

What Does ATP Do for You?

It supplies YOU withIt supplies YOU with ENERGY!ENERGY!

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Page 10: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

How Do We Get Energy From ATP?

By breaking By breaking the high- the high- energy energy bonds bonds between between the the last two last two phosphates phosphates in ATPin ATP

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Page 11: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

What is the Process Called?HYDROLYSIS (Adding HHYDROLYSIS (Adding H22O)O)

H2O

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Page 12: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

How Does That Happen?

An An Enzyme!Enzyme!

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Page 13: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

How is ATP Re-Made?

The reverse of the previous The reverse of the previous process occurs.process occurs.

Another Another Enzyme is Enzyme is used!used!ATP SynthaseATP Synthase

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Page 14: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

The ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP-ATP-asease

ATP ATP SynthaseSynthase

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Page 15: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

When is ATP Made in the Body?

During a During a Process Process called called Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration that takes that takes place in place in both both Plants Plants & Animals& Animals Copyright Cmassengale

Page 16: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Cellular Respiration The process in which cells turn food into usable energy in the form of ATP.

Page 17: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

RELEASES CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM SUGARS AND OTHER CARBON-BASED MOLECULES TO MAKE ATP WHEN OXYGEN IS PRESENT!!!!NO OXYGEN – FERMENTATION!!!!

Cellular Respiration

Page 18: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

The Purpose of Cellular Respiration

It is to make and break bonds to generate ATP and electrons.You end up with ATP, H ions and electrons.The electrons are sent to the Electron Transport Chain where they help to make ATP through ATP synthase.****Hydrogen ions are bonded with oxygen to make water which is used in photosynthesis.

Page 19: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Cellular Respiration Overview

Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use: ATP

These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. Process is called cellular respiration

Overall Reaction:– C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Page 20: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + e0 + e-- + 36- + 36-

3838ATP’sATP’s

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O22

YIELDSYIELDS

Page 21: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?GlycolysisGlycolysisThe Krebs CycleThe Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport ChainThe Electron Transport Chain

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Page 22: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis – Occurs before Cell. Resp. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs cycle

Electrontransport

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Alcohol or lactic acid

Page 23: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Overall Reaction

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP Overall this is a three stage process1. Glycolysis: before cellular respiration

• Occurs in the cytoplasm• Glucose is broken down

2. Krebs Cycle• Breaks down pyruvate into CO2• Occurs in mitochondrial matrix

3. Electron Transport Chain• ATP is synthesized - Occurs in mito membrane

Page 24: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

FlowchartSection 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

GlycolysisKrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

+ATP

Cellular Respiration

Page 25: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?

It actually It actually takes place takes place in two parts in two parts of the cell:of the cell:

Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the occurs in the CytoplasmCytoplasmKrebs Cycle & Krebs Cycle & ETC TakeETC Take place place in the in the MitochondriaMitochondria

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Page 26: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright
Page 27: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

GlycolysisDefinition: The process in which

one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

Page 28: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Glycolysis

Glyco = glucose Lysis = break down LOCATION: Occurs in the cytoplasm This stage occurs in BOTH aerobic

and anaerobic respirationOccurs in ALL eukaryotic

cells…

Page 29: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Glycolysis- ATP Production In the pathways beginning, 2 ATP

molecules are used up.At the end of glycolysis, 4 ATP

molecules are formed. NET GAIN- 2 molecules!!!

Page 30: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Glycolysis- NADH Production Process removes 4 high energy e- and

passes them to nicotinamide adenine dinuclueotide (NAD+), which is an electron carrier.

NAD+ turns into NADH while transferring electrons to other molecules.

Page 31: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Steps of Glycolysis

1.Two ATP molecules are used to energize a glucose molecule. 2. Glucose is split into 2 3-carbon molecules. Enzymes rearrange the molecules.3. Electrons are transferred to NADP. The carbon molecules are converted to pyruvate which enters cellular respiration.

Page 32: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Location= Cytoplasm NO O2 required Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at the

expense of 2 ATP 6-C glucose TWO 3-C pyruvates Free e- and H+ combine with organic ion

carriers called NAD+ NADH + H+

(nicotinamide dinucleotide)Used in ETC. Hydrogen attached to water.

Glycolysis

Page 33: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Glycolysis:

Get a sheet of paper to review theprocess of glycolysis.

Video: Glycolysis

Page 34: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Glucose

To the electron transport chain

Figure 9–3 GlycolysisGlycolysis:

Step 1

2 Pyruvic acid

Page 35: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Glycolysis Reactants and Products

Reactants 1 glucose Enzymes are needed 2 ATP are needed to

start

Products 2 Pyruvates (go to

next step) 4 ATP (2 are gained) 2 NADH (go to ETC)

Really 10 steps with 10 different enzymes involved.

Page 36: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen): Fermentation

***fermentation does not make ATP for the cell, it cycles the ATP for glycolysis***(does not release energy in cell)

Two Main types:

1)Lactic Acid fermentation- converts pyruvic acid and NADH to lactic acid and NAD+

-muscle cells

2)Alcoholic fermentation- converts pyruvic acid and NADH to ethyl alcohol, CO2, NAD+

-yeast (air bubbles in bread)

Page 37: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright
Page 38: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Main Goals of Krebs Cycle Transfer high energy electrons(NADH

and FADH2) to molecules that can carry them to the electron transport chain.

• Form some ATP molecules.• Takes place in mitochondria

Page 39: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Review of Mitochondria Review of Mitochondria StructureStructure

SmoothSmooth outer outer MembraneMembrane

FoldedFolded inner inner membranemembrane

Folds called Folds called CristaeCristae

Space inside Space inside cristae called the cristae called the MatrixMatrix

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Page 40: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Krebs Cycle- Part A (Citric Acid Production)

From glycolysis, the 3carbon molecule (pyruvic acid/pyruvate) enters the mitochondria (innermost layer- Matrix)

3carbon pyruvic acid is broken down into 2carbon (Acetyl-CoA) molecules.

CO2 and NADH are produced Hint: anytime the number of carbons are

reduced, CO2 and NADH are produced

Acetyl-CoA (2carbon) combines with 4 carbon compounds forming a 6 carbon molecule Citric acid.

Page 41: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright
Page 42: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Krebs CyclePart B (Energy Extraction) The 6carbon Citric Acid broken down

into 5 carbon compound (releasing CO2 & NADH)

5 carbon compound broken down into 4 carbon compound (releasing CO2 & NADH)

In a series of 4carbon to 4carbon reactions, ATP, CO2, NADH & FADH2 are produced Remember: NADH & FADH2 are electron

carriers that will take the electrons to the ETC

Page 43: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Kreb Cycle

Page 44: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Krebs Cycle Reactants and Products

Reactants 2 Acetyl CoA (pyruvic

acid)

Remember when you form a bond energy is released!! This is the key!!

Products 2 ATP 8 NADH (go to ETC) 2 FADH2 (go to ETC)

6 CO2 (given off as waste)

Page 45: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Diagram of the ProcessDiagram of the Process

Occurs in Cytoplasm

Occurs in Matrix

Occurs across Cristae

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Page 46: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Krebs Cycle

Page 47: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Electron Transport Chain Where inner membrane of mitochondria

called cristea. Energy Yield Total of 32 ATP O2 combines with TWO H+ to form H2O

Exhale - CO2, H2O comes from cellular respiration

Video: ETC

Page 48: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

 Electron Transport ChainSection 9-2

Electron TransportHydrogen Ion Movement

ATP Production

ATP synthase

Channel

Inner Membrane

Matrix

Intermembrane Space

Mitochondrion

Page 49: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Electron Transport - Step 3

1. Proteins inside the membrane of the mito. Remove electrons from NADPh and FADH.

2. Electrons(hydrogen) are transported down the chain of the membrane to be pumped across.

3. ATP synthase(enzyme) puts a P on ADP to make ATP(END GOAL!!).

4. Oxygen enters the cycle to pick up electrons and hydrogen ions to make water that leaves the cycle.

Page 50: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Electron Transport Chain Electron carriers loaded with electrons and

protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase).

As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP – Final Goal!!

Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water

Page 51: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Diagram of the ProcessDiagram of the Process

Occurs in Cytoplasm

Occurs in Matrix

Occurs across Cristae

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Page 52: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic

Glycolysis 2 ATP

Kreb’s 2 ATP

Electron Transport 32 ATP 36 ATP

Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

Page 53: Cellular Respiration. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high- energy Phosphate bonds Copyright

FlowchartSection 9-2

Glucose(C6H1206)

+Oxygen

(02)

GlycolysisKrebsCycle

ElectronTransport

Chain

Carbon Dioxide

(CO2)+

Water(H2O)

+ATP

Cellular Respiration


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