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Chapter Two:

Early GreeceChapter Two:

Early Greece

Cultures and Values, 6th Ed.

Cunningham and Reich

Cultures and Values, 6th Ed.

Cunningham and Reich

History of Early GreeceHistory of Early Greece The Heroic Age – the early iron age

First great works of literature were created; iliad, odyssey

The Age of Colonization New ideas and artistic styles brought to

Greece by travelers and merchants The Archaic Period

Foreign influences absorbed; paved the way for the Classical period

The Heroic Age – the early iron age First great works of literature were created;

iliad, odyssey The Age of Colonization

New ideas and artistic styles brought to Greece by travelers and merchants

The Archaic Period Foreign influences absorbed; paved the way

for the Classical period

Homer and the Heroic AgeHomer and the Heroic Age

Greece split into independent regions Corresponded to geographically separated

areas Controlling urban center developed in each

area Significance of the Polis (city-state):

Focal point for all political, religious, social, and artistic activities

Greece split into independent regions Corresponded to geographically separated

areas Controlling urban center developed in each

area Significance of the Polis (city-state):

Focal point for all political, religious, social, and artistic activities


Citizens were more loyal to their Polis than fellow Greeks in other communities Rivals between cities

Religion, Mythology and Folklore No central body of teaching or information Varying versions of the same story Gods and goddesses often confused and

self-contradictory

Citizens were more loyal to their Polis than fellow Greeks in other communities Rivals between cities

Religion, Mythology and Folklore No central body of teaching or information Varying versions of the same story Gods and goddesses often confused and

self-contradictory

Homer and the Heroic AgeHomer and the Heroic Age I.E., Zeus represented moral code,

imposed justice and supervised punishment; however, he was involved in love affairs and seductions

Individual cities had their own mythological traditions

Poets and artists chose the versions that best suited their purposes

I.E., Zeus represented moral code, imposed justice and supervised punishment; however, he was involved in love affairs and seductions

Individual cities had their own mythological traditions

Poets and artists chose the versions that best suited their purposes

[Image 2.1]Zeus (Poseidon?)

[Image 2.1]Zeus (Poseidon?)

Homer and the Heroic AgeHomer and the Heroic Age Greeks used religion to illuminate their

own lives, rather than to give them divine guidance I.E., Apollo- logic & order, power of the

mind; Dionysus – emotions Worshiping both, Greeks acknowledged

dual existence in human nature No Greek god represents supreme

good

Greeks used religion to illuminate their own lives, rather than to give them divine guidance I.E., Apollo- logic & order, power of the

mind; Dionysus – emotions Worshiping both, Greeks acknowledged

dual existence in human nature No Greek god represents supreme

good


No Greek God represents supreme evil Deities explained both natural

phenomena & psychological characteristics in themselves Human morality required human, rather

than divine, solutions Greeks turned to art & literature, rather than

prayer, to discover the solution

No Greek God represents supreme evil Deities explained both natural

phenomena & psychological characteristics in themselves Human morality required human, rather

than divine, solutions Greeks turned to art & literature, rather than

prayer, to discover the solution

The Iliad & The OdysseyThe Iliad & The Odyssey “the Homeric question”

Little is known about Homer; problems and theories connected to Homeric epics and their creator fall under this label

Oral Tradition Epithets, Elaborate Similes

Chief characters are given epithets i.e., Achilles is “swift-footed”; odysseus is

“cunning”

“the Homeric question” Little is known about Homer; problems

and theories connected to Homeric epics and their creator fall under this label

Oral Tradition Epithets, Elaborate Similes

Chief characters are given epithets i.e., Achilles is “swift-footed”; odysseus is

“cunning”

The Iliad & The OdysseyThe Iliad & The Odyssey Iliad

Theme of Human Responsibility somber, taut, direct Easier to understand and explain Subject: anger of Achilles and its

consequences Theme: human responsibility

Odyssey Return of the Epic Hero

Iliad Theme of Human Responsibility somber, taut, direct Easier to understand and explain Subject: anger of Achilles and its

consequences Theme: human responsibility


The Iliad & The OdysseyThe Iliad & The Odyssey Odyssey

Return of the Epic Hero


Art and SocietyArt and Society

Painted Vases – major source of info. about artistic developments No attempt at vividness and realism Protogeometric (1000-900 B.C.E.)

Simple bold designs Concentric circles, semi-circles (fig. 2.2)

Geometric (900-700 B.C.E.) Linear designs, zigzags, triangles, diamonds, the

meander (maze pattern) Human Forms (~800 B.C.E.)

Painted Vases – major source of info. about artistic developments No attempt at vividness and realism Protogeometric (1000-900 B.C.E.)

Simple bold designs Concentric circles, semi-circles (fig. 2.2)

Geometric (900-700 B.C.E.) Linear designs, zigzags, triangles, diamonds, the

meander (maze pattern) Human Forms (~800 B.C.E.)

Protogeometric Amphora

Dipylon Amphora

Art and SocietyArt and Society Early depictions of humans are

highly stylized Influenced Western art and use of

human form as primary subject of art. Painted in silhouette, combines front

and side views Head and legs on profile, upper half of

the body seen from the front (fig. 2.3)

Early depictions of humans are highly stylized Influenced Western art and use of

human form as primary subject of art. Painted in silhouette, combines front

and side views Head and legs on profile, upper half of

the body seen from the front (fig. 2.3)

Age of ColonizationAge of Colonization

Prosperity of City-States grew – ruling class become concerned with image of the city-states Ruling classes became patrons of the arts

and military leaders International festivals were held – athletes

and poets competed, represented city Olympia, Delphi, other sacred cities

Prosperity of City-States grew – ruling class become concerned with image of the city-states Ruling classes became patrons of the arts

and military leaders International festivals were held – athletes

and poets competed, represented city Olympia, Delphi, other sacred cities

Age of ColonizationAge of Colonization Trade with other Greeks and Near

East peoples increased Economic success became important

factor in growth of polis Individual cities began to mint their own

coins Political Power remained with

aristocracy

Trade with other Greeks and Near East peoples increased Economic success became important

factor in growth of polis Individual cities began to mint their own

coins Political Power remained with

aristocracy

Age of ColonizationAge of Colonization Accumulation of wealth + Over-

Population = Colonization Greeks went abroad to makes

fortunes or increase them. Italy, Sicily, Egypt, Asia Minor

Accumulation of wealth + Over-Population = Colonization

Greeks went abroad to makes fortunes or increase them. Italy, Sicily, Egypt, Asia Minor

Age of ColonizationAge of Colonization Trade and Cultural Exposure

Greeks in Asia Minor established trade contacts with people in the ancient near east, including Persians and Phoenicians

Orientalizing - Impact of Trade with Near East peoples Oriental ideas and artistic styles were seen by

the colonizers and carried home by traders Eastern artifacts, ivories, jewelry, metalwork

Trade and Cultural Exposure Greeks in Asia Minor established trade

contacts with people in the ancient near east, including Persians and Phoenicians

Orientalizing - Impact of Trade with Near East peoples Oriental ideas and artistic styles were seen by

the colonizers and carried home by traders Eastern artifacts, ivories, jewelry, metalwork

Visual Arts at Corinth and Athens


Hostility between Athens and Corinth Later developed into Peloponnesian War

Corinthian Art Miniature style that used a variety of

Eastern motifs Sphinxes, winged human figures, floral design white, yellow, and purple often used to highlight

details

Hostility between Athens and Corinth Later developed into Peloponnesian War

Corinthian Art Miniature style that used a variety of

Eastern motifs Sphinxes, winged human figures, floral design white, yellow, and purple often used to highlight

details



Bold and striking effect Commercially Successful

Small size, well made, lively figures, recognizable style (fig. 2.4)

Exported throughout Greece, Italy, Egypt, and Near East

Bold and striking effect Commercially Successful

Small size, well made, lively figures, recognizable style (fig. 2.4)

Exported throughout Greece, Italy, Egypt, and Near East



Athenian Art Potters were slower to discard effects of Geometric

period Vases are large; attempts to depict humans and

animals are often clumsy Illustrated events from mythology or daily life (more

than just decoration) Trade Rivalry – Grew as Athens began to take

over increasing share of the market: Corinth vs. Athens

Athenian Art Potters were slower to discard effects of Geometric

period Vases are large; attempts to depict humans and

animals are often clumsy Illustrated events from mythology or daily life (more

than just decoration) Trade Rivalry – Grew as Athens began to take

over increasing share of the market: Corinth vs. Athens



Athenian Vase Corinthian Vase

The Beginnings of Greek Sculpture

The Beginnings of Greek Sculpture

Near Eastern and Egyptian influences Greeks settled in Egypt Sculptures Resemble Egyptian cult statues

and were placed in grandiose temples Kore – standing female (fig. 2.6)

Clad in drapery

Near Eastern and Egyptian influences Greeks settled in Egypt Sculptures Resemble Egyptian cult statues

and were placed in grandiose temples Kore – standing female (fig. 2.6)

Clad in drapery

The Beginnings of Greek SculptureThe Beginnings of Greek Sculpture

Kouros – standing male (fig. 2.7) Nudity marks a break with Egyptian

tradition Stance (standing position) based on

Egyptian models One foot forward (usually left), arms by

side, hands are clenched, wig-like hair

Kouros – standing male (fig. 2.7) Nudity marks a break with Egyptian

tradition Stance (standing position) based on

Egyptian models One foot forward (usually left), arms by

side, hands are clenched, wig-like hair

The Beginnings of Greek SculptureThe Beginnings of Greek Sculpture

Greek sculptures abandoned abstract for Increasing Realism, Naturalism Careful study of human anatomy

Reproduce the human form in a way that was true to nature

Greek spirit of independence and inquiry asserted itself

Representation of Life and vigor

Greek sculptures abandoned abstract for Increasing Realism, Naturalism Careful study of human anatomy

Reproduce the human form in a way that was true to nature

Greek spirit of independence and inquiry asserted itself

Representation of Life and vigor

Sculpture and Painting in the Archaic Period


Change in Archaic art reflected social changes Aristocrats began losing their status/power

Solon’s Legal Reformations Legislator and poet Reformed legal system; divided the citizens

into 4 classes Members could take part in Assembly debates

and sit in law courts

Change in Archaic art reflected social changes Aristocrats began losing their status/power

Solon’s Legal Reformations Legislator and poet Reformed legal system; divided the citizens

into 4 classes Members could take part in Assembly debates

and sit in law courts



Class of rich merchants began to dominate Gained power by playing on

discontent of the oppressed lower classes

Were called tyrants Many were patrons of the arts

Class of rich merchants began to dominate Gained power by playing on

discontent of the oppressed lower classes

Were called tyrants Many were patrons of the arts



Artistic Developments Flat planes and rigid stances change to

more fully rounded figures More careful study of anatomy

Exceptions to traditional male stance (fig. 2.9, Calf-Bearer) Unity between man and beast

Freestanding Figures, korai (plural of Kore)

Artistic Developments Flat planes and rigid stances change to

more fully rounded figures More careful study of anatomy

Exceptions to traditional male stance (fig. 2.9, Calf-Bearer) Unity between man and beast

Freestanding Figures, korai (plural of Kore)

[Image 2.9]Calf-Bearer

[Image 2.9]Calf-Bearer

[Image 2.10]Peplos Kore

[Image 2.10]Peplos Kore

[Image 2.13]Kritios Boy

[Image 2.13]Kritios Boy



High & Low Relief Carvings began to appear Large-scale statues to decorate temples Carved stone slabs

High & Low Relief Carvings began to appear Large-scale statues to decorate temples Carved stone slabs



Relief carvings Figures do not stand freely

Carved into a block of stone high relief – figures project from the background

(fig. 2.11), 3-dimensionality Low relief - Carving preserves the flat surface of the

stone (fig. 2.12) The “Archaic Smile”

Result of technical inexperience? Reflection of sense of certainty & optimism? Began to fade by end of 6th century B.C.E.

Relief carvings Figures do not stand freely

Carved into a block of stone high relief – figures project from the background

(fig. 2.11), 3-dimensionality Low relief - Carving preserves the flat surface of the

stone (fig. 2.12) The “Archaic Smile”

Result of technical inexperience? Reflection of sense of certainty & optimism? Began to fade by end of 6th century B.C.E.

Kritios Boy

Stele of AristionLow Relief Carving

High Relief Carving



Vase Painting Black- and Red-Figure Styles

Black figure – Orientalizing technique used in mid-6th century

(fig. 2.14 – The Suicide of Ajax))

Red-figure – end of 6th century shows figures in the red color of the clay Details filled in with a brush Developed techniques of foreshortening, perspective, and

three-dimensionality (fig. 2.15 – Euphronios Vase) By end of Archaic period, most artists used Red-Figure

style

Vase Painting Black- and Red-Figure Styles

Black figure – Orientalizing technique used in mid-6th century

(fig. 2.14 – The Suicide of Ajax))

Red-figure – end of 6th century shows figures in the red color of the clay Details filled in with a brush Developed techniques of foreshortening, perspective, and

three-dimensionality (fig. 2.15 – Euphronios Vase) By end of Archaic period, most artists used Red-Figure

style

Black Figure – The Suicide of Ajax

[Image 2.15]Euphronios, painter, Euxitheos,

potter, red-figure calyx krater

[Image 2.15]Euphronios, painter, Euxitheos,

potter, red-figure calyx krater

Architecture:The Doric Order


Inspired by Egyptian Models Doric Temples: Temple of Hera at Olympia,

Temple of Apollo at Corinth, Doric temples at Paestum (dedicated to goddess Hera)

Simple dignity Doric columns have no base; rise directly

from the floor Columns taper toward the top and have 20

flutes(vertical grooves)

Inspired by Egyptian Models Doric Temples: Temple of Hera at Olympia,

Temple of Apollo at Corinth, Doric temples at Paestum (dedicated to goddess Hera)

Simple dignity Doric columns have no base; rise directly

from the floor Columns taper toward the top and have 20

flutes(vertical grooves)



Capital – forms the head of each column Consists of two sections: Echinus: spreading convex disc Abacus: square block above Echinus

Entablature (upper part of temple/column) has 3 sections: Architrave (lowest section; plain band of

rectangular blocks) Frieze (middle section): consists of metopes and

triglyphs

Capital – forms the head of each column Consists of two sections: Echinus: spreading convex disc Abacus: square block above Echinus

Entablature (upper part of temple/column) has 3 sections: Architrave (lowest section; plain band of

rectangular blocks) Frieze (middle section): consists of metopes and

triglyphs



Cornice (top section); projecting upper part

Pediment: long extended triangle formed from cornice sections; often filled with sculptural decoration (see figs. 2.16 & 2.17)

Cornice (top section); projecting upper part

Pediment: long extended triangle formed from cornice sections; often filled with sculptural decoration (see figs. 2.16 & 2.17)

[Image 2.16]Basilica at Paestum

[Image 2.16]Basilica at Paestum

Architecture:The Ionic Order


Ornate, fanciful; more graceful and elaborate

Rise from a tiered base/24 flutes Flutes are separated by narrow vertical

bands Capital

Volutes (pair of spirals)

Ornate, fanciful; more graceful and elaborate

Rise from a tiered base/24 flutes Flutes are separated by narrow vertical

bands Capital

Volutes (pair of spirals)



3-D Architraves – not flat, but is composed of 3 projecting bands

Running Frieze replaces Doric order metopes and triglyphs

3-D Architraves – not flat, but is composed of 3 projecting bands

Running Frieze replaces Doric order metopes and triglyphs

Music and Dance in Early Greece


Music played a vital role in Greek life Less than a dozen fragments of Greek

music have survived Notation difficult to understand Unable to recreate authentic performances

Music was of divine origin Gods invented musical instruments

Doctrine of Ethos (Musical Theory) Music affected human behavior

Music played a vital role in Greek life Less than a dozen fragments of Greek

music have survived Notation difficult to understand Unable to recreate authentic performances

Music was of divine origin Gods invented musical instruments

Doctrine of Ethos (Musical Theory) Music affected human behavior



Dorian Mode – expressed firm, powerful, even warlike feelings

Phrygian Mode – produced passionate, sensual emotions

Dorian Mode – expressed firm, powerful, even warlike feelings

Phrygian Mode – produced passionate, sensual emotions



Instrumentation Cithera – 7-string lyre, accompanied vocal

music on ceremonial occassions, (fig. 2.18) Aulos – double reed instrument, similar to

modern oboe, used by singers to accompany their songs (fig. 2.19)

Music=Primarily vocal Some lyrics have survive

Choral odes in honor of various gods

Instrumentation Cithera – 7-string lyre, accompanied vocal

music on ceremonial occassions, (fig. 2.18) Aulos – double reed instrument, similar to

modern oboe, used by singers to accompany their songs (fig. 2.19)

Music=Primarily vocal Some lyrics have survive

Choral odes in honor of various gods



Paean – solemn invocation to the gods Dithyramb – choral hymn sung in honor of

Dionysus at public ceremonies Significance of Narratives

Music and Dance – told a story Evidence is limited to visual evidence (fig.

2.20)

Paean – solemn invocation to the gods Dithyramb – choral hymn sung in honor of

Dionysus at public ceremonies Significance of Narratives

Music and Dance – told a story Evidence is limited to visual evidence (fig.

2.20)

Literature and PhilosophyLiterature and Philosophy Hesiod

Theogony – account of the origins of the world Works and Days – long poem about the

disadvantages in being a poor, oppressed (and depressed farmer in Boeotia

Lyric verse vs. Heroic verse Heroic verse was intended for ruling class of

aristocratic society Lyric verse is concerned with the poet’s own

feelings, emotions, and opinions

Sappho – first woman to leave a literary record that reflects personal experiences

Hesiod Theogony – account of the origins of the world Works and Days – long poem about the

disadvantages in being a poor, oppressed (and depressed farmer in Boeotia

Lyric verse vs. Heroic verse Heroic verse was intended for ruling class of

aristocratic society Lyric verse is concerned with the poet’s own

feelings, emotions, and opinions

Sappho – first woman to leave a literary record that reflects personal experiences

Literature and PhilosophyLiterature and Philosophy

Sappho Wife, mother, poet, and teacher Apart from her poetry, we know

nothing about Sappho

Sappho Wife, mother, poet, and teacher Apart from her poetry, we know

nothing about Sappho

Literature and PhilosophyLiterature and Philosophy Presocratics – lived and died before the time

of Socrates They have little else in common

Materialists – sought to explain all phenomena in terms of one or more elements

Pythagoreanism Kinship of all living things Scientific contribution was math; numerical

relationship of musical harmony Octave – span of eight notes

Presocratics – lived and died before the time of Socrates

They have little else in common

Materialists – sought to explain all phenomena in terms of one or more elements

Pythagoreanism Kinship of all living things Scientific contribution was math; numerical

relationship of musical harmony Octave – span of eight notes

Literature and PhilosophyLiterature and Philosophy Dualists – 2 separate universes:

world around us: subject to constant change Ideal world: perfect and unchanging; Realized

only through intellect Atomists – the ultimate, unchangeable

reality consisted of atoms (small “indivisible” particles) and the void (nothingness)

Herodotus (Father of History) History of the Persian wars First historical writer Right over Might; the Persians’ hubris led to their

defeat

Dualists – 2 separate universes: world around us: subject to constant change Ideal world: perfect and unchanging; Realized

only through intellect Atomists – the ultimate, unchangeable

reality consisted of atoms (small “indivisible” particles) and the void (nothingness)

Herodotus (Father of History) History of the Persian wars First historical writer Right over Might; the Persians’ hubris led to their

defeat