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Page 1: Changing Paradigm in Dealing with Disasters Indian Experiencesiteresources.worldbank.org/INTDISMGMT/Resources/339456-1158594430052… · POLNET HUB-NATIONAL EOC MOBILE EOC NICNET

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Changing Paradigm in Dealing with Disasters

Indian Experience

P.G.Dhar ChakrabartiExecutive Director

National Institute of Disaster Management

21-02-2007

Disaster profile of IndiaDisasters Vulnerable States

E, F, C, D Gujarat, Maharashtra and West Bengal. (220 ml)

E, F, D Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar pradesh and Goa (563 ml)

E, F Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya , Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura (103 ml)Total 886 million

E-Earthquake, F-Flood, C-Cyclone, D-Drought

Earthquake56% of India are prone to Quake56% of India are prone to Quake

Zone Area Parts of the state

V 12% N.E States, J&K, H.P, Gujarat, Bihar, Uttaranchal, A&N

IV 18% J&K, HP, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Delhi,W. Bengal, Haryana, Punjab, Sikkim, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Lakshdweep

III 26% Punjab, Haryana, Uttaranchal, Bihar, W.Bengal, Gujarat, Rajasthan, M. P, Orissa, A. P, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra

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Flood• 40 million hectres are

prone to flood• 8 million hectres affected

by flood every year• Brahmaputra and

Gangetic Basin are most flood prone areas

• North-west region of west flowing rivers – Krishna, Cavery and Mahanadi –are other flood prone areas

Cyclone• Long coastline of 8000 kms • Pre-monsoon (May-June)

and post-monsoon (Sept-Oct) cyclones

• Coastal districts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Gujrat most prone to cyclone

• Most casualties caused by coastal inundation due to tidal waves, storm surges and torrential rains

Drought Prone Area (Lakh ha.)

218.

9

152.

1

125.

1

123.

7

121.

2

87.2

84.1

43.3

43

26.7

22.8

16.5

15.9

0

50

100

150

200

250

Raj

asth

an

Kar

nat

aka

A.P

Mah

aras

tra

Guj

arat

M.P

Tam

il N

adu

Bih

ar

U.P

Wes

tB

eng

al

Ori

ssa

Har

yan

a

J&

K

Are

a (L

akh

ha.

)

Drought• 68% of the net area

sown in the country is prone to drought

• Out of this 33% is chronically drought prone, receiving rainfall less than 750mm per annum

• 35% drought prone that receive rainfall between 750-1125 mm per annum

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Pest & Diseases

Thunderstorms

0 2 4 6 8 10

Flood

Earthquake

Drought

Cyclone

Forest fires

Epidemics

Hailstorms

Hurricane

Landslides

Based on last 50 years data.

Severity index of disastersSeverity index of disasters

Average annual loss•• Loss of Loss of human lifehuman life: 4350 : 4350 •• CropCrop area affected: 1.42 millionarea affected: 1.42 million hechec..•• HousesHouses damaged: 2.36 milliondamaged: 2.36 million•• Direct lossDirect loss: 2% of GDP (US$ 15 billion): 2% of GDP (US$ 15 billion)• Revenue loss due to less industrial production: 12%• Expenses on relief & rehab: US$ 1.2 billion• Expenses on reconstruction: US$ 0.8 billion• Indirect psycho-social loss that can not be

quantified

Cyclones (IV-V) -4

Earthquakes (M 6+) -5

Floods - Every year

Droughts - Every 2-3 yrs

Tsunami - 26 Dec 2004

Earthquake, GujaratJan 2001, 13805 lives lost

Tsunami Dec 26 2004, more than 10000 lives lost

Major Disasters 1990 - 2005

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Public policy on disaster• India never had a policy on disaster management• Attitude towards disaster was marked by fatalism –

‘wrath of nature’ or ‘anger of God’• Government intervention limited to provided post

disaster relief and rehabilitation assistance • Disaster management was the concern of Ministry of

Agriculture in Centre and Revenue and Relief Departments in the States

• Civil response system heavy depended on armed and other paramilitary forces

Mega disasters 1993-2004

• Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004: 12405 people dead, 3.5 million houses damaged, 18 million people affected

• Latur Earthquake 1993: 9475 dead, 1 million houses damaged, 8 million people affected

• Orissa Super Cyclone 1999: 10086 dead, 2 million houses damaged, 15 million affected

• Gujrat Earthquake 2001: 13805 dead, 1.8 million houses damaged, 12 million people affected

System exposed….

• No scientific hazard- risk -vulnerability mapping • Inadequate early warning system• Absence of techno-legal regime for safe building • Poor community awareness and preparedness• Environmental degradation precipitating disasters• Development projects creating new disasters• Primitive search and rescue system for disasters• Poor disaster communication system• Inadequate relief management • In short, entire disaster management system was

unprofessional and amateurish

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Opportunities created by mega disasters

LATUR’93

• Earthquake resistant construction technology developed for non-engineered constructions with community participation

• Multi-hazard zoning map of the entire country prepared

• Maharashtra first state to prepare disaster management plans for districts

ORISSA

1999

• Early warning system for cyclone developed

• Network of cyclone shelters constructed

• Livelihood restoration integrated in poverty alleviation program

• High Powered Committee on disaster management set up

• Emergency evacuation plans for communities in coastal areas

GUJRAT

2001

• National Committee on disaster under Prime Minister

• New building standards in seismic zones

• Community based DRM program in 17 States

• Disaster management shifted from Ministry of Agriculture to Home Ministry

• Disaster management introduced in curriculum of school education, engineering, architecture, medicine

• National Institute of Disaster Management set up

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TSUNAMI

2004

• Disaster Management Bill 2005 introduced in Parliament prescribing legal-institutional

framework of disaster management

• National Disaster Management Authority set up

• Tsunami Early Warning system approved for 50 million USD

• Emergency Operation Centre in National, State and District Headquarters

• Nation wide Disaster Communication Plan

Paradigm shift

v RELIEF

v REHABILITATION

v PREVENTION

v PREPAREDNESS

v RESPONSE

v RECOVERY

Disaster management cycle

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Legal framework

• Gujrat Disaster Management Act 2002• Orissa Disaster Management Act 2003• Uttar Pradesh State Disaster

Management Act 2004• Disaster Management Act 2005

Central Government

National Disaster Management Authority

Chairman: PM

State Disaster Management Authority

Chairman: CM

State Government

District Administration

Panchayatss

Municipalities

MHA

District Disaster Management Authority

Co-Chairman: DM/Chairman ZP

DMD

National Executive Committee

State Executive Committee

NIDM NDRF

Institutional Framework

National DM FrameworkDisaster Management

Development Environment

Disaster Risk Assessment ,Reduction and Management

Prevention, Mitigation,Preparedness Response, Reconstruction, Recovery

Structural MeasuresEarly Warning System

Engineering WorksEnvironmental shield

Retrofitting

Non-structural MeasuresEducation AwarenessMock Drill

Training & Capacity Dev.Risk Transfer & Insurance

Search and Rescue Housing

Sustainable Development

Medical Response Infrastructure

Food & Shelter Livelihood

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Early warning systems

Tracking cyclonesTracking cyclones

Flood forecasting centres

15GODAVARI BASIN

114GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA

166 Total

09EASTERN RIVERS

03MAHANANDA BASIN

08KRISHNA BASIN

17WEST FLOWING RIVER

FF CENTRES

RIVER BASIN

Kandla

Mumbai

Machillipattnam

Cochin

Goa

NMPT

Tuticorin

JNPT

Chennai

Paradip

Kolkatta

PipvavMundra

Ennore

Kakinada

Nagappattinam

Kolachal

Kanyakumari

Early Warning System for Indian Ocean Tsunamisfor Indian Ocean Tsunamis

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Emergency Operation Centres

• State-of-the-art Emergency Operation Centresestablished in Ministry of Home Affairs for data, video and audio up-linking with all State, District and remote areas

• EOCs being set up in all State, Union Territory and District headquarters

• India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) -web-enabled, centralised inventory of resources established - www.idrn.gov.in

• Over 80,000 records from 565 districts of 35 States/ Union Territories uploaded.

NATIONAL EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION PLAN

POLNET HUB

-

NATIONAL EOC

MOBILE EOC

NICNET HUB OPTIONAL BACK- UP FOR DEOC CONNECTIVITY

PUBLIC ISDN

NETWORK

DEOC-N

Reserved VSATs

THRO’ POLNET

SEOC-N

DEOC-1

DEOC-2

THRO’POLNET

NQRT-1 VSAT

GMPCS PHONE

GMPCS PHONE

Phase-I (2004-06)

To establish communication links between NEOC and all SEOCs through VSAT / ISDN Connectivity

State Level Communication links:

Basic links :

NEOC <=> SEOC thro’VSAT (POLNET)

Back- up links:

First back-up

NEOC <=> SEOC thro’VSAT (NICNET)

Second back-up

NEOC <=> SEOC thro’ISDN

POLNET HUB

NEOC NIC HUB

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Phase-II District level :

To link all DEOC & Medical teams/hospitals to the

network with various back-up links thro’ ISDN, VSAT

(POLNET/NICNET)

NEOC

POLNET HUB

SEOC

HARYANA STATE

DISTRICT EOC

ISDN LINE

POLNET CONNECTIVITY UPTO DEOCs

District level Communication links:

Basic links :

DEOC <=> SEOC & NEOC thro ’ISDN

Medical Teams <=> Hospitals thro ’VSAT (POLNET)

Back- up links:

First back-up

DEOC<=> SEOC & NEOC thro’VSAT (POLNET)

Second back-up

DEOC<=> SEOC & NEOC–VSAT (NICNET)

Countrywide Incident Alert Network (CIAN)

• Receives communication in one place (EOC server) from different sources

• Create archive of all information received • New message or the message already received

or sent can be forwarded• to one or many addressee at the same time• in any of the forms – email / fax / SMS or

in all the three modes simultaneously

GIS based spatial database

NRSA (Hyderabad)

EOC

Mirror GIS Server

EDUSAT

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National Disaster Response Force• 8 battalions of National Disaster Response Force raised (8

x 1158) - two each from CRPF, CISF, BSF & ITBP• Each battalion to consist of 18 Specialist Response

Teams besides other supporting staff• Each SRT to have 45 persons comprising:

4 Search & Rescue Teams, 1 Medical Support Team, 1 Technical Support Team and 1 Dog Squad

• Each battalion to have 1 Diving and 1 Water Rescue Team • Four of these battalions to specialize on Nuclear Biological

and Chemical (NBC) disasters

Community Based Disaster Risk Management

• India is implementing largest community based Disaster Risk Mitigation program in the world.

• Sponsored by UNDP under a multiple donor supported program it covers nearly 300 million people in 169 multi-hazard districts in 17 States

• Under this program community prepares and implements Village Disaster Management Plan

• VDMP is integrated vertically with District and State Disaster Management Plans and horizontally with sectoral plans.

Commitment of resources• Calamity Relief Funds: Corpus of US$5 billion

during 2005-10 allocated to States as per norms of Finance Commission to meet regular expenses on disaster relief and rehabilitation

• 75% contributed by the centre and 25% by the states• National Calamity Contingency Funds: US$ 1 billion

annually by Centre if CRF not adequate to meet expenses • Special Reconstruction Assistance: Central

government provides special assistance for reconstruction of infrastructure damaged by disasters in specific circumstances

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New funding initiative

• National Disaster Response Fundfor meeting any threatening disaster situation or disaster

• National Disaster Mitigation Fundfor projects exclusively for the purpose of mitigation of disasters

National Institute of National Institute of Disaster ManagementDisaster Management

Core mandate of the NIDM under the Act:• Provide assistance in national level policy

formulation on disaster management. • Formulate and implement comprehensive human

resource development plan on disaster management• Develop training modules and undertake research

and documentation work on disaster management• Mainstream disaster management in education • Network with research and training institutions at

national and international level

Disaster management in school education

• Disaster management as a subject in Social Sciences introduced in school curricula for Class VIII, IX, X and X through CBSE

• Many State Governments adopted the same curriculum as developed by CBSE

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Disaster management in engineering & architecture

• Curriculum on earthquake resistant technology in undergraduate courses on engineering and architecture finalized in consultation with AICTE and CoA

• Introduced in civil engineering and architectural courses throughout the country from the academic year 2006-07

Disaster management in medical education

• Curriculum on emergency health management in MBBS and Nursing courses finalized in consultation with MCI

• These are likely to be introduced in MBBS and Nursing courses throughout the country from the academic year 2007-08

Disaster management in civil services training

• Disaster management introduced in Foundational Courses in all-India and central services

• Training module on disaster management introduced in Professional Courses in NAA, NPA and IFA

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Regional Cooperation

• SAARC Disaster Management Centre set up at the premises of the NIDM

• The Centre to have jurisdiction over eight South Asian countries

• Many new initiatives taken for developing common platform for sharing regional knowledge and experience on disaster management

Challenges• India has developed foundation of a robust disaster

management system• Challenges for the coming years would be to sustain

and further build on the system. Specifically challenges would be: • How DRR is mainstreamed into development• How guidelines and operating procedures are

developed and institutionalized in governance system at all levels

• How risks are mitigated by hazard specific structural and non-structural interventions

Disaster risk mitigation• Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) had developed

blueprint of a multi-pronged strategy for total risk management, but fell short of allocating plan fund for mitigation

• Ministries have been running a few mitigation projects in a segmented manner

• Working Group on Disaster Management for Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) advocated allocation on specific mitigation projects

• It s expected DRR would be further mainstreamed and specific mitigation projects on cyclone, earthquake etc shall be taken up in the new Plan

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