Download pdf - CURS 06 - Clasicism Baroc Tarziu NeoClasicism Romantic Sf Arh Clasice

8/13/2019 CURS 06 - Clasicism Baroc Tarziu NeoClasicism Romantic Sf Arh Clasice

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Oraul baroc

"Cetatea ideal


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Sbastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban and later

Marquis de Vauban (May 15, 1633March 30, 1707),

commonly referred to as Vauban, was a Marshal of

France and the foremost military engineer of his age,

famed for his skill in both designing fortifications and inbreaking through them. He also advised Louis XIV on

how to consolidate France's borders, to make them

more defensible. Vauban made a radical suggestion of

giving up some land that was indefensible to allow for a

stronger, less porous border with France's neighbours.


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The palais du Louvre in Paris, on the Right Bank of the

Seine is a former royal palace, situated between the

Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain

l'Auxerrois. Its origins date back to the medieval period

and its present structure has evolved in stages since

the sixteenth century.

The Louvrewhich gets its name from a Frankish word

leovar or leower, signifying a fortified place, according

to the French historian Henri Sauval (1623-1676)was

the actual seat of power in France until Louis XIV

moved to Versailles in 1682, bringing the government

perforce with him; the Louvre remained the formal seatof government to the end of the Ancien Rgime.


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Medieval period

The Palais du Louvre was

originally constructed as a

fortress, and was built in

1190 by King PhilippeAuguste, along with the

City's first enclosure wall,

to defend the banks of the

Seine river against

invaders from the north.[1]

The fortress had at itscenter a cylindrical tower:

the Donjon, or the Keep.

Archaeological discoveries

of the original fortress are

part of the Medieval Louvre

exhibit in the Sully wing of

the museum.

The Louvre was renovated

frequently through the

Middle Ages.


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In 1358 Charles V began to

enlarge the Louvre and in 1546,

Francis I employed architect

Pierre Lescot and sculptor Jean

Goujon to remove the keep andmodernize into a Renaissance

style palace. Lescot added a

ceiling to King Henry II's bedroom

(Pavillon du Roi) that departed

from the traditional beamed style,

and installed the Salle desCaryatides, which featured

sculpted caryatids based on

Greek and Roman works. Art

historian Anthony Blunt refers to

Lescot's work "as a form of

French classicism, having its ownprinciples and its own harmony.

Francis acquired what would

become the nucleus of the

Louvre's holdings; his acquisitions

included Leonardo da Vinci's

Mona Lisa.


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During his reign (1589-1610), Henry IV added the

Grande Galerie. More than a quarter of a mile

long and one hundred feet wide, this huge

addition was built along the bank of the Seine; at

the time of its completion it was the longest

building of its kind in the world. Henry IV, a

promoter of the arts, invited hundreds of artistsand craftsmen to live and work on the building's

lower floors. This tradition continued for another

200 years until Napoleon III ended it. Catherine

de Medici then took over the restoration of the

palace, starting with the creation of the Palais des

Tuileries. This was started in 1564, one year after

the purchase of the land. Philibert Delorme beganthe project, and was replaced after his death in

1570 by Jean Bullant.

In the early 17th century, Louis XIII razed the

north wing of the medieval Louvre and replaced it

with a continuation of the Lescot wing. His

architect, Jacques Lemercier, designed and

constructed what is today known as the Pavillionde lHorloge. The Richelieu Wing was also built by

Louis XIII, the building first being opened to the

public as a museum on November 8, 1793 during

the French Revolution.[1] Louis XIII (1610-1643)

completed the wing now called the Denon Wing,

which had been started by Catherine de Medici in

1560. Today it has been renovated, as a part ofthe Grand Louvre Renovation Programme.


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In 1594, King Henry IV began his "Grand Design" to remove remnants of the medieval fortress, to increase the Cour Carre's area,

and to create a link between the Palais des Tuileries and the Louvre. The link was completed via the Grande Galerie by architects

Jacques Androuet de Cerceau and Louis Mtezeau.[8] By 1639, classical architect Lemercier had finished the structure known as the

Pavillon de l'Horloge, after a clock was added in 1857.[8] In 1659, Louis XIV instigated a phase of construction under architects Le

Vau and Andr Le Ntre, and painter Charles Le Brun.[8][9] Le Vau oversaw the decoration of the Pavillon du Roi, the Grand Cabinet

du Roi, a new gallery to parallel the Petite Gallerie, and a chapel. Le Ntre redesigned the Tuileries garden in the French style, which

had been created in 1564 by Catherine de' Medici in the Italian style; and Le Brun decorated of the Galerie d'Apollon. A committee of

architects proposed on Perrault's Colonnade; the edifice was begun in 1668 but not f inished until the 19th century.[8][10]

Commissioned by Louis XIV, architect Claude Perrault's eastern wing (1665-1680), crowned by an uncompromising Italian balustrade

along its distinctly non-French flat roof, was a ground-breaking departure in French architecture. His severe design was chosen over

a design provided by the great Italian architect Bernini, who had journeyed to Paris specifically to work on the Louvre. Perrault had

translated the Roman architect Vitruvius into French. Now Perrault's rhythmical paired columns form a shadowed colonnade with a

central pedimented triumphal arch entrance raised on a high, rather defensive basement, in a restrained classicizing baroque manner

that has provided models for grand edifices in Europe and America for centuries. The Metropolitan Museum in New York, for oneexample, reflects Perrault's Louvre design. In 1678 the royal residence moved to Versaille and the Palais du Louvre became an art

gallery.


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The palace originally was the home of Cardinal

Richelieu. He hired the architect Jacques

Lemercier to design it. It was completed in 1624.

During the lifetime of the cardinal, the palace was

known as the Palais Cardinal. Upon his death in

1642, Richelieu bequeathed his lavish residenceto the French Crown. After Louis XIII died, it

became the home of the Queen-Mother, Anne of

Austria, her advisor, Cardinal Mazarin, and her

young sons, King Louis XIV and Philippe, duc

d'Anjou. During the Fronde, the royal family fled

there for safety


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The Chteau de Vaux-le-Vicomte is a classical French chateau located in

Maincy, near Melun, 55 km southeast of Paris in the Seine-et-Marne

dpartement of France. It was built from 1658 to 1661 for Nicolas Fouquet,

Marquis de Belle-Isle (Belle-Ile-en-Mer), Viscount of Melun and Vaux, the

superintendent of finances of Louis XIV.Vaux-le-Vicomte was in many ways the most influential work built in Europe

in the mid-17th century, the finest house in France built after the Chteau de

Maisons. Here, the architect Louis Le Vau, the landscape architect Andr le

Ntre, and the painter-decorator Charles Le Brunworked together on a

large-scale project for the first time. Their collaboration marked the

beginning of a new order: the magnificent manner that is associated with the

"Louis XIV style" involving a system of collective work, which could be

applied to the structure, its interiors and works of art and the creation of an

entire landscape. Vaux-le-Vicomte is one of Europe's finest constructions of

its kind.


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Triumfal se deschid porile clasicismului n cultur, Nota modei


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Triumfal se deschid porile clasicismului n cultur,

arhitectur i peisagistic.Nota ode

o d curtea

de la

Versailles.


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The French Revolution (c. 17891799) was a period of political and social upheaval in the history ofFrance, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges

for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of

nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights.

These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil, including the trial and execution of the king,

vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European

power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate

restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape.

In the following century, France would be governed variously as a republic, dictatorship,constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.

Jules Hardouin-Mansart (Paris April 16 1646 Marly-le-Roi


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Jules Hardouin Mansart (Paris, April 16, 1646 Marly le Roi,

France, May 11, 1708) was a French architect whose work is

generally considered to be the apex of French Baroque

architecture, representing the power and grandeur of Louis XIV.

Mansart, as he is generally known, was one of the most

important European architects of the seventeenth century.

Born Jules Hardouin, he studied under his renowned great-uncleFranois Mansart, one of the originators of the classical tradition

in French architecture; Hardouin inherited Mansart's collection of

plans and drawings and adopted his well-regarded name. He

also learned from Libral Bruant, architect of the royal veteran's

hospital in Paris known as Les Invalides. Hardouin-Mansart

served as Louis XIV's chief architect, first enlarging the royal

chteau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, then at Versailles from 1675.He became the surintendant des Btiments du Roi

(Superintendent of royal works). He designed all the extensions

and rebuildings at Versailles for the King, including the north and

south wings, the Royal Chapel (with Robert de Cotte, 1710), and

the celebrated Hall of Mirrors decorated by Charles Le Brun his

collaborator. Outside the chateau proper he built the Grand

Trianon and the Orangerie, as well as subsidiary royal dwellings

not far away, such as Marly (begun 1679).

Among his other best-known worksall in Parisare the Pont-

Royal; the Church of Saint-Roch; the great domed royal chapel

Eglise du Dome dedicated to Saint Louis at Les Invalides

(designed in 1680); the Place des Victoires (168486) followed

by the Place Vendme (1690). Most of these works still set their

stamp on the character of Paris and can be seen by a modern-day tourist.

Barocul tarziu


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Mansart used the mansard roof, named for his great-uncle, at the chteau of Dampiere-en-Yvelines,

built for the duc de Chevreuse, Colbert's son-in-law, a patron at the center of Louis XIV's court.


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Les Invalides, Paris: Jules

Hardouin-Mansart, 1676.


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Malta

Valletta, the capital

city of Malta, was laid

out in 1566 to fortify

the Knights of

Rhodes, who hadtaken over the island

when they were

driven from Rhodes

by Islamic armies.

The city, designed by

Francesco Laparelli

on a grid plan, and

built up over the next

century, remains aparticularly coherent

example of Baroque

urbanism. Its massive

fortifications, which

were considered state

of the art, until the

modern age, are also

largely intact. Valletta

became a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site in

1980.


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Netherlands

There is little Baroque

about Dutch

architecture of the

17th century. The

architecture of thefirst republic in

Northern Europe was

meant to reflect

democratic values by

quoting extensively

from classical

antiquity. Like

contemporary

developments inEngland, Dutch

Palladianism is

marked by sobriety

and restraint. Two

leading architects,

Jacob van Campen

and Pieter Post, used

such eclectic

elements as giant-order pilasters, gable

roofs, central

pediments, and

vigorous steeples in a

coherent combination

that anticipated

Wren's Classicism.

Belgia


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Belgia

Baroque Architecture in the Southern Netherlands

developed rather differently than in the Protestant North.

After the Twelve Years' Truce the Southern Netherlands

remained in Catholic hands, ruled by the Spanish

Habsburg Kings. Important architectural projects were set

up in the spirit of the Counter Reformation. Flemish

architects such as Wenceslas Cobergher were trained in

Italy and their works were inspired by architects such as

Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola and Giacomo della Porta.

Cobergher's most major project was the Basilica of Our

Lady of Scherpenheuvel which he designed as the center

of a new town in a the form of a heptagon. The influence

of the painter Pieter Paul Rubens on architecture was very

important. With his book "I Palazzi di Genova" he

introduced novel Italian models for the conception ofprofane buildings and decoration in the Southern

Netherlands. The Courtyard and Portico of his own house

in Antwerp (Rubenshuis) are good examples of his

architectural activity. He also took part in the decoration of

the Antwerp Jesuit Church (now Carolus-Borromeuskerk)

where he introduced a lavish Baroque decoration,

integrating sculpture and painting in the architectural

program.


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Barocul englez

English Baroque is a casual term sometimes used to

refer to the developments in English architecture that

were parallel to the evolution of Baroque architecture in

continental Europe between the Great Fire of London

(1666) and the Treaty of Justin (1713).

Baroque aesthetics, whose influence was so potent in

mid-17th century France, made little impact in England

during the Protectorate and the first Restoration years.

For a decade between the death of Inigo Jones in 1652

and Christopher Wren's visit to Paris in 1665 there was

no English architect of the accepted premier class.

Unsurprisingly, general interest in European

architectural developments was slight.

It was Wren who presided over the genesis of the

English Baroque manner, which differed from the

continental models by clarity of design and subtle taste

for classicism. Following the Great Fire of London,

Wren rebuilt fifty three churches, where Baroque

aesthetics are apparent primarily in dynamic structure

and multiple changing views. His most ambitious work

was St Paul's Cathedral (1675-1711), which bearscomparison with the most effulgent domed churches of

Italy and France. In this majestically proportioned

edifice, the Palladian tradition of Inigo Jones is fused

with contemporary continental sensibilities in masterly

equilibrium. Less influential were straightforward

attempts to engraft the Berniniesque vision onto British

church architecture (e.g., by Thomas Archer in St.

John's, Smith Square, 1728).


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Catedrala Sf PaulLondra - inainte de Marele Incendiu


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Propunerea lui Christopher Wrenin cruce greaca - 1668


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Alta propunere a lui Christopher Wren


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Varianta finala a lui Christopher WrenconstruitaStil Baroc


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Catedrala Sf Paul

Arhitect: Sir Christopher Wren

Stil Baroc


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Greenwich Hospital

Arhitect: Sir Christopher Wren

Stil Baroc


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St John's, Smith Square

Architect: Thomas Archer

Style English Baroque

Constructed 1728

Location

Address Smith Square,

Westminster, London

Country United Kingdom

Christianity Portal


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St John's, Smith Square

Architect: Thomas ArcherStyle English Baroque


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Arh John Vanbrugh - south facade of Castle Howard.


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Blenheim Palace - Arh John Vanbrugh


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Seaton Delaval Hall: Sir John Vanbrugh, 1718.


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Tessin's Drottningholm Palace illustrates the proximity

between French and Swedish architectural practice.


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Palatul Regal Stockolm1692 - Nicodemus Tessin the Younger


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Amalienborg Palace - Copenhaga - Nicolai Eigtved

J h B h d Fi h E l h


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Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach

(20 July 1656 - 5 April 1723)

was probably the most influential

Austrian architect of the Baroque period

Early life in Italy

Born near Graz, Johann Fischer was trained in the workshop

of his father, a provincial artisan, before departing for Rome

at the precocious age of 16. He spent the following sixteen

years in Italy. In Rome he joined the workshop of his fellow

Austrian Johann Paul Schor and of the great Bernini, who

gave him ample opportunities to study both ancient andmodern sculpture and architecture. He then moved to Naples,

where he was reported to have amassed a considerable

fortune serving the Spanish viceroy.

Back in Austria in 1687, Fischer von Erlach was installed as a

fashionable and sought-after architect. Commissions were

plentiful, as royalty and highest echelons of aristocracy

sought to repair damage inflicted on their country residences

by the Ottoman Turks in the course of their 1683 campaign.

Fischer's understanding of an urbane Baroque idiom

appeared superior to that prevalent in Central Europe, and in

1687 he secured the key position of court architect, which he

would retain in the service of three emperors.


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Schnbrunn Palace is the imperial residence designed by

Fischer von Erlach for his patron, Joseph I.


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Schnbrunn Palace is the imperial residence designed by

Fischer von Erlach for his patron, Joseph I.


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Karlskirche - Fischer von Erlach


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Cartea lui Fischer von

Erlach

Plan of Civil and

Historical Architecture


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Cartea lui Fischer von ErlachPlan of Civil and Historical Architecture

Cartea lui Fischer von Erlach

Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture


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ClamGallasFischer von Erlach - Praga


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ClamGallasFischer von Erlach - Praga


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Kinsky Palace - Viena

Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt


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Palatul Savoy - Belvedere



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Palatul Savoy - Belvedere



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Johann Balthasar Neumann (helpinfo) (January 27,

1687 August 19 1753) was a German military


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1687 - August 19, 1753) was a German military

engineer and architect who developed a refined brand

of Baroque architecture, fusing Austrian, Bohemian,

Italian, and French elements to design some of the

most impressive buildings of the period, including the

Wrzburg Residence and the Basilica of theVierzehnheiligen.

The Wrzburg Residence is considered one of the most

beautiful and well proportioned palace in Europe and

the Basilica of the Vierzehnheiligen is considered by

some as the crowning work of the period.

His final work is the Church of the Visitation of Mary, a

masterpiece of the Baroque style located near Eltmann

am Main.


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Balthasar Neumann -

The Wrzburg Residence is considered one

of the most beautiful and well proportioned

palace in Europe


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Balthasar Neumann -

Wrzburg Residence

Interior in stil Rococo


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Balthasar Neumann -

Wrzburg Residence



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Balthasar Neumann -

Wrzburg Residence



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Balthasar Neumann -

Vierzehnheiligen

Exterior Baroc


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Balthasar Neumann -

Vierzehnheiligen



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Balthasar Neumann -

Vierzehnheiligen



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Balthasar Neumann -

Vierzehnheiligen



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Balthasar Neumann -

Vierzehnheiligen



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DresdenZwingerWallpavilion 1772

Inapoi la ParisSec XIX


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Georges-Eugne Haussmann (March 27, 1809January 11,

1891), who called himself Baron Haussmann, was a French civic


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), ,

planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris

Georges-Eugne Haussmann was hired by Napoleon III on 22 June 1852 to

"modernize" Paris. He hoped in hiring Haussmann that Paris could be moulded

into a city with safer streets, better housing, more sanitary, hospitable, shopper-

friendly communities, better traffic flow, and, last but not least, streets too broad

for rebels to build barricades across them and where coherent battalions and

artillery could circulate easily if need be. He created broad avenues linked to the

main train-stations so army troops from the provinces could be operative in a

short amount of time (for example, the boulevard de Strasbourg near Gare de

l'Est and Gare du Nord). This work achieved during the Second Empire is one of

the causes of the quick repression of the 1871 Paris Commune: since the 1848

revolution, Adolphe Thiers had become obsessed with crushing out the next

foreseeable Parisian rebellion. Thus, he planned to leave the city and retreat, inorder to better take it back with more military forces[4].

Haussmann's design of streets and avenues, combined with the new importance

given to trains, made this plan more than successful, and Adolphe Thiers easily

crushed the Communards. Haussmann accomplished much of this by tearing up

many of the old, twisting streets and rundown apartment houses, and replacing

them with the wide, tree-lined boulevards and expansive gardens for which Paris

is famous today. Other elements of Haussman's plan included uniform building

heights, grand boulevards, and anchoring elements including the Arc deTriomphe and the Grand Opera House.

Haussmann's plan for Paris inspired some of the most important architectural

movements including the City Beautiful Movement in the United States. In fact,

renowned American architect Daniel Burnham borrowed liberally from

Haussmann's plan and even incorporated the diagonal street designs in his 1909

Plan of Chicago. Cities like London and Moscow also have Haussmann

influences in their city plans.


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Neoclassical architecture


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was an architectural style produced

by the neoclassical movement that

began in the mid-18th century, both

as a reaction against the Rococostyle of anti-tectonic naturalistic

ornament, and an outgrowth of

some classicizing features of Late

Baroque. In its purest form it is a

style principally derived from the

architecture of Classical Greece

The Cathedral of Vilnius (1783), by Laurynas Guceviius

Catedrala Sf Maria Magdalena - Paris


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Catedrala Sf Maria Magdalena - Paris



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Arcul de Triumf - Paris



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Arcul de Triumf - Bucuresti



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British Museum - Londra



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PantheonulParisarh. Jacques-Germain Soufflot



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Casa AlbaWashington



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Jefferson MemorialWashington

Preluarea elementelorStilurilor istorice:


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Neogotic

All Saints - Londra



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Neogotic

Catedrala din KolnInceputa in 1248 si terminata in sec XIX



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Neogotic

Sir Christopher Wren's Tom Tower, at Christ Church, Oxford



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Neogotic / Romantic

King Ludwig's Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria



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Neogotic / Romantic

King Ludwig's Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria



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Neogotic / Romantic

Castelul Peles - Sinaia


E l i


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Eclectic

(preia din toate stilurile)

The Sacr-Coeur basilica in Montmartre, Paris


E l ti


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Eclectic


The Sacr-Coeur basilica in Montmartre, Paris



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Eclectic


Opera Garnier - Paris


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Tour EiffelParisGustave Eiffel


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Antoni Gaudi1852-1926


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Sagrada Familia



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Sagrada Familia



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Sagrada Familia



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Sagrada Familia



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Casa Batlo



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Casa Batlo



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Casa Batlo



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Casa Batlo


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Art Nouveau

The architectural and artistic answer to the literary Modernist movement that


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The architectural and artistic answer to the literary Modernist movement that

began in the late 19th century was the Art Nouveau movement in Europe. The

Art Nouveau movement reached its peak in the early 20th century


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Ilustracin de

Alphonse Mucha


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Victor Horta

Victor Horta


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Casa Tassel

Victor Horta


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Casa Tassel


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